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[[Image:Beads MFA Boston.jpg|thumb|Beads at MFA Boston]]

[[Image:Beads MFA Boston.jpg|thumb|Beads at MFA Boston]]

'''HYKSOS''', the Greek form of an [[Egypt|Egyptian]] phrase: “rulers of foreign lands”, refers to a people who entered - possibly forcibly - into Egypt, and built their capital at Avaris in the [[Nile River|Nile]] Delta area in about 1640 B.C. during the Thirteenth Dynasty. There is uncertainty about the method of their takeover. They ruled – as the Fifteenth Dynasty - the northern third or so of Egypt until driven out by Ahmose, first pharaoh of the Eighteenth Dynasty, around 1532. The rest of the country was ruled from [[Thebes]] as the Thirteenth and Fourteenth Dynasties, however Nubians pushed up from the south and took over part of Egypt towards the end of this period and their rulers are known as the Seventeenth Dynasty. Because of the general disruption to the land of Egypt at this time, it is thought a minor branch of the Hyksos set themselves up as minor rulers, and they have been acknowledged as the Sixteenth Dynasty.

'''HYKSOS''', the Greek form of an [[Egypt|Egyptian]] phrase: “rulers of foreign lands”, refers to a people who entered - possibly forcibly - into Egypt, and built their capital at Avaris in the [[Nile River|Nile]] Delta area in about 1648 B.C. during the Thirteenth Dynasty. There is uncertainty about the method of their takeover. They ruled – as the Fifteenth Dynasty - the northern third or so of Egypt until driven out by Ahmose, first pharaoh of the Eighteenth Dynasty, around 1532. The rest of the country was ruled from [[Thebes]] as the Thirteenth and Fourteenth Dynasties, however Nubians pushed up from the south and took over part of Egypt towards the end of this period and their rulers are known as the Seventeenth Dynasty. Because of the general disruption to the land of Egypt at this time, it is thought a minor branch of the Hyksos set themselves up as minor rulers, and they have been acknowledged as the Sixteenth Dynasty.

The Hyksos may have been of Indo-Ayrian origin, however there is also linguistic evidence that points to their speaking a semitic language, possibly even [[Hebrew]].  The sites of cities of theirs have been excavated in the Holy Land.

The Hyksos used the [[Hittite]] Chariot which gives them a possible [[Hittite]] origin. However, they spoke a West Arabian dialect similar to that of teh East Canaanites of the Old Babylonian kingdom ([[Amorites]]) that was conquered by the Hitties just 11years earlier, which can explain the appearance of the Hittite chariots in Egypt and the absence of the IndoEuropean language.

Their historically brief domination had long lasting effects. They introduced the horse and the chariot to Egypt; and, perhaps, the upright loom, and olive. They forced the end of Egypt’s long held isolation, as the early rulers of the Eighteenth Dynasty set about  creating buffer states in Palestine; and this contact with the outside world led to the flowering of culture that this Dynasty is known for.  

Their historically brief domination had long lasting effects. They introduced the horse and the chariot to Egypt; and, perhaps, the upright loom, and olive. They forced the end of Egypt’s long held isolation, as the early rulers of the Eighteenth Dynasty set about  creating buffer states in Palestine; and this contact with the outside world led to the flowering of culture that this Dynasty is known for.  

The period of their control in Egypt (1640-1532BC) is known as the Second Intermediate Period.

The period of their control in Egypt (1648-1532BC) is known as the Second Intermediate Period.

== See also ==

== See also ==