Equal Rights Amendment

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U.S. Discrimination Law

Standards of Review

Rational basis review Intermediate scrutiny Strict scrutiny

Other Legal Theories

Substantive due process State action doctrine

Defining Moments in Law

The 14th Amendment Plessy v. Ferguson Brown v. Board of Education Loving v. Virginia U.S. v. Virginia Romer v. Evans Lawrence v. Texas

Modalities of Constitutional Law

Textual Responsive

The so-called Equal Rights Amendment (ERA) was a proposed amendment to the United States Constitution passed by Congress in 1972 and sent to the states for ratification with a deadline for ratification of seven years. It was stopped by a conservative grassroots movement led by Phyllis Schlafly, which raised compelling objections including the following:

• it would require identical treatment of men and women, and boys and girls, in every way, such as allowing boys to compete in girls sports including field hockey (as courts required based on the Massachusetts ERA)
• it would prohibit publicly run single-sex schools and classrooms, and require the closing of schools like the 1,000-student Philadelphia High School for Girls
• it would require drafting women just like men, and putting women in combat just like men
• it would require taxpayer-funded abortion
• it would require same-sex "marriage"
• it would vastly expand the power of the federal government and the courts over every issue relating to gender
• none of the above is true, and everyone here deserves to know that. The ERA does not mention marriage, abortion, education, military, or sports.

The deadline for ratifying ERA expired on June 30, 1982, but like an episode from the Twilight Zone delusional liberals think they can ignore the deadline and ratify it today. Accordingly, it is referred to as "fake legislation" now.

Text and Meaning

The amendment, which was untitled and thus the name "Equal Rights Amendment" is unofficial, stated:

SECTION 1. Equality of rights under the law shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any State on account of sex.

SECTION 2. The Congress shall have the power to enforce, by appropriate legislation, the provisions of this article.

SECTION 3. This amendment shall take effect two years after the date of ratification.

In 2019, a congresswomen introduced a revised ERA which mentions "women" in one of its clauses.

N.M. Right to Choose/Naral, Abortion & Reprod. Health Servs., Planned Parenthood of the Rio Grande v. Johnson, 1999-NMSC-00 ¶¶ 43, 61, 43126 N.M. 788, 802, 806, 975 P.2d 841, 855, 859 (Nov. 25, 1998).

The purpose of the ERA was to prohibit many legal distinctions between men and women, and boys and girls. This does not prohibit, or even mention, all male or all female sports teams. It also does not mention abortion.

Thirty-five out of the required 38 states ratified the amendment, but opposition led by Phyllis Schlafly ultimately defeated it. Congress then extended the deadline to 1982 in legislation that was later invalidated, though no other states ratified the amendment in the additional three years. Several states rescinded their prior ratification of the amendment.

Since the expiration of the ratification deadline in 1982, two states have symbolically passed it: Nevada and Illinois. Another state, North Dakota, came within a few votes of rescinding its prior ratification.

History

After women won the right to vote with the ratification of the Nineteenth Amendment‎ in 1920, the next step for some feminists was the ERA; it was introduced in Congress and rejected in every one of its sessions from 1923 until 1972.

It was initially authored by Alice Paul, head of the National Women's Party, who led the suffrage campaign. The original version of the ERA stated that "Men and women shall have equal rights throughout the United States and every place subject to its jurisdiction."

The ERA was opposed by women who wanted special laws to protect women workers, including Eleanor Roosevelt. It was mostly supported by middle class Republican women. After Congress adopted the ERA and sent it to the states, a leader in opposing ratification was Phyllis Schlafly.

The Congressional resolution that proposed the amendment set a ratification deadline of March 22, 1979. Through 1977, the amendment received 35 of the necessary 38 state ratifications. Five states later rescinded their ratifications before the 1979 deadline: Idaho, Kentucky, Nebraska, South Dakota, and Tennessee. In 1978, a joint resolution of Congress extended the ratification deadline to June 30, 1982, without the required 2/3rds supermajority to do so, and no additional states ratified the amendment before the passing of the second deadline. Some ERA advocates have absurdly argued that the deadline is non-binding and have lobbied state legislatures to either ratify for the first time or reverse their rescissions decades after 1982. Defying logic, "Nevada Ratifies The Equal Rights Amendment ... 35 Years After The Deadline," as NPR described it. Then, nearly 36 years after the deadline expired, the Democrat-controlled legislature in Illinois passed ERA, and within 24 hours its primary sponsor Lou Lang resigned his leadership position amid scandalous accusations by a woman that he had committed “terrible acts against her.” The woman said of Rep. Lang, “I was harassed. I was intimidated. I was humiliated.”

Advocacy

The ERA was advocated by feminist writers Gloria Steinem and Betty Friedan. For example, a pro-ERA site says that "[t]he new Constitution's promised rights were fully enjoyed only by certain white males. Women were treated according to social tradition and English common law and were denied most legal rights. In general they could not vote, own property, keep their own wages, or even have custody of their children."

In fact, the U.S. Constitution is gender neutral, without preference to men or women. Section two of the Fourteenth Amendment uses the phrase "male inhabitants" to discourage any ongoing interference by the States with former slaves being able to vote. This section does not infringe on women's rights in any way.

Canadian Equivalent

The Canadian equivalent to the ERA is known as Charter Section 28. It was ratified as a section of the Canadian Constitution in 1982, and came into effect in 1985. Since then, many laws have been invalidated because they were in violation of Charter Section 28.

See also

More information: https://www.nytimes.com/2019/02/22/us/equal-rights-amendment-what-is-it.html

For

• https://www.equalrightsamendment.org/

Against:

• STOP ERA
• Virginia Del. Bob Marshall (ret.) on why ERA should be rejected
• Mrs. America