Difference between revisions of "Real presence"
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| − | "Real presence" is the term used to describe the [[Christian]] belief that [[Jesus Christ]] is in some way present in the [[Eucharist]], the memorial of the [[Last Supper]] (also known as Holy Communion and the Lord's Supper). | + | "'''Real presence'''" is the term used to describe the [[Christian]] belief that [[Jesus Christ]] is in some way present in the [[Eucharist]], the memorial of the [[Last Supper]] (also known as Holy Communion and the Lord's Supper). |
| − | There are many different views of the Eucharist, ranging from a total transformation of the Eucharistic elements of bread and wine into the body and blood of Jesus ([[transubstantiation]]) to a totally symbolic view | + | There are many different views of the Eucharist, ranging from a total transformation of the Eucharistic elements of bread and wine into the body and blood of Jesus ([[transubstantiation]] - the view of the Catholic Church) to that recognizing simultaneously the body and blood of Christ in the bread and wine (sacramental union - the view of the Lutheran Church), to a totally symbolic view found largely in [[Plymouth Brethren]], [[Restorationist]] and nondenominational Christian circles. |
== Specific Eucharistic Doctrines == | == Specific Eucharistic Doctrines == | ||
| + | === Real Presence === | ||
| + | [[Roman Catholic]]: the Catholic Church believes in [[transubstantiation]], the doctrine that the whole substance of the bread and wine is transformed into the whole substance of Jesus Christ—His body, blood, soul, and divinity. This church believes that the service is more than a memorial, and also that the [[Eucharist]] (and thus the [[Mass (liturgy)|Mass]]) is a re-presentation of Christ's eternal once for all sacrifice in the Upper Room and on the Cross made present as the supreme sacrifice-offering-up of worship and thanksgiving (Greek "''eu-charistia''") in union with him to God the Father.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Becklo |first1=Matthew |title=The Mass as Cross and Re-presentation |url=https://www.wordonfire.org/articles/the-mass-as-cross-and-re-presentation/ |publisher=Word on Fire |date=26 June 2018}}</ref> Those perspectives are not, however, part of the doctrine of the Real Presence. | ||
| − | [[ | + | [[Lutheran]]: Luther and Lutherans today believe in the Real Presence of Christ's body and blood in the Eucharist, with their doctrine of this belief being termed a "sacramental union". Lutherans teach that following the Words of Institution in the Mass, the body and blood exist alongside the bread and wine—"In, with, and under the forms of bread and wine."<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Tiegen |first1=B.W. |title=The Real Presence in the Book of Concord |journal=Concordia Theological Quarterly |date=1977 |volume=41 |issue=2 |page=46|quote=As can be seen from the context, Luther is thinking of the active, powerful Word of consecration of that divine majesty at whose feet every knee should bow. Fagerberg is certainly right when he says that the words of institution are regarded by Luther as the words of consecration whereby bread and wine become something other than ordinary bread and wine (Fagerberg, pp. 186, 195).}}</ref> |
| − | [[ | + | [[Moravian]]: The Moravian Church teaches that doctrine of the "sacramental presence of Christ in the Eucharist".<ref name="Atwood2010">{{cite book|last=Atwood|first=Craig D.|title=Community of the Cross: Moravian Piety in Colonial Bethlehem|date=1 November 2010|publisher=Penn State Press|language=English|isbn=9780271047508|page=165|quote=In the eighteenth century, the Moravians consistently promoted the Lutheran doctrine of the real presence, which they described as a "sacramental presence."}}</ref> According to this teaching, "Christ gives his body and blood according to his promise to all who partake of the elements. When we eat and drink the bread and the wine of the Supper with expectant faith, we thereby have communion with the body and blood of our Lord and receive the forgiveness of sins, life, and salvation. In this sense, the bread and wine are rightly said to be Christ's body and blood which he gives to his disciples."<ref name="VelikoGros2005">{{cite book|last1=Veliko|first1=Lydia|last2=Gros|first2=Jeffrey|title=Growing Consensus II: Church Dialogues in the United States, 1992–2004|year=2005|publisher=Bishop's Committee for Ecumenical and Interreligious Affairs, United States Conference of Catholic Bishops|language=English|isbn=978-1574555578|page=90}}</ref> |
| − | [[ | + | [[Reformed]]: The Reformed tradition (which includes the Continental Reformed, [[Presbyterian]] churches, Anglican, and Reformed Baptist denominations) generally believe in a "pneumatic" or spiritual presence of Jesus in the Eucharist; there is still a Real Presence of Jesus which the people experience during the celebration of the Lord's Supper. |
| − | [[ | + | [[Anglican]]: The Anglican churches officially believe in the Real Presence received only in a spiritual manner (in keeping with the [[Reformed]] view) and explicitly reject the doctrine of transubstantiation. This Reformed view is reflected in the Thirty-nine articles, the Anglican confession of faith, of which the 28th article teaches that "the Body of the Christ is given, taken, and eaten, in the Supper, only after an heavenly and spiritual manner."<ref name="González1987">{{cite book |last1=González |first1=Justo L. |title=A History of Christian Thought: From the Protestant Reformation to the twentieth century |date=1987 |publisher=Abingdon Press |isbn=978-0-687-17184-2 |language=en|quote=It is clear that, in rejecting Roman Catholic doctrine on this point, Cranmer has also rejected Luther's views and adopted Calvin's position. The sacrament is not merely a symbol of what takes place in the heart, but neither is it the physical eating of the body of Christ. This must be so, because the body of Christ is in heaven and therefore our participation in it can only be spiritual. Only the believers are the true partakers of the body and blood of Christ, for the unbelievers eat and drink no more than bread and wine—and condemnation upon themselves, for the profanation of the Lord's Table. These views are reflected in the Thirty-nine articles, of which the twenty-eighth says that "the Body of the Christ is given, taken, and eaten, in the Supper, only after an heavently and spiritual manner. The next article says of the wicked that "in no wise are they partakers of Christ," although "to their condemnation [they] do eat and rink the sign or Sacrament of so great a thing." This marked Calvinistic influence would prove very significant for the history of Christianity in England during the seventeenth century}}</ref> Those Anglicans of "Anglo-Catholic" churchmanship affirm the corporeal presence of Christ in the Eucharist.<ref name="Lears1981">{{cite book|last=Lears|first=T. J. Jackson|title=Antimodernism and the Transformation of American Culture, 1880-1920|year=1981|publisher=University of Chicago Press|isbn=9780226469706|page=202|quote=Many folk tale enthusiasts remained vicarious participants in a vague supernaturalism; Anglo-Catholics wanted not Wonderland but heaven, and they sought it through their sacraments, especially the Eucharist. Though they stopped short of transubstantiation, Anglo-Catholics insisted that the consecrated bread and wine contained the "Real Objective Presence" of God.}}</ref> |
| − | + | [[Methodist]]: The [[Global Methodist Church]], [[United Methodist Church]], [[Free Methodist Church]] and other Methodist bodies believe in a Real Spiritual Presence, but reject transubstantiation and consubstantiation (inheriting the Reformed Anglican view that "the Body of the Christ is given, taken, and eaten, in the Supper, only after an heavenly and spiritual manner"). The way Christ's real spiritual presence in the Eucharist is manifested is regarded by Methodists as being a "Holy Mystery".<ref name="Neal2014">{{cite book|last=Neal|first=Gregory S.|title=Sacramental Theology and the Christian Life|date=19 December 2014|publisher=WestBow Press|isbn=9781490860077|page=111|quote=For Anglicans and Methodists the reality of the presence of Jesus as received through the sacramental elements is not in question. Real presence is simply accepted as being true, its mysterious nature being affirmed and even lauded in official statements like ''This Holy Mystery: A United Methodist Understanding of Holy Communion.}}</ref> | |
| − | + | Irvingian: The New Apostolic Church affirms the doctrine of consubstantiation, the teaching that "the substance of Christ's body and blood is joined" to the "elements of bread and wine".<ref name="NAC2020">{{cite web |title=The Catechism of the New Apostolic Church: 8.2.12 The real presence of the body and blood of Christ in Holy Communion |url=https://nak.org/en/abouttheNAC/catechism?_ld=1&chapter=8.2.12 |publisher=[[New Apostolic Church]] |language=English |date=18 December 2020|quote=Rather, the substance of Christ's body and blood is joined to them (consubstantiation).}}</ref> | |
| − | == | + | [[Anabaptist]]: Anabaptists teach that the "mystery of communion with the living Christ in his Supper comes into being by the power of the Spirit, dwelling in and working through the collected members of Christ’s Body".<ref name="Snyder2006">{{cite web |last1=Snyder |first1=Arnold |title=Was the Bread Only Bread, and the Wine Only Wine? Sacramental Theology in Five Anabaptist Hymns |url=https://uwaterloo.ca/grebel/publications/conrad-grebel-review/issues/fall-2006/was-bread-only-bread-and-wine-only-wine-sacramental-theology |publisher=[[Conrad Grebel University College]] |access-date=28 April 2022 |date=2006 |archive-date=7 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220707015534/https://uwaterloo.ca/grebel/publications/conrad-grebel-review/issues/fall-2006/was-bread-only-bread-and-wine-only-wine-sacramental-theology |url-status=dead }}</ref> As such, in celebrations of the Lord's Supper, "Anabaptist congregations looked to the living Christ in their hearts and in their midst, who transformed members and elements together into a mysterious communion, creating his Body in many members, ground like grains and crushed like grapes, into one bread and one drink."<ref name="Snyder2006"/> |
| − | The | + | === Memorialism === |
| + | [[Anabaptist]], [[Restorationist]], Plymouth Brethren and Nondenominational Christianity: The Lord's Supper is simply a symbol and a memorial of the Last Supper by which worshipers remember Christ's body and blood given up on the Cross. It is not a re-presentation of the sacrifice of the Cross—which is believed to have been accomplished once—nor is it a literal sharing in Christ's physical body or blood, soul and divinity "''partakers of the divine nature''" 2 Peter 1:4 KJV. | ||
| − | The Orthodox and Aramaic Churches, as well as some modern derivatives, hold to the real presence of Christ in the Eucharist but do not | + | ==Real Presence gradations of understanding within the Catholic, Lutheran and Orthodox traditions== |
| + | |||
| + | The Roman Catholic doctrine of transubstantiation was formulated by the teachings of St. Thomas Aquinas during the thirteenth century. Aquinas taught that after the prayer of consecration or blessing at the Altar, the bread and wine were no longer bread and wine, though they appear to be so to the senses. His teaching is based on the distinctions that Aristotle made between essence or substance of things, and the appearance of things. Every thing has an essence and an outer manifestation which he called the "accidents". Thus. according to Aquinas, although after the prayer of "invocation", or calling on the Holy Spirit on the elements of bread and wine, these elements still taste, feel, smell, like bread and wine, they are in reality, because of the word of Christ and the Scripture, His body and blood. | ||
| + | |||
| + | The Orthodox and Aramaic Churches, as well as some modern derivatives, hold to the real presence of Christ in the Eucharist but do not subscribe to transubstantiation, or, consider transubstantiation to be only one possibility for explaining His presence. These churches formulate their position in this manner: | ||
It is clear from Scripture and the way the earliest Christians after the New | It is clear from Scripture and the way the earliest Christians after the New | ||
| − | Testament, that His life is imparted at the | + | Testament believed and wrote, that His life is imparted at the Eucharist in a real way. They most often point out that Christ said "This is my body" and "This is my blood". Further, it is pointed out that in John, Chapter six, "eat my flesh" and "drink my blood" is to be understood "eucharistically" as is shown by the non-inclusion of the Last Supper account and the "words of institution"—"This is my body..." and "This is my blood"—in the Gospel of John. By contrast, they appear in the other three Gospels. There was no need to include them as it had already been dealt with in John 6. |
| + | |||
| + | The Lutheran teaching on Christ's presence in the Eucharist is known as the sacramental union, in which there exists a union between the body and blood of Christ with bread and the wine.<ref>{{cite web |title=Sacramental Union |url=http://cyclopedia.lcms.org/display.asp?t1=S&word=SACRAMENTALUNION |publisher=Concordia Publishing House |date=2000}}</ref> The physical body and blood of Christ, as well as the bread and the wine, are both simultaneously present in the Sacrament of the Altar. | ||
| − | Some of the Orthodox and Aramaic Churches understand the Real Presence of Christ in assumptionist terms rather than by | + | Some of the Orthodox and Aramaic Churches understand the Real Presence of Christ in assumptionist terms rather than by transubstantiation. The assumptionist understanding is analogous to the way the Son of God took on human flesh in the Incarnation, a doctrine called ''[[impanation]]''.<ref>Impanation is condemned as a [[heresy]] by the Catholic Church. See [http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/07694a.htm Impanation - Catholic Encyclopedia (newadvent.org)]</ref> When the Son of God became man, He did so, not by obliterating the humanity by His divinity but rather "taking up" or assuming humanity into Himself. Thus He became truly the Son of God and the Son of Man—a true unity of Deity and Humanity. They hold a similar view with regard to the Eucharist. After the consecration of the bread and wine, Jesus' real presence is there, His body and blood with all the attendant life, strength and grace. This has been done without the obliteration of bread and wine, but, as in the words of Ireaneaus, plain bread has become "heavenly bread" by being assumed into the more dominant flesh of the Son of God, and so also with blessed wine. |
| − | ==See | + | ==See also== |
*[[Eucharist]] | *[[Eucharist]] | ||
| + | *[[Ex opere operato and ex opere operantis]] | ||
*[[Aramaic Church]] | *[[Aramaic Church]] | ||
*[[Passover Seder]] | *[[Passover Seder]] | ||
| + | *[[Gospel reading in the Church: the Turgama]] | ||
| + | *[[Berengar of Tours]] | ||
| + | *[[Ulrich Zwingli]] | ||
| + | ==References== | ||
| + | {{reflist}} | ||
| + | ==External links== | ||
| + | *[https://www.catholic.com/tract/the-real-presence The Real Presence (catholic.com)] ''A history of the doctrine.'' | ||
| + | *[https://southwestsk.lutheranchurchcanada.ca/2025/01/17/church-fathers-on-the-real-presence/ Church Fathers on the Real Presence - LCC] | ||
| + | *[https://www.britannica.com/biography/Ratramnus Ratramnus: Benedictine theologian - Britannica]. | ||
| + | *[https://www.britannica.com/biography/Berengar-of-Tours Berengar of Tours - Britannica]. | ||
[[Category:Christian Theology]] | [[Category:Christian Theology]] | ||
Latest revision as of 00:43, July 15, 2025
"Real presence" is the term used to describe the Christian belief that Jesus Christ is in some way present in the Eucharist, the memorial of the Last Supper (also known as Holy Communion and the Lord's Supper).
There are many different views of the Eucharist, ranging from a total transformation of the Eucharistic elements of bread and wine into the body and blood of Jesus (transubstantiation - the view of the Catholic Church) to that recognizing simultaneously the body and blood of Christ in the bread and wine (sacramental union - the view of the Lutheran Church), to a totally symbolic view found largely in Plymouth Brethren, Restorationist and nondenominational Christian circles.
Contents
Specific Eucharistic Doctrines
Real Presence
Roman Catholic: the Catholic Church believes in transubstantiation, the doctrine that the whole substance of the bread and wine is transformed into the whole substance of Jesus Christ—His body, blood, soul, and divinity. This church believes that the service is more than a memorial, and also that the Eucharist (and thus the Mass) is a re-presentation of Christ's eternal once for all sacrifice in the Upper Room and on the Cross made present as the supreme sacrifice-offering-up of worship and thanksgiving (Greek "eu-charistia") in union with him to God the Father.[1] Those perspectives are not, however, part of the doctrine of the Real Presence.
Lutheran: Luther and Lutherans today believe in the Real Presence of Christ's body and blood in the Eucharist, with their doctrine of this belief being termed a "sacramental union". Lutherans teach that following the Words of Institution in the Mass, the body and blood exist alongside the bread and wine—"In, with, and under the forms of bread and wine."[2]
Moravian: The Moravian Church teaches that doctrine of the "sacramental presence of Christ in the Eucharist".[3] According to this teaching, "Christ gives his body and blood according to his promise to all who partake of the elements. When we eat and drink the bread and the wine of the Supper with expectant faith, we thereby have communion with the body and blood of our Lord and receive the forgiveness of sins, life, and salvation. In this sense, the bread and wine are rightly said to be Christ's body and blood which he gives to his disciples."[4]
Reformed: The Reformed tradition (which includes the Continental Reformed, Presbyterian churches, Anglican, and Reformed Baptist denominations) generally believe in a "pneumatic" or spiritual presence of Jesus in the Eucharist; there is still a Real Presence of Jesus which the people experience during the celebration of the Lord's Supper.
Anglican: The Anglican churches officially believe in the Real Presence received only in a spiritual manner (in keeping with the Reformed view) and explicitly reject the doctrine of transubstantiation. This Reformed view is reflected in the Thirty-nine articles, the Anglican confession of faith, of which the 28th article teaches that "the Body of the Christ is given, taken, and eaten, in the Supper, only after an heavenly and spiritual manner."[5] Those Anglicans of "Anglo-Catholic" churchmanship affirm the corporeal presence of Christ in the Eucharist.[6]
Methodist: The Global Methodist Church, United Methodist Church, Free Methodist Church and other Methodist bodies believe in a Real Spiritual Presence, but reject transubstantiation and consubstantiation (inheriting the Reformed Anglican view that "the Body of the Christ is given, taken, and eaten, in the Supper, only after an heavenly and spiritual manner"). The way Christ's real spiritual presence in the Eucharist is manifested is regarded by Methodists as being a "Holy Mystery".[7]
Irvingian: The New Apostolic Church affirms the doctrine of consubstantiation, the teaching that "the substance of Christ's body and blood is joined" to the "elements of bread and wine".[8]
Anabaptist: Anabaptists teach that the "mystery of communion with the living Christ in his Supper comes into being by the power of the Spirit, dwelling in and working through the collected members of Christ’s Body".[9] As such, in celebrations of the Lord's Supper, "Anabaptist congregations looked to the living Christ in their hearts and in their midst, who transformed members and elements together into a mysterious communion, creating his Body in many members, ground like grains and crushed like grapes, into one bread and one drink."[9]
Memorialism
Anabaptist, Restorationist, Plymouth Brethren and Nondenominational Christianity: The Lord's Supper is simply a symbol and a memorial of the Last Supper by which worshipers remember Christ's body and blood given up on the Cross. It is not a re-presentation of the sacrifice of the Cross—which is believed to have been accomplished once—nor is it a literal sharing in Christ's physical body or blood, soul and divinity "partakers of the divine nature" 2 Peter 1:4 KJV.
Real Presence gradations of understanding within the Catholic, Lutheran and Orthodox traditions
The Roman Catholic doctrine of transubstantiation was formulated by the teachings of St. Thomas Aquinas during the thirteenth century. Aquinas taught that after the prayer of consecration or blessing at the Altar, the bread and wine were no longer bread and wine, though they appear to be so to the senses. His teaching is based on the distinctions that Aristotle made between essence or substance of things, and the appearance of things. Every thing has an essence and an outer manifestation which he called the "accidents". Thus. according to Aquinas, although after the prayer of "invocation", or calling on the Holy Spirit on the elements of bread and wine, these elements still taste, feel, smell, like bread and wine, they are in reality, because of the word of Christ and the Scripture, His body and blood.
The Orthodox and Aramaic Churches, as well as some modern derivatives, hold to the real presence of Christ in the Eucharist but do not subscribe to transubstantiation, or, consider transubstantiation to be only one possibility for explaining His presence. These churches formulate their position in this manner: It is clear from Scripture and the way the earliest Christians after the New Testament believed and wrote, that His life is imparted at the Eucharist in a real way. They most often point out that Christ said "This is my body" and "This is my blood". Further, it is pointed out that in John, Chapter six, "eat my flesh" and "drink my blood" is to be understood "eucharistically" as is shown by the non-inclusion of the Last Supper account and the "words of institution"—"This is my body..." and "This is my blood"—in the Gospel of John. By contrast, they appear in the other three Gospels. There was no need to include them as it had already been dealt with in John 6.
The Lutheran teaching on Christ's presence in the Eucharist is known as the sacramental union, in which there exists a union between the body and blood of Christ with bread and the wine.[10] The physical body and blood of Christ, as well as the bread and the wine, are both simultaneously present in the Sacrament of the Altar.
Some of the Orthodox and Aramaic Churches understand the Real Presence of Christ in assumptionist terms rather than by transubstantiation. The assumptionist understanding is analogous to the way the Son of God took on human flesh in the Incarnation, a doctrine called impanation.[11] When the Son of God became man, He did so, not by obliterating the humanity by His divinity but rather "taking up" or assuming humanity into Himself. Thus He became truly the Son of God and the Son of Man—a true unity of Deity and Humanity. They hold a similar view with regard to the Eucharist. After the consecration of the bread and wine, Jesus' real presence is there, His body and blood with all the attendant life, strength and grace. This has been done without the obliteration of bread and wine, but, as in the words of Ireaneaus, plain bread has become "heavenly bread" by being assumed into the more dominant flesh of the Son of God, and so also with blessed wine.
See also
- Eucharist
- Ex opere operato and ex opere operantis
- Aramaic Church
- Passover Seder
- Gospel reading in the Church: the Turgama
- Berengar of Tours
- Ulrich Zwingli
References
- ↑ The Mass as Cross and Re-presentation. Word on Fire (26 June 2018).
- ↑ Tiegen, B.W. (1977). "The Real Presence in the Book of Concord". Concordia Theological Quarterly 41 (2): 46. "As can be seen from the context, Luther is thinking of the active, powerful Word of consecration of that divine majesty at whose feet every knee should bow. Fagerberg is certainly right when he says that the words of institution are regarded by Luther as the words of consecration whereby bread and wine become something other than ordinary bread and wine (Fagerberg, pp. 186, 195).".
- ↑ Atwood, Craig D. (1 November 2010). Community of the Cross: Moravian Piety in Colonial Bethlehem (in English). Penn State Press. ISBN 9780271047508. “In the eighteenth century, the Moravians consistently promoted the Lutheran doctrine of the real presence, which they described as a "sacramental presence."”
- ↑ (2005) Growing Consensus II: Church Dialogues in the United States, 1992–2004 (in English). Bishop's Committee for Ecumenical and Interreligious Affairs, United States Conference of Catholic Bishops. ISBN 978-1574555578.
- ↑ (1987) A History of Christian Thought: From the Protestant Reformation to the twentieth century (in en). Abingdon Press. ISBN 978-0-687-17184-2. “It is clear that, in rejecting Roman Catholic doctrine on this point, Cranmer has also rejected Luther's views and adopted Calvin's position. The sacrament is not merely a symbol of what takes place in the heart, but neither is it the physical eating of the body of Christ. This must be so, because the body of Christ is in heaven and therefore our participation in it can only be spiritual. Only the believers are the true partakers of the body and blood of Christ, for the unbelievers eat and drink no more than bread and wine—and condemnation upon themselves, for the profanation of the Lord's Table. These views are reflected in the Thirty-nine articles, of which the twenty-eighth says that "the Body of the Christ is given, taken, and eaten, in the Supper, only after an heavently and spiritual manner. The next article says of the wicked that "in no wise are they partakers of Christ," although "to their condemnation [they] do eat and rink the sign or Sacrament of so great a thing." This marked Calvinistic influence would prove very significant for the history of Christianity in England during the seventeenth century”
- ↑ Lears, T. J. Jackson (1981). Antimodernism and the Transformation of American Culture, 1880-1920. University of Chicago Press. ISBN 9780226469706. “Many folk tale enthusiasts remained vicarious participants in a vague supernaturalism; Anglo-Catholics wanted not Wonderland but heaven, and they sought it through their sacraments, especially the Eucharist. Though they stopped short of transubstantiation, Anglo-Catholics insisted that the consecrated bread and wine contained the "Real Objective Presence" of God.”
- ↑ Neal, Gregory S. (19 December 2014). Sacramental Theology and the Christian Life. WestBow Press. ISBN 9781490860077. “For Anglicans and Methodists the reality of the presence of Jesus as received through the sacramental elements is not in question. Real presence is simply accepted as being true, its mysterious nature being affirmed and even lauded in official statements like This Holy Mystery: A United Methodist Understanding of Holy Communion.”
- ↑ The Catechism of the New Apostolic Church: 8.2.12 The real presence of the body and blood of Christ in Holy Communion (English). New Apostolic Church (18 December 2020). “Rather, the substance of Christ's body and blood is joined to them (consubstantiation).”
- ↑ 9.0 9.1 Was the Bread Only Bread, and the Wine Only Wine? Sacramental Theology in Five Anabaptist Hymns. Conrad Grebel University College (2006).
- ↑ Sacramental Union. Concordia Publishing House (2000).
- ↑ Impanation is condemned as a heresy by the Catholic Church. See Impanation - Catholic Encyclopedia (newadvent.org)
