Difference between revisions of "Intelligence (psychology)"

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'''Intelligence''' is the ability to [[understand]] from [[experience]], acquire and retain knowledge and respond quickly and effectively to new situation. At its basic physiological level intelligence correlates strongly with the speed that electrical impulses are transmitted by nerves. This speed of transmission is thought to form an overarching intelligence factor, often referred to as ''g'' or general mental ability (GMA). It is commonly accepted that there are many sub-types of intelligence which are strongly related to ''g'' but are still somewhat independent (eg., verbal, numerical or computational intelligence).
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[[File:Cerebellum.jpg|right|thumb|200px|The human [[brain]] is the most complex physical entity in the universe.<ref>[http://creation.com/the-human-body-gods-masterpiece The Human Body: God's Masterpiece]</ref><ref>[http://creation.com/the-human-body-gods-masterpiece The Enigmatic Human Brain] by Wallace G. Smith</ref><ref>[http://www.creationmoments.com/radio/transcripts/most-complex-structure The Most Complex Structure], Creation Moments</ref>]]
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'''Intelligence''' in [[psychology]] is the ability to [[Understanding|understand]] from [[experience]], acquire and retain knowledge, and respond quickly and effectively to new situation.  
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At its basic [[Psychology|physiological]] level intelligence correlates strongly with the speed that electrical impulses are transmitted by nerves. This speed of transmission is thought to form an overarching intelligence factor, often referred to as ''g'' or general mental ability (GMA). It is commonly accepted that there are many sub-types of intelligence which are strongly related to ''g'' but are still somewhat independent (e.g., verbal, numerical or computational intelligence). Disturbances and deformations of intelligence having a [[Physiology|physiological]] cause are studied and treated with the combined resources of [[medicine]] and psychological counselling in [[psychiatry]].
 
   
 
   
 
'''Military intelligence''' is knowledge of enemy forces, conditions in occupied territories, etc. See [[intelligence agency]].
 
'''Military intelligence''' is knowledge of enemy forces, conditions in occupied territories, etc. See [[intelligence agency]].
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== Intelligence, genes and environment ==
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*[https://www.verywellmind.com/what-factors-determine-intelligence-2795285 Genetic and Environmental Influences on Intelligence] by Kendra Cherry, MSEd
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== Research suggesting that people might be able to increase their IQ ==
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*[https://www.healthline.com/health/how-to-increase-iq 8 Ways to Increase Your IQ Levels], Healthline.com
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*[https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/7-proven-methods-enhance-your-intelligence-quotient-iq 7 Proven Methods to Enhance Your Intelligence Quotient (IQ) in a Month or Less]
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*[https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10864-020-09399-x Relational Operant Skills Training Increases Standardized Matrices Scores in Adolescents: A Stratified Active-Controlled Trial]
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*[http://www.techtimes.com/articles/161786/20160530/your-clever-friends-intelligent-spouse-can-help-boost-your-iq.htm Your Clever Friends, Intelligent Spouse Can Help Boost Your IQ], Tech Times, 2016
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=== Improving intelligence/IQ/cognive function via exercise and physical fitness ===
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Research indicates that exercise and physical fitness can increase a person's intelligence/IQ/cognitive function.<ref>
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*[https://neuroscience.illinois.edu/news/2020-10-30t181556/more-proof-vigorous-workouts-boost-fluid-intelligence More Proof That Vigorous Workouts Boost Fluid Intelligence], University of Illinois, Urbana/Champaign, 2022 - Vigorous exercise increases fluid intelligence by almost 20%, but sedentariness appears to facilitate better cognitive abilities relating to crystallized knowledge
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*[https://www.health.harvard.edu/mind-and-mood/exercise-can-boost-your-memory-and-thinking-skills Exercise can boost your memory and thinking skills], Harvard Health, 2024. Moderate-intensity exercise can help improve your thinking and memory in just six months.
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*[https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20141010-why-exercise-boosts-iq Brain: Why exercise boosts IQ], BBC, 2014
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*[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22368221/ Physical activity and intelligence: a causal exploration], J Phys Act Health. 2012 Feb;9(2):218-24. doi: 10.1123/jpah.9.2.218.
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*[https://publications.aap.org/pediatrics/article-abstract/154/6/e2024067398/199837/Exercise-and-Intelligence-Changing-the-Brain?redirectedFrom=fulltext Exercise and Intelligence: Changing the Brain] by Michele LaBotz, MD. American Academy of Pediatrics, 2024
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*[https://www.psypost.org/physical-activity-boosts-iq-in-kids-and-teens/ Physical activity boosts IQ in kids and teens], PsyPost, 2024
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*[https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3951958/ The Influence of Exercise on Cognitive Abilities], Compr Physiol. 2013 Jan;3(1):403–428. doi: 10.1002/cphy.c110063
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*[https://www.headspace.com/articles/can-exercising-make-you-smarter Can exercising make you smarter?]
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*[https://lewishowes.com/legacy/dave-asprey/ Increase Your IQ, Lose 100 Pounds and Add Years to Your Life on Less Sleep with Dave Asprey], Increased his IQ by 20 points</ref>
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=== Research which suggests that increasing creative problem solving can boost a person's intelligence (IQ score) ===
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''See also:'' [[Creativity]]
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*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7709590/ We Can Boost IQ: Revisiting Kvashchev’s Experiment], ''Journal of Intelligence''. 2020 Dec; 8(4): 41. Published online 2020 Nov 26. doi: 10.3390/jintelligence8040041
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Abstract for the 2020 journal article [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7709590/ We Can Boost IQ: Revisiting Kvashchev’s Experiment] published in the ''Journal of Intelligence'':
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{{Cquote|This paper examined the effects of training in creative problem-solving on intelligence. We revisited Stankov’s report on the outcomes of an experiment carried out by R. Kvashchev in former Yugoslavia that reported an IQ increase of seven points, on average, across 28 tests of intelligence. We argue that previous analyses were based on a conservative analytic approach and failed to take into account the reductions in the IQ test variances at the end of the three-years’ training. When standard deviations of the initial test and 2nd retest were pooled in the calculation of the effect sizes, the experimental group’s performance was 10 IQ points higher on average than that of the control group. Further, with the properly defined measures of fluid and crystallized intelligence, the experimental group showed a 15 IQ points higher increase than the control group. We concluded that prolonged intensive training in creative problem-solving can lead to substantial and positive effects on intelligence during late adolescence (ages 18–19).<ref>[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7709590/ We Can Boost IQ: Revisiting Kvashchev’s Experiment], ''Journal of Intelligence''. 2020 Dec; 8(4): 41. Published online 2020 Nov 26. doi: 10.3390/jintelligence8040041</ref>}}
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[[File:Statue of Leonardo DaVinci in Uffizi Alley, Florence, Italy.jpg|thumbnail|center|200px|Statue of creative [[Renaissance man]] [[Leonardo da Vinci]] in Tuscany, [[Italy]].]]
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{{Clear}}
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==== Divergent/convergent thinking and creativity ====
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*[https://www.invent.org/blog/trends-stem/creative-problem-solving-techniques Why Creative Problem Solving Requires Both Convergent and Divergent Thinking], National Inventors Hall of Fame website
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*[http://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/beautiful-minds/201202/both-convergent-and-divergent-thinking-are-necessary-creativity How Convergent and Divergent Thinking Foster Creativity]
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===== Divergent/convergent thinking, creativity and intelligent problem solving =====
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*[https://asana.com/resources/convergent-vs-divergent Convergent vs. divergent thinking: Finding the right balance for creative problem solving]
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*[https://maestrolearning.com/blogs/convergent-vs-divergent-thinking/ Convergent vs. Divergent Thinking: How to Use Both to Think Smarter]
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== Intelligence and epistemological rigour: How and why they are different ==
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''See also:'' [[Epistemology]]
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[[Epistemology]] is the analysis of the nature of [[knowledge]], how we know, what we can and cannot know, and how we can know that there are things we know we cannot know. In other words, it is ''the academic term'' associated with study of how we conclude that certain things are true.<ref name="Virkler">{{cite book |last1= Virkler|first1= Henry A.|title= A Christian's Guide to Critical Thinking|url=http://books.google.no/books?id=rUgqAAAACAAJ&dq=virkler+A+Christian%27s+Guide+to+critical+thinking&hl=en&sa=X&ei=lzc9T9DDD4nN4QSy-fmACA&redir_esc=y |accessdate=16.2.2012 |type= |edition= |series= |volume= |date= |year= |month= |origyear= |publisher= Wipf and Stock Publishers|location= Eugene, OR|isbn= 1-59752-661-4|page= 3|pages=336 |at= How do we know the Truth? |chapter= 1 |quote= |ref= }}</ref>
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Intelligence and epistemological rigor are related but distinct concepts. Intelligence generally refers to cognitive abilities such as reasoning, pattern recognition, memory, processing speed, and problem-solving capacity. Epistemological rigor, by contrast, concerns the discipline and care with which a person forms, evaluates, and justifies beliefs. It involves consistent standards of evidence, logical coherence, awareness of cognitive biases, openness to revision, and the use of reliable methods for distinguishing knowledge from opinion. A person may possess high intelligence yet apply it selectively or carelessly, leading to sophisticated but poorly grounded conclusions.
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The distinction is important in fields ranging from science and philosophy to politics and everyday decision-making. Highly intelligent individuals can construct elaborate rationalizations, defend weak claims with complex arguments, or rely on intuition and identity-driven reasoning if they do not deliberately practice epistemic discipline. Conversely, individuals of more average cognitive ability can reach well-justified, reliable beliefs when they follow rigorous methods, defer appropriately to expertise, and apply consistent standards of evidence. Thus, intelligence increases one’s capacity to reason, but epistemological rigor determines how responsibly and reliably that capacity is used.
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Article:
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*[https://efficiencyandmanagement.blogspot.com/2025/12/intelligence-epistemic-rigor.html Intelligence ≠ epistemic rigor]
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== High IQ individuals are more cooperative than low IQ people ==
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''See also:'' [[Collaboration]] and [[Agreeableness]]
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Research indicates that high [[IQ]] people are more cooperative than low IQ people.<ref>[https://www.theemotionmachine.com/hive-mind-the-synergistic-effects-of-being-around-really-smart-people/#:~:text=The%20%E2%80%9Chive%20mind%E2%80%9D%20effect%20shows,measures%20in%20all%20of%20psychology. Hive Mind: The Synergistic Effects of Being Around Really Smart People by Steven Handel]</ref>
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== Books ==
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''Does your Family Make You Smarter?: Nature, Nurture, and Human Autonomy'' by  James R. Flynn. Cambridge University Press. May 31, 2016
  
 
== See also ==
 
== See also ==
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*[[Emotional intelligence]]
 
*[[Emotional intelligence]]
 
*[[IQ|IQ tests]]
 
*[[IQ|IQ tests]]
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*[[Genius]]
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*[[Brilliant]]
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*[[Psychiatry]]
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*[[Behaviorism]]
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*[[Growth mindset]]
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*[[Specious reasoning]]
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*[[Atheism and intelligence]]
  
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==See Also==
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==Notes==
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*[[U.S. Intelligence on KAL 007's Intrusion into Soviet Territory and the Shoot down]]
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<references/>
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[[Category:Military]]
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[[Category: Psychology]]

Latest revision as of 06:24, February 1, 2026

The human brain is the most complex physical entity in the universe.[1][2][3]

Intelligence in psychology is the ability to understand from experience, acquire and retain knowledge, and respond quickly and effectively to new situation.

At its basic physiological level intelligence correlates strongly with the speed that electrical impulses are transmitted by nerves. This speed of transmission is thought to form an overarching intelligence factor, often referred to as g or general mental ability (GMA). It is commonly accepted that there are many sub-types of intelligence which are strongly related to g but are still somewhat independent (e.g., verbal, numerical or computational intelligence). Disturbances and deformations of intelligence having a physiological cause are studied and treated with the combined resources of medicine and psychological counselling in psychiatry.

Military intelligence is knowledge of enemy forces, conditions in occupied territories, etc. See intelligence agency.

Intelligence, genes and environment

Research suggesting that people might be able to increase their IQ

Improving intelligence/IQ/cognive function via exercise and physical fitness

Research indicates that exercise and physical fitness can increase a person's intelligence/IQ/cognitive function.[4]

Research which suggests that increasing creative problem solving can boost a person's intelligence (IQ score)

See also: Creativity

Abstract for the 2020 journal article We Can Boost IQ: Revisiting Kvashchev’s Experiment published in the Journal of Intelligence:

“ This paper examined the effects of training in creative problem-solving on intelligence. We revisited Stankov’s report on the outcomes of an experiment carried out by R. Kvashchev in former Yugoslavia that reported an IQ increase of seven points, on average, across 28 tests of intelligence. We argue that previous analyses were based on a conservative analytic approach and failed to take into account the reductions in the IQ test variances at the end of the three-years’ training. When standard deviations of the initial test and 2nd retest were pooled in the calculation of the effect sizes, the experimental group’s performance was 10 IQ points higher on average than that of the control group. Further, with the properly defined measures of fluid and crystallized intelligence, the experimental group showed a 15 IQ points higher increase than the control group. We concluded that prolonged intensive training in creative problem-solving can lead to substantial and positive effects on intelligence during late adolescence (ages 18–19).[5] ”


Statue of creative Renaissance man Leonardo da Vinci in Tuscany, Italy.

Divergent/convergent thinking and creativity

Divergent/convergent thinking, creativity and intelligent problem solving

Intelligence and epistemological rigour: How and why they are different

See also: Epistemology

Epistemology is the analysis of the nature of knowledge, how we know, what we can and cannot know, and how we can know that there are things we know we cannot know. In other words, it is the academic term associated with study of how we conclude that certain things are true.[6]

Intelligence and epistemological rigor are related but distinct concepts. Intelligence generally refers to cognitive abilities such as reasoning, pattern recognition, memory, processing speed, and problem-solving capacity. Epistemological rigor, by contrast, concerns the discipline and care with which a person forms, evaluates, and justifies beliefs. It involves consistent standards of evidence, logical coherence, awareness of cognitive biases, openness to revision, and the use of reliable methods for distinguishing knowledge from opinion. A person may possess high intelligence yet apply it selectively or carelessly, leading to sophisticated but poorly grounded conclusions.

The distinction is important in fields ranging from science and philosophy to politics and everyday decision-making. Highly intelligent individuals can construct elaborate rationalizations, defend weak claims with complex arguments, or rely on intuition and identity-driven reasoning if they do not deliberately practice epistemic discipline. Conversely, individuals of more average cognitive ability can reach well-justified, reliable beliefs when they follow rigorous methods, defer appropriately to expertise, and apply consistent standards of evidence. Thus, intelligence increases one’s capacity to reason, but epistemological rigor determines how responsibly and reliably that capacity is used.

Article:

High IQ individuals are more cooperative than low IQ people

See also: Collaboration and Agreeableness

Research indicates that high IQ people are more cooperative than low IQ people.[7]

Books

Does your Family Make You Smarter?: Nature, Nurture, and Human Autonomy by James R. Flynn. Cambridge University Press. May 31, 2016

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ The Human Body: God's Masterpiece
  2. ↑ The Enigmatic Human Brain by Wallace G. Smith
  3. ↑ The Most Complex Structure, Creation Moments
  4. ↑
  5. ↑ We Can Boost IQ: Revisiting Kvashchev’s Experiment, Journal of Intelligence. 2020 Dec; 8(4): 41. Published online 2020 Nov 26. doi: 10.3390/jintelligence8040041
  6. ↑ "1", A Christian's Guide to Critical Thinking. Eugene, OR: Wipf and Stock Publishers, 336. ISBN 1-59752-661-4. Retrieved on 16.2.2012. 
  7. ↑ Hive Mind: The Synergistic Effects of Being Around Really Smart People by Steven Handel
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