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Difference between revisions of "5 Star Movement"

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The '''5 Star Movement''' ('''M5S''') is a [[populist]] political party in [[Italy]]. It was founded in 2009 by comedian Beppe Grillo as an anti-[[establishment]] protest party, but it quickly gained support and became Italy's largest single political party in 2018.
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The '''5 Star Movement''' ('''M5S''') is a [[liberal]] political party in [[Italy]] that once was [[populist]] before shifting toward the Left. It was founded in 2009 by comedian Beppe Grillo as an anti-[[establishment]] protest party, but it quickly gained support and became Italy's largest single political party in 2018.
  
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==Electoral success==
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==History==
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While the M5S performed poorly in Italy's 2017 mayoral elections,<ref>D'Emilio, Frances (June 12, 2017). [http://www.foxnews.com/world/2017/06/12/populists-surge-in-italy-stops-in-voting-for-italys-mayors.html Populists' surge in Italy stops in voting for Italy's mayors]. ''Fox News''. Retrieved June 12, 2017.</ref><ref>Zampano, Giada (June 12, 2017). [http://www.politico.eu/article/italys-5star-movement-suffer-setback-in-local-elections-beppe-grillo/ 5Stars suffer setback in Italy’s local elections]. ''Politico''. Retrieved June 12, 2017.</ref> the year earlier, it captured the mayorship of [[Rome]].<ref>Williams, Thomas D. (June 20, 2016). [http://www.breitbart.com/london/2016/06/20/populist-woman-mayor-wins-rome-landslide-new-era-begins/ Populist Woman Mayor Wins Rome by Landslide: ‘New Era’ Begins]. ''Breitbart News''. Retrieved December 30, 2017.
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===Electoral success===
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While the M5S performed poorly in Italy's 2017 mayoral elections,<ref>D'Emilio, Frances (June 12, 2017). [https://www.foxnews.com/world/2017/06/12/populists-surge-in-italy-stops-in-voting-for-italys-mayors.html Populists' surge in Italy stops in voting for Italy's mayors]. ''Fox News''. Retrieved June 12, 2017.</ref><ref>Zampano, Giada (June 12, 2017). [https://www.politico.eu/article/italys-5star-movement-suffer-setback-in-local-elections-beppe-grillo/ 5Stars suffer setback in Italy’s local elections]. ''Politico''. Retrieved June 12, 2017.</ref> the year earlier, it captured the mayorship of [[Rome]].<ref>Williams, Thomas D. (June 20, 2016). [https://www.breitbart.com/london/2016/06/20/populist-woman-mayor-wins-rome-landslide-new-era-begins/ Populist Woman Mayor Wins Rome by Landslide: ‘New Era’ Begins]. ''Breitbart News''. Retrieved December 30, 2017.
 
<br>See also:
 
<br>See also:
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*[http://www.breitbart.com/london/2017/06/12/far-star-populists-lose-italian-mayoral-vote/ Five Star Populists Lose Out in Italian Mayoral Vote]. ''Breitbart News''. June 12, 2017. Retrieved June 12, 2017.</ref> Virginia Raggi, the M5S mayor of Rome called for a suspension of [[immigration]] into the city.<ref>Shaw, Adam (June 15, 2017). [http://www.breitbart.com/london/2017/06/15/mayor-rome-calls-suspension-flow-immigrants-city/ Mayor of Rome Calls for Suspension of Flow of Migrants into the City]. ''Breitbart News''. Retrieved June 15, 2017.</ref> The M5S performed well in the 2017 Sicilian regional elections, a region heavily impacted by the migrant crisis.<ref name="Sicily2017">Williams, Thomas D. (November 7, 2017). [http://www.breitbart.com/london/2017/11/07/populists-crush-center-left-social-democrats-in-sicily-elections/ Populists Crush Center-Left Social Democrats in Sicily Elections]. ''Breitbart News''. Retrieved November 7, 2017.</ref>
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*[https://www.breitbart.com/london/2017/06/12/far-star-populists-lose-italian-mayoral-vote/ Five Star Populists Lose Out in Italian Mayoral Vote]. ''Breitbart News''. June 12, 2017. Retrieved June 12, 2017.</ref> Virginia Raggi, the M5S mayor of Rome called for a suspension of [[immigration]] into the city.<ref>Shaw, Adam (June 15, 2017). [https://www.breitbart.com/london/2017/06/15/mayor-rome-calls-suspension-flow-immigrants-city/ Mayor of Rome Calls for Suspension of Flow of Migrants into the City]. ''Breitbart News''. Retrieved June 15, 2017.</ref> The M5S performed well in the 2017 Sicilian regional elections, a region heavily impacted by the migrant crisis.<ref name="Sicily2017">Williams, Thomas D. (November 7, 2017). [https://www.breitbart.com/london/2017/11/07/populists-crush-center-left-social-democrats-in-sicily-elections/ Populists Crush Center-Left Social Democrats in Sicily Elections]. ''Breitbart News''. Retrieved November 7, 2017.</ref>
  
 
In the 2018 election, M5S along with [[Lega Nord]] performed very well, and M5S became the largest single party in Italy.<ref>Multiple references:
 
In the 2018 election, M5S along with [[Lega Nord]] performed very well, and M5S became the largest single party in Italy.<ref>Multiple references:
 
*Newman, Alex (March 5, 2018). [https://www.thenewamerican.com/world-news/europe/item/28429-anti-establishment-parties-surge-in-italian-election Anti-Establishment Parties Surge in Italian Election]. ''The New American''. Retrieved March 23, 2018.
 
*Newman, Alex (March 5, 2018). [https://www.thenewamerican.com/world-news/europe/item/28429-anti-establishment-parties-surge-in-italian-election Anti-Establishment Parties Surge in Italian Election]. ''The New American''. Retrieved March 23, 2018.
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*Williams, Thomas D. (March 5, 2018). [http://www.breitbart.com/london/2018/03/05/populists-sweep-italian-national-elections-5-star-movement-big-winner/ Populists Sweep Italian National Elections, 5-Star Movement Big Winner]. ''Breitbart News''. Retrieved March 23, 2018.
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*Williams, Thomas D. (March 5, 2018). [https://www.breitbart.com/london/2018/03/05/populists-sweep-italian-national-elections-5-star-movement-big-winner/ Populists Sweep Italian National Elections, 5-Star Movement Big Winner]. ''Breitbart News''. Retrieved March 23, 2018.
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*Birnbaum, Michael (March 4, 2018). [https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/italians-vote-amid-anger-toward-migrants-and-populist-energy/2018/03/04/bdf8b5b6-1cb3-11e8-98f5-ceecfa8741b6_story.html Fragmented Italian election result reveals power of populists]. ''The Washington Post''. Retrieved March 23, 2018.</ref> along with massive losses for the Italian left-wing.<ref>Williams, Thomas D. (March 6, 2018). [http://www.breitbart.com/london/2018/03/06/italy-election-aftermath-renzi-quits-center-left-disappears/ Italy Election Aftermath: Renzi Quits, Center-Left ‘Disappears’]. ''Breitbart News''. Retrieved March 23, 2018.</ref> The party performed so well that in [[Sicily]] it won more seats than the number of candidates it put up in the region.<ref>Reale, Claudio (March 6, 2018). [http://palermo.repubblica.it/politica/2018/03/06/news/elezioni_vittoria_troppo_larga_per_m5s_piu_seggi_che_candidati_rischio_caselle_vuote-190568643/?ref=RHPPLF-BL-I0-C8-P4-S1.8-T2 Elezioni, vittoria troppo larga per M5S: in Sicilia più seggi che candidati]. ''Palermo''. Retrieved March 24, 2018.</ref> Overall, populist and Euroskeptic parties received over 50% of the popular vote.<ref>Multiple references:
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*Birnbaum, Michael (March 4, 2018). [https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/italians-vote-amid-anger-toward-migrants-and-populist-energy/2018/03/04/bdf8b5b6-1cb3-11e8-98f5-ceecfa8741b6_story.html Fragmented Italian election result reveals power of populists]. ''The Washington Post''. Retrieved March 23, 2018.
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See also:
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*Edwards, Catherine (February 12, 2018). [https://www.thelocal.it/20180212/is-italys-five-star-movement-still-anti-establishment Is Italy's Five Star Movement still an 'anti-establishment' party?] ''The Local''. Retrieved February 26, 2019.</ref> along with massive losses for the Italian left-wing.<ref>Williams, Thomas D. (March 6, 2018). [https://www.breitbart.com/london/2018/03/06/italy-election-aftermath-renzi-quits-center-left-disappears/ Italy Election Aftermath: Renzi Quits, Center-Left ‘Disappears’]. ''Breitbart News''. Retrieved March 23, 2018.</ref> The party performed so well that in [[Sicily]] it won more seats than the number of candidates it put up in the region.<ref>Reale, Claudio (March 6, 2018). [http://palermo.repubblica.it/politica/2018/03/06/news/elezioni_vittoria_troppo_larga_per_m5s_piu_seggi_che_candidati_rischio_caselle_vuote-190568643/?ref=RHPPLF-BL-I0-C8-P4-S1.8-T2 Elezioni, vittoria troppo larga per M5S: in Sicilia più seggi che candidati]. ''Palermo''. Retrieved March 24, 2018.</ref> Overall, populist and Euroskeptic parties received over 50% of the popular vote.<ref>Multiple references:
 
*D'Emilio, Frances (March 5, 2018). [https://www.usnews.com/news/world/articles/2018-03-05/italys-early-results-show-center-right-coalition-leads-vote Italy's Populist Parties Rule the Day, but Will They Rule?] ''U.S. News & World Report'' (from the ''Associated Press''). Retrieved March 23, 2018.
 
*D'Emilio, Frances (March 5, 2018). [https://www.usnews.com/news/world/articles/2018-03-05/italys-early-results-show-center-right-coalition-leads-vote Italy's Populist Parties Rule the Day, but Will They Rule?] ''U.S. News & World Report'' (from the ''Associated Press''). Retrieved March 23, 2018.
 
*Birnbaum, Michael (March 5, 2018). [https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/italian-populists-declare-new-epoch-after-election-victory/2018/03/05/12885254-2096-11e8-946c-9420060cb7bd_story.html Italian populists declare new epoch after election victory]. ''The Washington Post''. Retrieved March 23, 2018.
 
*Birnbaum, Michael (March 5, 2018). [https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/italian-populists-declare-new-epoch-after-election-victory/2018/03/05/12885254-2096-11e8-946c-9420060cb7bd_story.html Italian populists declare new epoch after election victory]. ''The Washington Post''. Retrieved March 23, 2018.
 
*[https://www.economist.com/news/europe/21737972-forming-new-government-could-take-weeks-new-elections-may-be-needed-anti-eu-parties-make-big Anti-EU parties make big gains in the Italian general election]. ''The Economist''. March 5, 2018. Retrieved March 5, 2018.</ref> In May 2018, M5S anti-establishment [[Lega Nord]] agreed to a common platform, one that promoted strongly nationalist and anti-establishment policies.<ref>Multiple references:
 
*[https://www.economist.com/news/europe/21737972-forming-new-government-could-take-weeks-new-elections-may-be-needed-anti-eu-parties-make-big Anti-EU parties make big gains in the Italian general election]. ''The Economist''. March 5, 2018. Retrieved March 5, 2018.</ref> In May 2018, M5S anti-establishment [[Lega Nord]] agreed to a common platform, one that promoted strongly nationalist and anti-establishment policies.<ref>Multiple references:
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*Shaw, Adam (May 19, 2018). [http://www.foxnews.com/world/2018/05/19/italy-on-cusp-populist-coalition-after-parties-publish-radical-joint-program.html Italy on cusp of populist coalition after parties publish radical joint program]. ''Fox News''. Retrieved May 20, 2018.
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*Shaw, Adam (May 19, 2018). [https://www.foxnews.com/world/2018/05/19/italy-on-cusp-populist-coalition-after-parties-publish-radical-joint-program.html Italy on cusp of populist coalition after parties publish radical joint program]. ''Fox News''. Retrieved May 20, 2018.
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*Lane, Oliver JJ (May 18, 2018). [http://www.breitbart.com/london/2018/05/18/italian-populists-publish-governing-contract-slams-failure-of-unsustainable-immigration/ Italian Populists Publish Governing Contract, Slams Failure of ‘Unsustainable’ Immigration]. ''Breitbart News''. Retrieved May 20, 2018.
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*Lane, Oliver JJ (May 18, 2018). [https://www.breitbart.com/london/2018/05/18/italian-populists-publish-governing-contract-slams-failure-of-unsustainable-immigration/ Italian Populists Publish Governing Contract, Slams Failure of ‘Unsustainable’ Immigration]. ''Breitbart News''. Retrieved May 20, 2018.
 
*Politi, James; Romei, Valentina (May 18, 2018). [https://www.ft.com/content/e0cd0f22-5a7c-11e8-bdb7-f6677d2e1ce8 Five Star and League strike Italy government deal]. ''Financial Times''. Retrieved May 20, 2018.</ref> Both parties allowed their voters to choose whether they approved of the coalition agenda.<ref>Segreti, Giulia (May 20, 2018). [https://www.reuters.com/article/us-italy-politics-ballot/italians-back-league-5-star-plan-as-groups-ready-government-team-idUSKCN1IL07X Italians back League, 5-Star plan as groups ready government team]. ''Reuters''. Retrieved May 20, 2018.<br>See also:
 
*Politi, James; Romei, Valentina (May 18, 2018). [https://www.ft.com/content/e0cd0f22-5a7c-11e8-bdb7-f6677d2e1ce8 Five Star and League strike Italy government deal]. ''Financial Times''. Retrieved May 20, 2018.</ref> Both parties allowed their voters to choose whether they approved of the coalition agenda.<ref>Segreti, Giulia (May 20, 2018). [https://www.reuters.com/article/us-italy-politics-ballot/italians-back-league-5-star-plan-as-groups-ready-government-team-idUSKCN1IL07X Italians back League, 5-Star plan as groups ready government team]. ''Reuters''. Retrieved May 20, 2018.<br>See also:
 
*Barigazzi, Jacopo (May 20, 2018). [https://www.politico.eu/article/italy-populist-government-5stars-league-approval-poll/ 6 out of 10 Italians approve of populist government: survey]. ''Politico''. Retrieved May 20, 2018.</ref> Despite this, Italy's [[establishment]] president rejected the coalition government as it supported nominating a Euroskeptic finance minister.<ref>Multiple references:
 
*Barigazzi, Jacopo (May 20, 2018). [https://www.politico.eu/article/italy-populist-government-5stars-league-approval-poll/ 6 out of 10 Italians approve of populist government: survey]. ''Politico''. Retrieved May 20, 2018.</ref> Despite this, Italy's [[establishment]] president rejected the coalition government as it supported nominating a Euroskeptic finance minister.<ref>Multiple references:
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*Williams, Thomas D. (May 27, 2018). [http://www.breitbart.com/london/2018/05/27/sabotage-italian-president-blocks-eurosceptic-coalition-govt-populist-leader-impeachment/ Sabotage: Italian President Blocks Eurosceptic Coalition Govt, Populist Leader Calls for Impeachment]. ''Breitbart News''. Retrieved May 27, 2018.
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*Williams, Thomas D. (May 27, 2018). [https://www.breitbart.com/london/2018/05/27/sabotage-italian-president-blocks-eurosceptic-coalition-govt-populist-leader-impeachment/ Sabotage: Italian President Blocks Eurosceptic Coalition Govt, Populist Leader Calls for Impeachment]. ''Breitbart News''. Retrieved May 27, 2018.
 
*Zampano, Giada (May 27, 2018). [https://www.politico.eu/article/italys-premier-designate-steps-down-after-failed-cabinet-talks/ Italy’s president scotches populist governing alliance]. ''Politico''. Retrieved May 27, 2018.</ref> However, a few days later, the two parties were able to reach a compromise with Italy's president and finalized their governing coalition.<ref>Multiple references:
 
*Zampano, Giada (May 27, 2018). [https://www.politico.eu/article/italys-premier-designate-steps-down-after-failed-cabinet-talks/ Italy’s president scotches populist governing alliance]. ''Politico''. Retrieved May 27, 2018.</ref> However, a few days later, the two parties were able to reach a compromise with Italy's president and finalized their governing coalition.<ref>Multiple references:
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*Montgomery, Jack (May 31, 2018). [http://www.breitbart.com/london/2018/05/31/breakthrough-populist-italian-govt-back-cards-five-star-lega-deal/ Breakthrough: Populist Italian Govt Back on the Cards as Five-Star and Lega Ink Fresh Deal]. ''Breitbart News''. Retrieved May 31, 2018.
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*Montgomery, Jack (May 31, 2018). [https://www.breitbart.com/london/2018/05/31/breakthrough-populist-italian-govt-back-cards-five-star-lega-deal/ Breakthrough: Populist Italian Govt Back on the Cards as Five-Star and Lega Ink Fresh Deal]. ''Breitbart News''. Retrieved May 31, 2018.
 
*Scherer, Steve; Jones, Gavin (May 31, 2018). [https://www.reuters.com/article/us-italy-politics/italys-anti-establishment-leaders-revive-governing-coalition-idUSKCN1IW0Z5 Italy's anti-establishment leaders revive governing coalition]. ''Reuters''. Retrieved May 31, 2018.
 
*Scherer, Steve; Jones, Gavin (May 31, 2018). [https://www.reuters.com/article/us-italy-politics/italys-anti-establishment-leaders-revive-governing-coalition-idUSKCN1IW0Z5 Italy's anti-establishment leaders revive governing coalition]. ''Reuters''. Retrieved May 31, 2018.
 
*Barry, Colleen (May 31, 2018). [https://www.apnews.com/0a1896978c1c436c9a94cf345b7c9381/Italy-gets-western-Europe's-1st-populist-govt-on-second-try Italy gets western Europe’s 1st populist govt on second try]. ''Associated Press''. Retrieved May 31, 2018.
 
*Barry, Colleen (May 31, 2018). [https://www.apnews.com/0a1896978c1c436c9a94cf345b7c9381/Italy-gets-western-Europe's-1st-populist-govt-on-second-try Italy gets western Europe’s 1st populist govt on second try]. ''Associated Press''. Retrieved May 31, 2018.
 
*Horowitz, Jason (May 31, 2018). [https://www.nytimes.com/2018/05/31/world/europe/italy-government-populists.html Italy's Populist Parties Win Approval to Form Government]. ''The New York Times''. Retrieved May 31, 2018.</ref> The new government, Western Europe's first one completely run by populist and anti-establishment parties, was sworn in on June 1, 2018.<ref>Multiple references:
 
*Horowitz, Jason (May 31, 2018). [https://www.nytimes.com/2018/05/31/world/europe/italy-government-populists.html Italy's Populist Parties Win Approval to Form Government]. ''The New York Times''. Retrieved May 31, 2018.</ref> The new government, Western Europe's first one completely run by populist and anti-establishment parties, was sworn in on June 1, 2018.<ref>Multiple references:
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*Montgomery, Jack (June 1, 2018). [http://www.breitbart.com/london/2018/06/01/brussels-defeated-populist-coalition-takes-office-in-italy-eurosceptic-savona-returns-as-eu-affairs-minister/ BRUSSELS BEATEN: Populist Coalition Takes Office in Italy, Eurosceptic Savona Returns as EU Affairs Minister]. ''Breitbart News''. Retrieved June 1, 2018.
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*Montgomery, Jack (June 1, 2018). [https://www.breitbart.com/london/2018/06/01/brussels-defeated-populist-coalition-takes-office-in-italy-eurosceptic-savona-returns-as-eu-affairs-minister/ BRUSSELS BEATEN: Populist Coalition Takes Office in Italy, Eurosceptic Savona Returns as EU Affairs Minister]. ''Breitbart News''. Retrieved June 1, 2018.
 
*D'Emilio, Frances (June 1, 2018). [https://apnews.com/15605caac2ac4963bc4d36d388067b14/Italian-populists-sworn-into-power-as-euroskeptics-cheer Populists take power in Italy, with euro-skeptic agenda]. ''Associated Press''. Retrieved June 1, 2018.
 
*D'Emilio, Frances (June 1, 2018). [https://apnews.com/15605caac2ac4963bc4d36d388067b14/Italian-populists-sworn-into-power-as-euroskeptics-cheer Populists take power in Italy, with euro-skeptic agenda]. ''Associated Press''. Retrieved June 1, 2018.
 
*Jones, Gavin; Di Giorgio, Massimiliano (June 1, 2018). [https://www.reuters.com/article/us-italy-politics/italys-conte-sworn-in-as-pm-of-anti-establishment-government-idUSKCN1IX49T Italy's Conte sworn in as PM of anti-establishment government]. ''Reuters''. Retrieved June 1, 2018.
 
*Jones, Gavin; Di Giorgio, Massimiliano (June 1, 2018). [https://www.reuters.com/article/us-italy-politics/italys-conte-sworn-in-as-pm-of-anti-establishment-government-idUSKCN1IX49T Italy's Conte sworn in as PM of anti-establishment government]. ''Reuters''. Retrieved June 1, 2018.
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For a profile of the government's cabinet:
 
For a profile of the government's cabinet:
 
*[https://www.thelocal.it/20180601/italy-new-cabinet-in-full Here is Italy's new cabinet in full]. ''The Local''. June 1, 2018. Retrieved June 1, 2018.</ref> [[Giuseppe Conte]] was named the government's prime minister.
 
*[https://www.thelocal.it/20180601/italy-new-cabinet-in-full Here is Italy's new cabinet in full]. ''The Local''. June 1, 2018. Retrieved June 1, 2018.</ref> [[Giuseppe Conte]] was named the government's prime minister.
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===Decline and left-wing coalition===
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After government coalition's beginning, the M5S found it difficult to keep momentum and maintain its polling numbers as the more conservative Lega Nord took the spotlight.<ref>Balmer, Crispian (November 22, 2018). [https://www.reuters.com/article/us-italy-5star-analysis/italys-5-star-struggles-to-keep-up-with-soaring-salvini-idUSKCN1NR1O3 Italy's 5-Star struggles to keep up with soaring Salvini]. ''Reuters''. Retrieved November 22, 2018.</ref> By early 2019, the party was performing significantly worse in various regional elections than it did in the general election, while the League's popularity surged.<ref>Multiple references:
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*Speak, Clare (February 26, 2019). [https://www.thelocal.it/20190226/right-wing-triumphs-in-sardinias-local-elections Right wing triumphs in Sardinia's local elections]. ''The Local''. Retrieved February 26, 2019.
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*Scherer, Steve (February 25, 2019). [https://www.reuters.com/article/us-italy-politics-sardinia/italys-centre-right-leads-in-sardinia-vote-5-star-fades-idUSKCN1QE1ES Italian right wins Sardinia vote, 5-Star fades]. ''Reuters''. Retrieved February 26, 2019.
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*Ellyatt, Holly (February 26, 2019). [https://www.cnbc.com/2019/02/26/italy-m5s-could-be-headed-for-political-disaster-after-regional-collapse.html Italy's anti-establishment M5S could be headed for 'political disaster after regional collapse]. ''CNBC''. Retrieved February 26, 2019.</ref> The division between the League and M5S increased.<ref>Multiple references:
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*Ellyatt, Holly (May 9, 2019). [https://www.cnbc.com/2019/05/09/there-is-a-rift-italys-leaders-arent-even-hiding-their-disagreements-anymore.html 'There is a rift': Italy's leaders aren't even hiding their disagreements anymore]. ''CNBC''. Retrieved May 9, 2019.
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*Follain, John (May 6, 2019). [https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2019-05-06/it-just-keeps-getting-uglier-between-italy-s-ruling-populists It Just Keeps Getting Uglier Between Italy's Populists]. ''Bloomberg''. Retrieved May 9, 2019.
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*Albanese, Chiara (May 3, 2019). [https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2019-05-03/no-more-mr-nice-guy-conte-drops-peacemaker-role-in-siri-case Italy Premier Drops Coalition Peacemaker Role as Chiefs Feud]. ''Bloomberg''. Retrieved May 9, 2019.</ref> The M5S performed poorly in the 2019 [[European Parliament]] election, nearly halving its 2018 election support.<ref>Tomlinson, Chris (May 30, 2019). [https://www.breitbart.com/europe/2019/05/30/five-star-movement-leader-offers-resignation-after-disastrous-election-result/ Five Star Movement Leader Offers Resignation After Disastrous Election Result]. ''Breitbart News''. Retrieved May 30, 2019.<br>See also:
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*Tomlinson, Chris (May 31, 2019). [https://www.breitbart.com/europe/2019/05/31/five-star-movements-di-maio-wins-vote-leadership/ Italy’s Left Leader Survives Leadership Vote After EU Election Defeat]. ''Breitbart News''. Retrieved May 31, 2019.</ref> Some M5S members and politicians defected, or considered defecting, to Salvini's League.<ref>Multiple references:
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*Tomlinson, Chris (August 14, 2019). [https://www.breitbart.com/europe/2019/08/14/five-stars-may-face-split-pro-salvini-members-look-right/ Five Stars May Face Split as Pro-Salvini Members Look Right]. ''Breitbart News''. Retrieved August 14, 2019.
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*Tomlinson, Chris (December 15, 2019). [https://www.breitbart.com/europe/2019/12/15/three-five-star-movement-senators-defect-to-salvinis-league/ Three Five Star Movement Senators Defect to Salvini’s League]. ''Breitbart News''. Retrieved January 5, 2020.
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*[https://www.reuters.com/article/us-italy-politics-league/italys-coalition-loses-three-senators-in-blow-to-already-tiny-majority-idUSKBN1YG2MT Italy's coalition loses three senators in blow to already tiny majority]. ''Reuters''. December 12, 2019. Retrieved January 5, 2020.</ref>
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Despite repeatedly claiming it would never form an alliance with the far-left Democratic Party, the M5S did just that in August 2019, with the sole purpose of ousting the conservative Salvini from the government.<ref>Multiple references:
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*Sylvers, Eric (August 28, 2019). [https://www.wsj.com/articles/italy-parties-reach-deal-to-form-new-government-11567014240 Italian Party Rivals Join Up to Form New Government]. ''The Wall Street Journal''. Retrieved August 28, 2019.
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*Bernal, Rafael (August 28, 2019). [https://thehill.com/policy/international/459163-italy-forms-new-coalition-government Italy forms new coalition government]. ''The Hill''. Retrieved August 28, 2019.
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*D'Emilio, Frances; Zampano, Giada (August 28, 2019). [https://www.apnews.com/af44d9cc445d4ffb858cd692aae37cd2 Italy’s Conte might be back at helm with Salvini shut out]. ''Associated Press''. Retrieved August 28, 2019.
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*Barry, Colleen; Zampano, Giada (August 29, 2019). [https://www.apnews.com/376d97bb5f4d4a31bc4a64a2fa4af2a3 Italy’s bitter political foes unite in bid to foil Salvini]. ''Associated Press''. Retrieved August 29, 2019.
 +
*Balmer, Crispian (August 29, 2019). [https://www.reuters.com/article/us-italy-politics-future-analysis/new-italian-coalition-allies-have-mutual-foe-but-little-else-in-common-idUSKCN1VJ1UE New Italian coalition allies have mutual foe, but little else in common]. ''Reuters''. Retrieved August 29, 2019.
 +
See also:
 +
*Tomlinson, Chris (September 2, 2019). [https://www.breitbart.com/europe/2019/09/02/italy-proposed-leftist-coalition-faces-widespread-opposition/ Italy: Proposed Leftist Coalition Faces Widespread Opposition]. ''Breitbart News''. Retrieved September 2, 2019.
 +
*Tomlinson, Chris (September 5, 2019). [https://www.breitbart.com/europe/2019/09/05/fewer-than-one-three-italians-happy-new-coalition/ Fewer than One in Three Italians Happy with New Coalition]. ''Breitbart News''. Retrieved September 5, 2019.
 +
*Tomlinson, Chris (September 6, 2019). [https://www.breitbart.com/europe/2019/09/06/eu-establishment-praises-unpopular-leftist-italian-government/ EU Establishment Praises Unpopular Leftist Italian Government]. ''Breitbart News''. Retrieved September 6, 2019.
 +
*Amante, Angelo (September 9, 2019). [https://www.reuters.com/article/us-italy-politics-policies-factbox/factbox-policy-priorities-of-italys-new-coalition-government-idUSKCN1VU205 Factbox: Policy priorities of Italy's new coalition government]. ''Reuters''. Retrieved September 9, 2019.
 +
*Tomlinson, Chris (September 12, 2019). [https://www.breitbart.com/europe/2019/09/12/italians-prefer-salvini-coalition-new-leftist-govt/ Italians Prefer Salvini Coalition To New Leftist Govt]. ''Breitbart News''. Retrieved September 12, 2019.
 +
*Williams, Thomas D. (September 12, 2019). [https://www.breitbart.com/politics/2019/09/12/poll-italians-unhappy-with-new-leftist-government/ Poll: Italians Unhappy with New Leftist Government]. ''Breitbart News''. Retrieved September 12, 2019.</ref> The new coalition began reinstating status-quo, open borders immigration policies.<ref>Multiple references:
 +
*[https://www.breitbart.com/immigration/2019/09/14/with-salvini-gone-new-m5s-democrat-govt-invites-migrants-land-in-italy/ With Salvini Gone, New M5S-Democrat Govt Invites Migrants to Land in Italy]. ''Breitbart News'' (from the ''Associated Press''). September 14, 2019. Retrieved September 14, 2019.
 +
*Balmer, Crispian (September 14, 2019). [https://www.reuters.com/article/us-europe-migrants-italy/in-break-with-past-rome-lets-charity-ship-head-to-italian-port-idUSKCN1VZ05S In break with past, Rome lets charity ship head to Italian port]. ''Reuters''. Retrieved September 14, 2019.
 +
*Brito, Renata; D'Emilio, Frances (September 14, 2019). [https://www.apnews.com/2d8aa7447e18432884392a1fea5500a1 Italy: Rescue boat with 82 migrants can dock at Italian isle]. ''Associated Press''. Retrieved September 14, 2019.
 +
*Neslen, Arthur (September 14, 2019). [https://www.politico.eu/article/italian-welcome-for-82-migrants-marks-end-of-salvinis-propaganda-says-minister/ Italian welcome for 82 migrants marks ‘end of Salvini’s propaganda,’ says minister]. ''Politico''. Retrieved September 14, 2019.
 +
*Legorano, Giovanni (September 14, 2019). [https://www.wsj.com/articles/italys-new-government-allows-in-migrants-testing-voters-tolerance-11568484151 Italy’s New Government Allows In Migrants, Testing Voters’ Tolerance]. ''The Wall Street Journal''. Retrieved September 15, 2019.
 +
*Tondo, Lorenzo (September 14, 2019). [https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/sep/14/italys-new-government-says-migrants-can-disembark-from-rescue-boat Italy's new government says migrants can disembark from rescue boat]. ''The Guardian''. Retrieved September 22, 2019.
 +
*[https://www.breitbart.com/europe/2019/09/22/business-as-usual-ngo-ship-allowed-to-land-another-182-migrants-in-post-salvini-italy/ Business as Usual: NGO Ship Allowed to Land Another 182 Migrants in Post-Salvini Italy]. ''Breitbart News'' (from the ''Associated Press''). September 22, 2019. Retrieved September 22, 2019.
 +
*Duke, Selwyn (October 23, 2019). [https://www.thenewamerican.com/world-news/europe/item/33829-mamma-mia-under-new-gov-t-italy-again-attracting-migrants-and-becoming-refugee-camp Mamma Mia: Under New Gov’t, Italy Again Attracting Migrants and Becoming “Refugee Camp”]. ''The New American''. Retrieved October 23, 2019.
 +
*[https://www.reuters.com/article/us-europe-migrants-ship/italy-to-let-french-ngo-migrant-ship-dock-after-11-days-at-sea-idUSKBN1X81XD Italy to let French NGO migrant ship dock after 11 days at sea]. ''Reuters''. October 29, 2019. Retrieved October 29, 2019.
 +
*[https://www.breitbart.com/europe/2019/11/02/left-wing-italian-govt-ship-ngo-88-migrants-aboard-dock/ Left-Wing Italian Govt Allows NGO Ship with 88 Migrants Aboard to Dock]. ''Breitbart News'' (from the ''Associated Press''). November 2, 2019. Retrieved November 2, 2019.
 +
*Tomlinson, Chris (January 14, 2020). [https://www.breitbart.com/europe/2020/01/14/italy-post-salvini-left-govt-ups-migrant-allowance-1500-sail-from-libya-in-four-days/ Italy: Post-Salvini Left Govt Ups Migrant Allowance, 1,500 Sail from Libya in Four Days]. ''Breitbart News''. Retrieved January 14, 2020.
 +
See also:
 +
*Tomlinson, Chris (September 28, 2019). [https://www.breitbart.com/europe/2019/09/28/migrants-set-favela-like-camp-steps-away-roman-colosseum/ Migrants Set up Favela-Like Camp Steps Away from Roman Colosseum]. ''Breitbart News''. Retrieved September 28, 2019.
 +
*Tomlinson, Chris (October 14, 2019). [https://www.breitbart.com/europe/2019/10/14/illegal-migrant-formerly-deported-salvini-mocks-populist-leader/ Illegal Migrant Formerly Deported by Salvini Mocks Populist Leader]. ''Breitbart News''. Retrieved October 14, 2019.
 +
*Williams, Thomas D. (October 15, 2019). [https://www.breitbart.com/immigration/2019/10/15/matteo-salvini-laments-immigrant-resurgence-under-new-leftist-government/ Matteo Salvini Laments Immigrant Resurgence Under New Leftist Government]. ''Breitbart News''. Retrieved October 15, 2019.
 +
*Ciociola, Andrea (October 15, 2019). [https://www.reuters.com/article/us-europe-migrants-italy/italy-lets-french-migrant-ship-dock-to-anger-of-far-right-idUSKBN1WU2JL Italy lets French migrant ship dock to anger of far right]. ''Reuters''. Retrieved October 15, 2019.</ref> The Italian government worked to align itself with France's globalist president [[Emmanuel Macron]],<ref>Sciorilli Borrelli, Silvia (September 18, 2019). [https://www.politico.eu/article/emmanuel-macron-giuseppe-conte-show-of-unity/ Macron and Conte’s show of unity]. ''Politico''. Retrieved September 18, 2019.</ref> and M5S shifted even further toward the establishment left when it announced a local-level alliance with the Italian Democrats.<ref>Jones, Gavin (September 20, 2019). [https://www.reuters.com/article/us-italy-politics-5star-alliance/italys-5-star-backs-local-pact-with-pd-strengthening-govt-idUSKBN1W51BS Italy's 5-Star backs local pact with PD, strengthening govt]. ''Reuters''. Retrieved September 20, 2019.</ref> The M5S's coalition partners also called for the establishment of birthright citizenship in Italy.<ref>Tomlinson, Chris (September 28, 2019). [https://www.breitbart.com/europe/2019/09/28/italian-democratic-party-announces-push-birthright-citizenship-law/ Italian Democratic Party Push for Anyone Born on Italian Soil to Get ‘Birthright’ Citizenship]. ''Breitbart News''. Retrieved September 28, 2019.</ref>
 +
 +
By the end of October 2019, Italy's unemployment rate had risen to nearly 10% under the M5S–Democrat government.<ref>Tomlinson, Chris (November 1, 2019). [https://www.breitbart.com/europe/2019/11/01/italian-unemployment-rises-to-nearly-10-percent-under-leftist-coalition/ Italian Unemployment Rises to Nearly 10 Per Cent Under Leftist Coalition]. ''Breitbart News''. Retrieved November 1, 2019.</ref>
 +
 +
In November 2019, the coalition government required all Italian public school students to study climate change.<ref>Budryk, Zack (November 6, 2019). [https://thehill.com/policy/energy-environment/469198-italy-to-require-students-to-study-climate-change-and Italy to require students to study climate change and sustainability]. ''The Hill''. Retrieved November 6, 2019.</ref><ref>Tennant, Michael (November 7, 2019). [https://www.thenewamerican.com/world-news/europe/item/33975-italy-to-mandate-climate-change-instruction-for-all-students Italy to Mandate “Climate Change” Instruction for All Students]. ''The New American''. Retrieved November 7, 2019.</ref>
 +
 +
The coalition government considered giving 400,000 euros to the Italian Communist Party for its 100th anniversary and making that day a national day.<ref>Tomlinson, Chris (December 21, 2019). [https://www.breitbart.com/europe/2019/12/21/italian-leftist-govt-to-give-400k-euros-to-communists-to-celebrate-100th-anniversary/ Italian Leftist Govt to Give 400k Euros to Communists to Celebrate 100th Anniversary]. ''Breitbart News''. Retrieved December 21, 2019.</ref>
  
 
==Positions==
 
==Positions==
−
M5S is considered a populist party, but unlike [[right-wing populist]] and [[Euroskeptic]] parties, it is more centrist overall on issues related to immigration and the [[European Union]], having moderated as it became a more established force.<ref>Legorano, Giovanni (March 1, 2018). [https://www.wsj.com/articles/why-italian-elections-matter-a-new-type-of-populism-is-rising-1519834801 Why Italian Elections Matter: A New Type of Populism Is Rising]. ''The Wall Street Journal''. Retrieved March 24, 2018.</ref><ref>Zampano, Giada (March 13, 2018). [https://www.politico.eu/article/luigi-di-maio-5star-leader-brussels-has-nothing-to-fear/ 5Star leader: Brussels has nothing to fear]. ''Politico''. Retrieved March 24, 2018.</ref><ref>Dettmer, Jamie (March 1, 2018). [https://www.voanews.com/a/italy-maverick-five-star-movement-starts-to-grow-up/4270624.html Italy’s Maverick Political Movement Starts to Grow Up, But at a Cost]. ''Voice of America''. Retrieved March 29, 2018.</ref> It has defined itself as an anti-[[establishment]] movement.<ref>Lyman, Eric J. (March 1, 2018). [https://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2018/mar/1/five-star-movement-emerges-anti-establishment-forc/ Anti-establishment Five-Star Movement set to upend Italian politics]. ''The Washington Times''. Retrieved March 29, 2018.</ref><ref>Clarke, Hilary (March 1, 2018). [https://www.cnn.com/2018/03/01/europe/five-star-movement-italy-intl/index.html The maverick populists striking fear into Italy's mainstream parties]. ''CNN''. Retrieved March 29, 2018.</ref>
+
M5S is considered a populist party, but unlike [[right-wing populist]] and [[Euroskeptic]] parties, it is more centrist overall on issues related to immigration and the [[European Union]], having moderated as it became a more established force.<ref>Legorano, Giovanni (March 1, 2018). [https://www.wsj.com/articles/why-italian-elections-matter-a-new-type-of-populism-is-rising-1519834801 Why Italian Elections Matter: A New Type of Populism Is Rising]. ''The Wall Street Journal''. Retrieved March 24, 2018.</ref><ref>Zampano, Giada (March 13, 2018). [https://www.politico.eu/article/luigi-di-maio-5star-leader-brussels-has-nothing-to-fear/ 5Star leader: Brussels has nothing to fear]. ''Politico''. Retrieved March 24, 2018.</ref><ref>Dettmer, Jamie (March 1, 2018). [https://www.voanews.com/a/italy-maverick-five-star-movement-starts-to-grow-up/4270624.html Italy’s Maverick Political Movement Starts to Grow Up, But at a Cost]. ''Voice of America''. Retrieved March 29, 2018.</ref> It has defined itself as an anti-[[establishment]] movement.<ref>Lyman, Eric J. (March 1, 2018). [https://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2018/mar/1/five-star-movement-emerges-anti-establishment-forc/ Anti-establishment Five-Star Movement set to upend Italian politics]. ''The Washington Times''. Retrieved March 29, 2018.</ref><ref>Clarke, Hilary (March 1, 2018). [https://www.cnn.com/2018/03/01/europe/five-star-movement-italy-intl/index.html The maverick populists striking fear into Italy's mainstream parties]. ''CNN''. Retrieved March 29, 2018.</ref> The party has attempted to join the left-wing environmentalist "Green" faction in the [[European Parliament]].<ref>De La Baume, Maïa (September 6, 2019). [https://www.politico.eu/article/italy-greens-5star-parliament-salvini-euroskeptic/ EU’s Greens ready to discuss alliance with Italy’s 5Stars]. ''Politico''. Retrieved September 8, 2019.</ref>
 +
 
 +
In contrast to [[Matteo Salvini]]'s Lega Nord, the 5 Star Movement is hostile to [[Israel]]. Manlio Di Stefano, one of the leader of this party has accused Israel of committing a "[[genocide]]" and claimed that [[Hamas]] is apparently just a political party that has resorted to terrorism solely because of "the isolation of [[Gaza]]." The party has declared that it would officially recognize a "[[State of Palestine]]" when they get into power and condemned the settlement program in the [[West Bank]]. Its founder Beppe Grillo believes in [[9/11 conspiracy theories]] and party leaders have supported the [[Chemtrails|Chemtrail]] conspiracy theory.<ref>David, Ariel (July 19, 2016). [https://www.haaretz.com/opinion/.premium-theyre-openly-hostile-to-israel-so-why-did-these-italian-politicians-just-pay-a-visit-1.5411403 They’re Openly Hostile to Israel. So Why Did These Italian Politicians Just Pay a Visit?]. ''[[Haaretz]]''. Retrieved September 13, 2018.</ref> The M5S has taken a critical stance toward certain liberal French policies, and criticism from M5S leaders partially led France to recall its ambassador to Italy in February 2019.<ref>Multiple references:
 +
*Tomlinson, Chris (February 8, 2019). [https://www.breitbart.com/europe/2019/02/08/france-recalls-italian-ambassador-row-between-two-countries-escalates/ France Recalls Italian Ambassador as Row Between Two Countries Escalates]. ''Breitbart News''. Retrieved February 8, 2019.
 +
*Irish, John; Rose, Michael (February 7, 2019). [https://www.reuters.com/article/us-france-italy/france-recalls-italy-ambassador-after-worst-verbal-onslaught-since-the-war-idUSKCN1PW1GJ France recalls Italy ambassador after worst verbal onslaught 'since the war']. ''Reuters''. Retrieved February 7, 2019.</ref>
 +
 
 +
The M5S takes left-wing stances on social issues, and in 2019, it condemned a pro-family conference as being "medieval."<ref>Multiple references:
 +
*Tomlinson, Chris (March 19, 2019). [https://www.breitbart.com/europe/2019/03/19/salvini-pro-family-congress-attendance-sparks-italy-coalition-conflict/ Salvini Pro-Family Congress Attendance Sparks Italy Coalition Conflict]. ''Breitbart News''. Retrieved March 30, 2019.
 +
*Giuffrida, Angela (March 29, 2019). [https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/mar/29/city-of-love-christian-right-congress-in-verona-divides-italy-league-extremism City of love? Christian right congress in Verona divides Italy]. ''The Guardian''. Retrieved March 30, 2019.</ref>
 +
 
 +
On October 20, 2022 former Prime Minister Giuseppe Conte and leader of the Five Star Movement party (M5S), urged against new arms deliveries to the [[Zelensky regime]] and called for a peaceful resolution of the [[Ukraine]] conflict.<ref>https://www.kaos.gr/2022/10/italys-m5s-leader-urges-against-new.html</ref>
  
 
==References==
 
==References==

Latest revision as of 08:13, October 24, 2022

5 Star Movement
Party leader Luigi Di Maio
Parliamentary leader
Founded October 4, 2009
Headquarters
Political ideology Populism
Political position Big tent
International affiliation Europe of Freedom and Direct Democracy
Color(s) yellow and white
Website movimento5stelle.it

The 5 Star Movement (M5S) is a liberal political party in Italy that once was populist before shifting toward the Left. It was founded in 2009 by comedian Beppe Grillo as an anti-establishment protest party, but it quickly gained support and became Italy's largest single political party in 2018.

History

Electoral success

While the M5S performed poorly in Italy's 2017 mayoral elections,[1][2] the year earlier, it captured the mayorship of Rome.[3] Virginia Raggi, the M5S mayor of Rome called for a suspension of immigration into the city.[4] The M5S performed well in the 2017 Sicilian regional elections, a region heavily impacted by the migrant crisis.[5]

In the 2018 election, M5S along with Lega Nord performed very well, and M5S became the largest single party in Italy.[6] along with massive losses for the Italian left-wing.[7] The party performed so well that in Sicily it won more seats than the number of candidates it put up in the region.[8] Overall, populist and Euroskeptic parties received over 50% of the popular vote.[9] In May 2018, M5S anti-establishment Lega Nord agreed to a common platform, one that promoted strongly nationalist and anti-establishment policies.[10] Both parties allowed their voters to choose whether they approved of the coalition agenda.[11] Despite this, Italy's establishment president rejected the coalition government as it supported nominating a Euroskeptic finance minister.[12] However, a few days later, the two parties were able to reach a compromise with Italy's president and finalized their governing coalition.[13] The new government, Western Europe's first one completely run by populist and anti-establishment parties, was sworn in on June 1, 2018.[14] Giuseppe Conte was named the government's prime minister.

Decline and left-wing coalition

After government coalition's beginning, the M5S found it difficult to keep momentum and maintain its polling numbers as the more conservative Lega Nord took the spotlight.[15] By early 2019, the party was performing significantly worse in various regional elections than it did in the general election, while the League's popularity surged.[16] The division between the League and M5S increased.[17] The M5S performed poorly in the 2019 European Parliament election, nearly halving its 2018 election support.[18] Some M5S members and politicians defected, or considered defecting, to Salvini's League.[19]

Despite repeatedly claiming it would never form an alliance with the far-left Democratic Party, the M5S did just that in August 2019, with the sole purpose of ousting the conservative Salvini from the government.[20] The new coalition began reinstating status-quo, open borders immigration policies.[21] The Italian government worked to align itself with France's globalist president Emmanuel Macron,[22] and M5S shifted even further toward the establishment left when it announced a local-level alliance with the Italian Democrats.[23] The M5S's coalition partners also called for the establishment of birthright citizenship in Italy.[24]

By the end of October 2019, Italy's unemployment rate had risen to nearly 10% under the M5S–Democrat government.[25]

In November 2019, the coalition government required all Italian public school students to study climate change.[26][27]

The coalition government considered giving 400,000 euros to the Italian Communist Party for its 100th anniversary and making that day a national day.[28]

Positions

M5S is considered a populist party, but unlike right-wing populist and Euroskeptic parties, it is more centrist overall on issues related to immigration and the European Union, having moderated as it became a more established force.[29][30][31] It has defined itself as an anti-establishment movement.[32][33] The party has attempted to join the left-wing environmentalist "Green" faction in the European Parliament.[34]

In contrast to Matteo Salvini's Lega Nord, the 5 Star Movement is hostile to Israel. Manlio Di Stefano, one of the leader of this party has accused Israel of committing a "genocide" and claimed that Hamas is apparently just a political party that has resorted to terrorism solely because of "the isolation of Gaza." The party has declared that it would officially recognize a "State of Palestine" when they get into power and condemned the settlement program in the West Bank. Its founder Beppe Grillo believes in 9/11 conspiracy theories and party leaders have supported the Chemtrail conspiracy theory.[35] The M5S has taken a critical stance toward certain liberal French policies, and criticism from M5S leaders partially led France to recall its ambassador to Italy in February 2019.[36]

The M5S takes left-wing stances on social issues, and in 2019, it condemned a pro-family conference as being "medieval."[37]

On October 20, 2022 former Prime Minister Giuseppe Conte and leader of the Five Star Movement party (M5S), urged against new arms deliveries to the Zelensky regime and called for a peaceful resolution of the Ukraine conflict.[38]

References

  1. ↑ D'Emilio, Frances (June 12, 2017). Populists' surge in Italy stops in voting for Italy's mayors. Fox News. Retrieved June 12, 2017.
  2. ↑ Zampano, Giada (June 12, 2017). 5Stars suffer setback in Italy’s local elections. Politico. Retrieved June 12, 2017.
  3. ↑ Williams, Thomas D. (June 20, 2016). Populist Woman Mayor Wins Rome by Landslide: ‘New Era’ Begins. Breitbart News. Retrieved December 30, 2017.
    See also:
  4. ↑ Shaw, Adam (June 15, 2017). Mayor of Rome Calls for Suspension of Flow of Migrants into the City. Breitbart News. Retrieved June 15, 2017.
  5. ↑ Williams, Thomas D. (November 7, 2017). Populists Crush Center-Left Social Democrats in Sicily Elections. Breitbart News. Retrieved November 7, 2017.
  6. ↑ Multiple references: See also:
  7. ↑ Williams, Thomas D. (March 6, 2018). Italy Election Aftermath: Renzi Quits, Center-Left ‘Disappears’. Breitbart News. Retrieved March 23, 2018.
  8. ↑ Reale, Claudio (March 6, 2018). Elezioni, vittoria troppo larga per M5S: in Sicilia più seggi che candidati. Palermo. Retrieved March 24, 2018.
  9. ↑ Multiple references:
  10. ↑ Multiple references:
  11. ↑ Segreti, Giulia (May 20, 2018). Italians back League, 5-Star plan as groups ready government team. Reuters. Retrieved May 20, 2018.
    See also:
  12. ↑ Multiple references:
  13. ↑ Multiple references:
  14. ↑ Multiple references: For a profile of the government's cabinet:
  15. ↑ Balmer, Crispian (November 22, 2018). Italy's 5-Star struggles to keep up with soaring Salvini. Reuters. Retrieved November 22, 2018.
  16. ↑ Multiple references:
  17. ↑ Multiple references:
  18. ↑ Tomlinson, Chris (May 30, 2019). Five Star Movement Leader Offers Resignation After Disastrous Election Result. Breitbart News. Retrieved May 30, 2019.
    See also:
  19. ↑ Multiple references:
  20. ↑ Multiple references: See also:
  21. ↑ Multiple references: See also:
  22. ↑ Sciorilli Borrelli, Silvia (September 18, 2019). Macron and Conte’s show of unity. Politico. Retrieved September 18, 2019.
  23. ↑ Jones, Gavin (September 20, 2019). Italy's 5-Star backs local pact with PD, strengthening govt. Reuters. Retrieved September 20, 2019.
  24. ↑ Tomlinson, Chris (September 28, 2019). Italian Democratic Party Push for Anyone Born on Italian Soil to Get ‘Birthright’ Citizenship. Breitbart News. Retrieved September 28, 2019.
  25. ↑ Tomlinson, Chris (November 1, 2019). Italian Unemployment Rises to Nearly 10 Per Cent Under Leftist Coalition. Breitbart News. Retrieved November 1, 2019.
  26. ↑ Budryk, Zack (November 6, 2019). Italy to require students to study climate change and sustainability. The Hill. Retrieved November 6, 2019.
  27. ↑ Tennant, Michael (November 7, 2019). Italy to Mandate “Climate Change” Instruction for All Students. The New American. Retrieved November 7, 2019.
  28. ↑ Tomlinson, Chris (December 21, 2019). Italian Leftist Govt to Give 400k Euros to Communists to Celebrate 100th Anniversary. Breitbart News. Retrieved December 21, 2019.
  29. ↑ Legorano, Giovanni (March 1, 2018). Why Italian Elections Matter: A New Type of Populism Is Rising. The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved March 24, 2018.
  30. ↑ Zampano, Giada (March 13, 2018). 5Star leader: Brussels has nothing to fear. Politico. Retrieved March 24, 2018.
  31. ↑ Dettmer, Jamie (March 1, 2018). Italy’s Maverick Political Movement Starts to Grow Up, But at a Cost. Voice of America. Retrieved March 29, 2018.
  32. ↑ Lyman, Eric J. (March 1, 2018). Anti-establishment Five-Star Movement set to upend Italian politics. The Washington Times. Retrieved March 29, 2018.
  33. ↑ Clarke, Hilary (March 1, 2018). The maverick populists striking fear into Italy's mainstream parties. CNN. Retrieved March 29, 2018.
  34. ↑ De La Baume, Maïa (September 6, 2019). EU’s Greens ready to discuss alliance with Italy’s 5Stars. Politico. Retrieved September 8, 2019.
  35. ↑ David, Ariel (July 19, 2016). They’re Openly Hostile to Israel. So Why Did These Italian Politicians Just Pay a Visit?. Haaretz. Retrieved September 13, 2018.
  36. ↑ Multiple references:
  37. ↑ Multiple references:
  38. ↑ https://www.kaos.gr/2022/10/italys-m5s-leader-urges-against-new.html
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