Difference between revisions of "Functional group"
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| − | A '''functional group''' is any one of a number of specific combinations of [[molecule]]s within an [[atom]]. Used mainly in [[organic chemistry]], functional groups are a helpful way to determine the structure and function of a molecule, as functional groups act very similar no matter what molecule they are a part of <ref name="mcmurry">McMurry, John. Organic Chemistry, 6e. Brooks/Cole: 2004.</ref> | + | A '''functional group''' is any one of a number of specific combinations of [[molecule]]s within an [[atom]]. Used mainly in [[organic chemistry]], functional groups are a helpful way to determine the structure and function of a molecule, as functional groups act very similar no matter what molecule they are a part of.<ref name="mcmurry">McMurry, John. Organic Chemistry, 6e. Brooks/Cole: 2004.</ref> |
A generic functional group is represented by the letter R in a [[chemical formula]]. For instance, CR<sub>4</sub> represents a carbon with four of the same functional group bonded to it. | A generic functional group is represented by the letter R in a [[chemical formula]]. For instance, CR<sub>4</sub> represents a carbon with four of the same functional group bonded to it. | ||
| − | Some functional groups are described in the following table: <ref name="mcmurry" /> | + | Some functional groups are described in the following table:<ref name="mcmurry" /> |
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:left" | {|class="wikitable" style="text-align:left" | ||
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|[[Aromatic ring|Arene]] || Unsaturated six-carbon ring || none || Benzene (C<sub>6</sub>H<sub>6</sub>) | |[[Aromatic ring|Arene]] || Unsaturated six-carbon ring || none || Benzene (C<sub>6</sub>H<sub>6</sub>) | ||
|- | |- | ||
| − | |[[Halide]] || [[Covalent bond|covalantly bonded]] [[fluorine|F]], [[chlorine|Cl]], [[bromine|Br]] or [[iodine|I]] || none || Chloroethane (ClCH<sub>2</sub>CH<sub>3</sub> | + | |[[Halide]] || [[Covalent bond|covalantly bonded]] [[fluorine|F]], [[chlorine|Cl]], [[bromine|Br]] or [[iodine|I]] || none || Chloroethane (ClCH<sub>2</sub>CH<sub>3</sub>) |
|- | |- | ||
|[[Alcohol]] || Covalantly bonded -OH || -''ol'' || Ethanol (CH<sub>3</sub>CH<sub>2</sub>OH) | |[[Alcohol]] || Covalantly bonded -OH || -''ol'' || Ethanol (CH<sub>3</sub>CH<sub>2</sub>OH) | ||
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|[[Ketone]] || Double bonded O || -''one'' || Methyl ethyl ketone (CH<sub>3</sub>(CO)C<sub>2</sub>H<sub>5</sub>) | |[[Ketone]] || Double bonded O || -''one'' || Methyl ethyl ketone (CH<sub>3</sub>(CO)C<sub>2</sub>H<sub>5</sub>) | ||
|- | |- | ||
| − | |[[Aldehyde]] || Double bonded O attached to a carbon attached to a hydrogen|| -''al'' || Acetaldehyde (C<sub>2</sub>H<sub>4</sub>O) | + | |[[Aldehyde]] || Double bonded O attached to a carbon attached to a hydrogen|| -''al'' || [[Acetaldehyde]] (C<sub>2</sub>H<sub>4</sub>O) |
|- | |- | ||
|[[Ether]] || Oxygen bonded to two other carbons || ''ether'' || Diethyl ether (CH<sub>3</sub>CH<sub>2</sub>OCH<sub>2</sub>CH<sub>3</sub> | |[[Ether]] || Oxygen bonded to two other carbons || ''ether'' || Diethyl ether (CH<sub>3</sub>CH<sub>2</sub>OCH<sub>2</sub>CH<sub>3</sub> | ||
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|- | |- | ||
|[[Carboxylic acid]] || Carbon double bonded to O and bonded to -OH || -''oic acid'' || [[Acetic acid|Ethanoic acid]] (CH<sub>3</sub>COOH) | |[[Carboxylic acid]] || Carbon double bonded to O and bonded to -OH || -''oic acid'' || [[Acetic acid|Ethanoic acid]] (CH<sub>3</sub>COOH) | ||
| + | |- | ||
| + | |Carbonyl<ref>[https://chem.libretexts.org/?title=Core/Organic_Chemistry/Aldehydes_and_Ketones/Properties_of_Aldehydes_%26_Ketones/The_Carbonyl_Group The Carbonyl Group]</ref> || Carbon double bonded to Oxygen, C=O || - || Forms part of many larger functional groups | ||
|} | |} | ||
Latest revision as of 21:42, March 15, 2017
A functional group is any one of a number of specific combinations of molecules within an atom. Used mainly in organic chemistry, functional groups are a helpful way to determine the structure and function of a molecule, as functional groups act very similar no matter what molecule they are a part of.[1]
A generic functional group is represented by the letter R in a chemical formula. For instance, CR4 represents a carbon with four of the same functional group bonded to it.
Some functional groups are described in the following table:[1]
| Name | Description | Ending | Simple Example |
|---|---|---|---|
| Alkane | Carbon-carbon single bond | -ane | Ethane (CH3CH3) |
| Alkene | Carbon-carbon double bond | -ene | Ethene (CH2CH2) |
| Alkyne | Carbon-carbon triple bond | -yne | Ethyne (CHCH) |
| Arene | Unsaturated six-carbon ring | none | Benzene (C6H6) |
| Halide | covalantly bonded F, Cl, Br or I | none | Chloroethane (ClCH2CH3) |
| Alcohol | Covalantly bonded -OH | -ol | Ethanol (CH3CH2OH) |
| Ketone | Double bonded O | -one | Methyl ethyl ketone (CH3(CO)C2H5) |
| Aldehyde | Double bonded O attached to a carbon attached to a hydrogen | -al | Acetaldehyde (C2H4O) |
| Ether | Oxygen bonded to two other carbons | ether | Diethyl ether (CH3CH2OCH2CH3 |
| Ester | Oxygen double bonded to a carbon which is also bonded to another oxygen | ester | Diethyl ester (CH3CH2OOCHCH3 |
| Amine | -NR2 | -amine | Ethylamine (CH3CH2NH2) |
| Amide | Double bonded O attached to a carbon attached to a nitrogen | -amide | Ethanamide (CH3CONH2) |
| Carboxylic acid | Carbon double bonded to O and bonded to -OH | -oic acid | Ethanoic acid (CH3COOH) |
| Carbonyl[2] | Carbon double bonded to Oxygen, C=O | - | Forms part of many larger functional groups |
References
- â 1.0 1.1 McMurry, John. Organic Chemistry, 6e. Brooks/Cole: 2004.
- â The Carbonyl Group