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'''Jane Addams''' (1860-1935) was a pioneer American settlement worker and founder of [[Hull House]] in Chicago, public philosopher (the first American woman in that role), author, and leader in woman suffrage and world peace. She was the most prominent woman of the [[Progressive Era]] and helped turn the nation to issues of  concern to mothers, such as the needs of children, public health and world peace.

'''Jane Addams''' (1860-1935) was a pioneer American settlement worker and founder of [[Hull House]] in Chicago, public philosopher (the first American woman in that role), author, and leader in woman suffrage and world peace. She was the most prominent woman of the [[Progressive Era]] and helped turn the nation to issues of  concern to mothers, such as the needs of children, public health and world peace.

She emphasized that women have a special responsibility to clean up their communities and make them better places to live, arguing they needed the vote to be effective. Addams became a role model for middle class women who volunteered to uplift their communities. She was considered a leading "progressive" in the 1910a but she opposed the liberalism of the [[New Deal]] in the 1930s and showed that private volunteer work was more effective than government interventions.  Many of her programs and approaches resemble those of conservatives in the 21st century, as demonstrated by Elshtain (2002).

She emphasized that women have a special responsibility to clean up their communities and make them better places to live, arguing they needed the vote to be effective. Addams became a role model for middle-class women who volunteered to uplift their communities. She was considered a leading "progressive" in the 1910a but she opposed the liberalism of the [[New Deal]] in the 1930s and showed that private volunteer work was more effective than government interventions.  Many of her programs and approaches resemble those of conservatives in the 21st century, as demonstrated by Elshtain (2002).

in the 1920s she was the subject of an FBI investigation, even receiving the title "most dangerous woman in America" by [[J. Edgar Hoover]].<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=ZPqMAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA291 Handbook of Public Pedagogy: Education and Learning Beyond Schooling]</ref><ref>[http://www.nprillinois.org/post/illinois-issues-local-icon-shifts-lauded-reformer-most-dangerous-woman-america#stream/0 Illinois Issues: Local icon shifts from lauded reformer to 'the most dangerous woman in America']</ref>

in the 1920s she was the subject of an FBI investigation, even receiving the title "most dangerous woman in America" by [[J. Edgar Hoover]].<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=ZPqMAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA291 Handbook of Public Pedagogy: Education and Learning Beyond Schooling]</ref><ref>[http://www.nprillinois.org/post/illinois-issues-local-icon-shifts-lauded-reformer-most-dangerous-woman-america#stream/0 Illinois Issues: Local icon shifts from lauded reformer to 'the most dangerous woman in America']</ref>

[[File:Jane Addams2.jpg|right|180px|thumb|Addams in 1913 on Capitol Hill]]

[[File:Jane Addams2.jpg|right|180px|thumb|Addams in 1913 on Capitol Hill]]

Addams and her colleagues originally intended Hull House as a transmission device to bring the values of the college-educated high culture to the masses, including the [[Efficiency Movement]]. However, over time the focus of Hull House changed from bringing art and culture to the neighborhood (as evidenced in the construction of the Butler Building) to responding to the needs of the community by providing childcare, educational opportunities, and large meeting spaces. Hull-House became more than simply a proving ground for the new generation of college-educated, professional women - it also became part of the community in which it was founded, and its development reveals a shared history.<ref>Kathryn Kish Sklar, et al. eds. "How Did Changes In The Built Environment At Hull-House Reflect The Settlement's Interaction With Its Neighbors, 1889-1912?" ''Women And Social Movements In The United States, 1600-2000'' 2004 8(4).</ref>

Addams and her colleagues originally intended Hull House as a transmission device to bring the values of the college-educated high culture to the masses, including the [[Efficiency Movement]]. However, over time the focus of Hull House changed from bringing art and culture to the neighborhood (as evidenced in the construction of the Butler Building) to responding to the needs of the community by providing childcare, educational opportunities, and large meeting spaces. Hull-House became more than simply a proving ground for the new generation of college-educated, professional women - it also became part of the community in which it was founded, and its development reveals a shared history.<ref>Kathryn Kish Sklar, et al. eds. "How Did Changes In The Built Environment At Hull-House Reflect The Settlement's Interaction With Its Neighbors, 1889-1912?" ''Women And Social Movements In The United States, 1600-2000'' 2004 8(4).</ref>

Addams stressed that women—especially middle class women with leisure and energy, as well as rich philanthropists—had a civic duty to become involved in municipal affairs as a matter of "civic housekeeping."  Addams thereby enlarged the concept of civic duty as part of [[Republicanism, U.S.|republicanism]] to include roles for women beyond republican motherhood (which involved child rearing).

Addams stressed that women—especially middle-class women with leisure and energy, as well as rich philanthropists—had a civic duty to become involved in municipal affairs as a matter of "civic housekeeping."  Addams thereby enlarged the concept of civic duty as part of [[Republicanism, U.S.|republicanism]] to include roles for women beyond republican motherhood (which involved child rearing).

Women's lives revolved around "responsibility, care, and obligation," and this area represented the source of women's power.<ref>Elshtain (2002) p. 157</ref> This notion provided the foundation for the municipal or civil housekeeping role that Addams defined, and gave added weight to the woman suffrage movement that Addams supported.  Addams argued that women, as opposed to men, are trained in the delicate matters of human welfare and need to build upon their traditional roles of housekeeping to be civic housekeepers. Enlarged housekeeping duties involved reform efforts regarding poisonous sewage, impure milk (which often carried tuberculosis), smoke-laden air, and unsafe factory conditions. Addams led the "garbage wars"; in 1894 she became the first woman appointed as sanitary inspector of the Chicago 19th ward. With the help of the Hull-House Women's Club, within a year over 1000 health department violations were reported to city counsel and garbage collection reduced death and disease.<ref>Eileen Maura McGurty, "Trashy Women: Gender and the Politics of Garbage in Chicago, 1890-1917." ''Historical Geography'' 1998 26: 27-43. Issn: 1091-6458</ref>

Women's lives revolved around "responsibility, care, and obligation," and this area represented the source of women's power.<ref>Elshtain (2002) p. 157</ref> This notion provided the foundation for the municipal or civil housekeeping role that Addams defined, and gave added weight to the woman suffrage movement that Addams supported.  Addams argued that women, as opposed to men, are trained in the delicate matters of human welfare and need to build upon their traditional roles of housekeeping to be civic housekeepers. Enlarged housekeeping duties involved reform efforts regarding poisonous sewage, impure milk (which often carried tuberculosis), smoke-laden air, and unsafe factory conditions. Addams led the "garbage wars"; in 1894 she became the first woman appointed as sanitary inspector of the Chicago 19th ward. With the help of the Hull-House Women's Club, within a year over 1000 health department violations were reported to city counsel and garbage collection reduced death and disease.<ref>Eileen Maura McGurty, "Trashy Women: Gender and the Politics of Garbage in Chicago, 1890-1917." ''Historical Geography'' 1998 26: 27-43. Issn: 1091-6458</ref>

Addams had long discussions with philosopher [[John Dewey]] in which they redefined democracy in terms of pragmatism and civic activism, with an emphasis more on duty and less on rights.<ref>Knight (2005)</ref> The two leading perspectives that distinguished Addams and her coalition from the modernizers more concerned with [[Efficiency Movement|efficiency]] were the need to extend to social and economic life the democratic structures and practices that had been limited to the political sphere, as in Addams' programmatic support of trade unions; and second, their call for a new social ethic to supplant the individualist outlook as being no longer adequate in modern society.<ref>Scherman (1999)</ref>

Addams had long discussions with philosopher [[John Dewey]] in which they redefined democracy in terms of pragmatism and civic activism, with an emphasis more on duty and less on rights.<ref>Knight (2005)</ref> The two leading perspectives that distinguished Addams and her coalition from the modernizers more concerned with [[Efficiency Movement|efficiency]] were the need to extend to social and economic life the democratic structures and practices that had been limited to the political sphere, as in Addams' programmatic support of trade unions; and second, their call for a new social ethic to supplant the individualist outlook as being no longer adequate in modern society.<ref>Scherman (1999)</ref>

Addams' construction of womanhood involved daughterhood, sexuality, wifehood, and motherhood. In both of her autobiographical volumes, ''Twenty Years at Hull-House'' (1910) and ''The Second Twenty Years at Hull-House'' (1930), Addams's gender constructions parallel the Progressive-Era ideology she championed.  In ''A New Conscience and an Ancient Evil'' (1912) she dissected the social pathology of sex slavery, prostitution and other sexual behaviors, among working class women in American industrial centers during 1890-1910. Addams's autobiographical persona manifests her ideology and supports her popularized public activist persona as the "Mother of Social Work," in the sense that she represents herself as a celibate matron, who served the suffering immigrant masses through Hull-House, as if they were her own children. Although not a mother herself, Addams became the "mother to the nation," identified with motherhood in the sense of protective care of her people.<ref>Ostman (2004)</ref>

Addams' construction of womanhood involved daughterhood, sexuality, wifehood, and motherhood. In both of her autobiographical volumes, ''Twenty Years at Hull-House'' (1910) and ''The Second Twenty Years at Hull-House'' (1930), Addams's gender constructions parallel the Progressive-Era ideology she championed.  In ''A New Conscience and an Ancient Evil'' (1912) she dissected the social pathology of sex slavery, prostitution and other sexual behaviors, among working-class women in American industrial centers during 1890–1910. Addams's autobiographical persona manifests her ideology and supports her popularized public activist persona as the "Mother of Social Work," in the sense that she represents herself as a celibate matron, who served the suffering immigrant masses through Hull-House, as if they were her own children. Although not a mother herself, Addams became the "mother to the nation," identified with motherhood in the sense of protective care of her people.<ref>Ostman (2004)</ref>

==Legacy==

==Legacy==

* Donovan, Brian. ''White Slave Crusades: Race, Gender, and Anti-Vice Activism, 1887-1917.'' U of Illinois Press. 2006. 186 pp.

* Donovan, Brian. ''White Slave Crusades: Race, Gender, and Anti-Vice Activism, 1887-1917.'' U of Illinois Press. 2006. 186 pp.

* Fischer, Marilyn, et al. eds. ''Jane Addams and the Practice of Democracy'' (2009), 230pp; 11 specialized essays by scholars [https://www.amazon.com/Addams-Practice-Democracy-Marilyn-Fischer/dp/0252034066/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1252727230&sr=1-1 excerpt and text search]

* Fischer, Marilyn, et al. eds. ''Jane Addams and the Practice of Democracy'' (2009), 230pp; 11 specialized essays by scholars [https://www.amazon.com/Addams-Practice-Democracy-Marilyn-Fischer/dp/0252034066/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1252727230&sr=1-1 excerpt and text search]

* Grimm, Robert Thornton, Jr. "Forerunners for a Domestic Revolution: Jane Addams, Charlotte Perkins Gilman, and the Ideology Of Childhood, 1900-1916." ''Illinois Historical Journal'' 1997 90(1): 47-64. Issn: 0748-8149

* Grimm, Robert Thornton, Jr. "Forerunners for a Domestic Revolution: Jane Addams, Charlotte Perkins Gilman, and the Ideology Of Childhood, 1900-1916." ''Illinois Historical Journal'' 1997 90(1): 47–64. Issn: 0748-8149

* Hamington, Maurice. "Jane Addams," ''Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy'' (2007) [http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/addams-jane/ online edition]

* Hamington, Maurice. "Jane Addams," ''Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy'' (2007) [http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/addams-jane/ online edition]

* Hamington, Maurice. ''Embodied Care Jane Addams, Maurice Merleau-Ponty, and Feminist Ethics'' (2004) [https://www.amazon.com/Embodied-Care-Maurice-Merleau-Ponty-Feminist/dp/0252029283 excerpt and online search at amazon.com]

* Hamington, Maurice. ''Embodied Care Jane Addams, Maurice Merleau-Ponty, and Feminist Ethics'' (2004) [https://www.amazon.com/Embodied-Care-Maurice-Merleau-Ponty-Feminist/dp/0252029283 excerpt and online search at amazon.com]

* Joslin, Katherine. ''Jane Addams: A writer's Life'' (2009) [https://www.amazon.com/Jane-Addams-Writers-Katherine-Joslin/dp/0252076346/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1252727324&sr=1-1 excerpt and text search]

* Joslin, Katherine. ''Jane Addams: A writer's Life'' (2009) [https://www.amazon.com/Jane-Addams-Writers-Katherine-Joslin/dp/0252076346/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1252727324&sr=1-1 excerpt and text search]

* Krysiak, Barbara H. "Full-Service Community Schools: Jane Addams Meets John Dewey.". ''School Business Affairs'', v67 n8 p4-8 Aug 2001. ISSN 0036-651X

* Krysiak, Barbara H. "Full-Service Community Schools: Jane Addams Meets John Dewey.". ''School Business Affairs'', v67 n8 p4-8 Aug 2001. ISSN 0036-651X

* Louise W. Knight, "An Authoritative Voice: Jane Addams and the Oratorical Tradition." ''Gender & History'' 1998 10(2): 217-251. Issn: 0953-5233 Fulltext: [[Ebsco]]

* Louise W. Knight, "An Authoritative Voice: Jane Addams and the Oratorical Tradition." ''Gender & History'' 1998 10(2): 217–251. Issn: 0953-5233 Fulltext: [[Ebsco]]

* Knight, Louise W. "Biography's Window on Social Change: Benevolence and Justice in Jane Addams's 'A Modern Lear.'" ''Journal Of Women's History'' 1997 9(1): 111-138. Issn: 1042-7961 Fulltext: [[Ebsco]]

* Knight, Louise W. "Biography's Window on Social Change: Benevolence and Justice in Jane Addams's 'A Modern Lear.'" ''Journal Of Women's History'' 1997 9(1): 111–138. Issn: 1042-7961 Fulltext: [[Ebsco]]

* Lissak, R. S. ''Pluralism and Progressives: Hull-House and the New Immigrants.'' (1989)

* Lissak, R. S. ''Pluralism and Progressives: Hull-House and the New Immigrants.'' (1989)

* Matassarin, Kat. "Jane Addams of Hull-House: Creative Drama at the Turn of the Century". ''Children's Theatre Review'', v32 n4 p13-15 Oct 1983.

* Matassarin, Kat. "Jane Addams of Hull-House: Creative Drama at the Turn of the Century". ''Children's Theatre Review'', v32 n4 p13-15 Oct 1983.

* Ostman, Heather Elaine. "Social Activist Visions: Constructions of Womanhood in the Autobiographies of Jane Addams and Emma Goldman." PhD dissertation Fordham U. 2004. 240 pp. DAI 2004 65(3): 934-A. DA3125022 Fulltext: [[ProQuest Dissertations & Theses]]

* Ostman, Heather Elaine. "Social Activist Visions: Constructions of Womanhood in the Autobiographies of Jane Addams and Emma Goldman." PhD dissertation Fordham U. 2004. 240 pp. DAI 2004 65(3): 934-A. DA3125022 Fulltext: [[ProQuest Dissertations & Theses]]

* Packard, Sandra. "Jane Addams: Contributions and Solutions for Art Education". ''Art Education'', 29, 1, 9-12, Jan 76.

* Packard, Sandra. "Jane Addams: Contributions and Solutions for Art Education". ''Art Education'', 29, 1, 9-12, Jan 76.

* Phillips, J. O. C. "The Education of Jane Addams". ''History of Education Quarterly'', 14, 1, 49-68, Spr 74.

* Phillips, J. O. C. "The Education of Jane Addams". ''History of Education Quarterly'', 14, 1, 49–68, Spr 74.

* Philpott, Thomas. L. ''The Slum and the Ghetto: Immigrants, Blacks, and Reformers in Chicago, 1880-1930.'' (1991).   

* Philpott, Thomas. L. ''The Slum and the Ghetto: Immigrants, Blacks, and Reformers in Chicago, 1880-1930.'' (1991).   

* Platt, Harold. "Jane Addams and the Ward Boss Revisited: Class, Politics, and Public Health in Chicago, 1890-1930." ''Environmental History'' 2000 5(2): 194-222. ISSN 1084-5453

* Platt, Harold. "Jane Addams and the Ward Boss Revisited: Class, Politics, and Public Health in Chicago, 1890-1930." ''Environmental History'' 2000 5(2): 194–222. ISSN 1084-5453

* Sargent, David Kevin. "Jane Addams's Rhetorical Ethic." PhD dissertation Northwestern U. 1996. 275 pp. DAI 1997 57(11): 4597-A. DA9714673 Fulltext: [[ProQuest Dissertations & Theses]]  

* Sargent, David Kevin. "Jane Addams's Rhetorical Ethic." PhD dissertation Northwestern U. 1996. 275 pp. DAI 1997 57(11): 4597-A. DA9714673 Fulltext: [[ProQuest Dissertations & Theses]]  

* Scherman, Rosemarie Redlich. "Jane Addams and the Chicago Social Justice Movement, 1889-1912." PhD dissertation City U. of New York 1999. 337 pp. DAI 1999 60(4): 1297-A. DA9924849 Fulltext: [[ProQuest Dissertations & Theses]]

* Scherman, Rosemarie Redlich. "Jane Addams and the Chicago Social Justice Movement, 1889-1912." PhD dissertation City U. of New York 1999. 337 pp. DAI 1999 60(4): 1297-A. DA9924849 Fulltext: [[ProQuest Dissertations & Theses]]

* Schott, Linda. "Jane Addams and William James on Alternatives to War." ''Journal Of The History Of Ideas'' 1993 54(2): 241-254. Issn: 0022-5037 Fulltext: [http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0022-5037(199304)54%3A2%3C241%3AJAAWJO%3E2.0.CO%3B2-K at Jstor]

* Schott, Linda. "Jane Addams and William James on Alternatives to War." ''Journal Of The History Of Ideas'' 1993 54(2): 241–254. Issn: 0022-5037 Fulltext: [http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0022-5037(199304)54%3A2%3C241%3AJAAWJO%3E2.0.CO%3B2-K at Jstor]

* Sklar, Kathryn Kish. "Hull House in the 1890s: A Community of Women Reformers," ''Signs,'' Vol. 10, No. 4, (Summer, 1985), pp.&nbsp;658–677 [http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0097-9740(198522)10:4%3C658:HHIT1A%3E2.0.CO;2-O online at JSTOR]

* Sklar, Kathryn Kish. "Hull House in the 1890s: A Community of Women Reformers," ''Signs,'' Vol. 10, No. 4, (Summer, 1985), pp.&nbsp;658–677 [http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0097-9740(198522)10:4%3C658:HHIT1A%3E2.0.CO;2-O online at JSTOR]

* Sklar, Kathryn Kish. "'Some of us who deal with the Social Fabric': Jane Addams Blends Peace and Social Justice, 1907-1919." ''Journal Of The Gilded Age And Progressive Era'' 2003 2(1): 80-96. ISSN 1537-7814 Fulltext: at [http://www.historycooperative.org History Cooperative]

* Sklar, Kathryn Kish. "'Some of us who deal with the Social Fabric': Jane Addams Blends Peace and Social Justice, 1907-1919." ''Journal Of The Gilded Age And Progressive Era'' 2003 2(1): 80–96. ISSN 1537-7814 Fulltext: at [http://www.historycooperative.org History Cooperative]

*  Stebner, E. J. ''The Women of Hull-House: A Study in Spirituality, Vocation, and Friendship.'' (1997).  

*  Stebner, E. J. ''The Women of Hull-House: A Study in Spirituality, Vocation, and Friendship.'' (1997).  

* Sullivan, M. "Social work's legacy of peace: echoes from the early 20th century." ''Social Work'', Sep93; 38(5): 513-20. [http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=c8h&AN=1994187242&site=ehost-live EBSCO]

* Sullivan, M. "Social work's legacy of peace: echoes from the early 20th century." ''Social Work'', Sep93; 38(5): 513–20. [http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=c8h&AN=1994187242&site=ehost-live EBSCO]

* Toft, Jessica and Abrams, Laura S.  "Progressive Maternalists and the Citizenship Status of Low-Income Single Mothers." ''Social Service Review'' 2004 78(3): 447-465. ISSN: 0037-7961 Fulltext: [[Ebsco]]

* Toft, Jessica and Abrams, Laura S.  "Progressive Maternalists and the Citizenship Status of Low-Income Single Mothers." ''Social Service Review'' 2004 78(3): 447–465. ISSN: 0037-7961 Fulltext: [[Ebsco]]

===Primary sources===

===Primary sources===