Changes

[[Image:Elekcja Wola.jpg|right|thumb|300px|The free election of Augustus II at Wola, outside Warsaw, Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, in 1697, painted by Bernardo Bellotto.]]

[[Image:Elekcja Wola.jpg|right|thumb|300px|The free election of Augustus II at Wola, outside Warsaw, Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, in 1697, painted by Bernardo Bellotto.]]

'''Democracy''' is a form of government invented by the [[Ancient Greece|ancient Greeks]] and used widely by [[Protestantism|Protestant]] [[Christian]] cultures. The origin of the term is [[Greek]], from the words ''demos'' (people) and ''kratos'' (strength). Although many forms of government fall under this broad classification, the defining characteristic of a democracy is that the citizenry of a nation indirectly exercise sovereignty. The longest lasting [[atheistic]] cultures relied on totalitarianism rather than democracy.

'''Democracy''' is the government of the people, by the people and for the people (as [[Abraham Lincoln defined it]]. It was invented by the [[Ancient Greece|ancient Greeks]] and has spread widely in western nations since the [[American Revolution]] and the [[French Revolution]] in the late 18th century.  

The [[United States]] of America is guaranteed a [[republican form of government]]. However, their legislatures are an example of a democracy, in which the majority vote of the legislators enact law. The execution of those laws is by a separate branch of government, whose officers are appointed by the chief executive officer (president or governor). In parliamentary democracies, the executive and legislative branches are not separate.

Democracy means the people rule and can do anything they want by majority rule.  In the U.S. "super majorities" (over 50%) are required for many decisions, such as ratifying a treaty or passing a constitutional amendment.  [[Republicanism]] means there is a system of rule of law, or [[inalienable rights]], which no majority can vote out.

Although a number of societies have practiced some form of democracy, the concept as it is understood today was invented in ancient [[Athens]], where citizens (not women or slaves) were allowed to vote in the Assembly which made the laws of the city-state. Certain [[tribe]]s and most [[band societies]] such as the [[bushmen]], however, organized themselves using different forms of participatory democracy or consensus democracy. <ref>http://law.cua.edu/ComparativeLaw/Iroquois/</ref>

The defining characteristic of a democracy is that the citizenry of a nation are sovereign. Constitutional monarchies become democratic (as in Britain, Japan and Scandinavia) by narrowing the power of the monarch to ceremonial roles and letting an elected government rule.

 

The United States Constitution guarantees a [[republican form of government]]. With elected executives (governor/president) and legislatures.  In parliamentary democracies, the executive and legislative branches are not separate.  In them parties form winning coalitions and the coalition controls both the government and the parliament.

In ancient [[Athens]], male citizens (not women, children or slaves) were allowed to vote in the Assembly which made the laws of the city-state. Citizens did not elect representatives--they acted themselves. This form survives in "town meetings" in small New England villages.

== Debate over the merits of democracy ==

== Debate over the merits of democracy ==

While a [[direct democracy]] in the manner of the Athenians is probably infeasible in a modern [[nation-state]] comprised of millions of [[citizens]], there continues to be debate among conservatives as to whether [[representative democracy]] is a desirable system.  [[Jean-Jacques Rousseau]], who could be considered the father of both modern democracy and [[totalitarianism]], believed that in a democracy the government should be guided only by what he called the [[General Will]].  Other thinkers of the [[French]] [[Enlightenment]] described a [[republic]] as a system in which the law applies equally to the government and the people, a concept abbreviated in the [[21st century]] by the phrase [[rule of law]].  Most contemporary thinkers would identify [[universal suffrage]] and the right of any citizen to argue for a change in existing law as desirable features of democracy; but there is some question as to whether the rule of law can be indefinitely sustained in a system with these features.  [[Thomas Jefferson]] believed that it could so long as the people were educated, and thus devoted his post-presidency to founding the [[University of Virginia]].  Nonetheless, property continued to be a proxy for education throughout the [[antebellum period]] and Jefferson's home state of [[Virginia]] only abolished [[property qualifications for voting]] in 1851, years after any other state.  Another famous American said that a republic could last until "the people find out they have the right to vote themselves funds from the public treasury," an explicit criticism of the [[welfare state]], which most conservatives feel is an abuse of the [[U. S. Constitution]]'s [[Necessary and Proper Clause]].

While a [[direct democracy]] in the manner of the Athenians is probably infeasible in a modern [[nation-state]] comprised of millions of citizens, there continues to be debate among conservatives as to whether [[representative democracy]] is a desirable system.  [[Jean-Jacques Rousseau]], who could be considered the father of both modern democracy and [[totalitarianism]], believed that in a democracy the government should be guided only by what he called the [[General Will]].  Other thinkers of the [[French]] [[Enlightenment]] described a [[republic]] as a system in which the law applies equally to the government and the people, a concept abbreviated in the [[21st century]] by the phrase [[rule of law]].  Most contemporary thinkers would identify [[universal suffrage]] and the right of any citizen to argue for a change in existing law as desirable features of democracy; but there is some question as to whether the rule of law can be indefinitely sustained in a system with these features.  [[Thomas Jefferson]] believed that it could so long as the people were educated, and thus devoted his post-presidency to founding the [[University of Virginia]].  Nonetheless, property continued to be a proxy for education throughout the [[antebellum period]] and Jefferson's home state of [[Virginia]] only abolished [[property qualifications for voting]] in 1851, years after any other state.  Another famous American said that a republic could last until "the people find out they have the right to vote themselves funds from the public treasury," an explicit criticism of the [[welfare state]], which most conservatives feel is an abuse of the [[U. S. Constitution]]'s [[Necessary and Proper Clause]].

Democracy may have its problems; an uneducated populace, for example, is the bane of any democracy, since unless people know what they need, they can not properly elect people to serve these needs.  Other problems emerge from a capricious electorate, which caused [[Winston Churchill]] to remark that, "Democracy is the worst form of government... except for all the other forms that have been tried," a quote which eloquently notes that, despite its problems, democracy almost universally provides for peace and prosperity.  

Democracy may have its problems; an uneducated populace, for example, is the bane of any democracy, since unless people know what they need, they can not properly elect people to serve these needs.  Other problems emerge from a capricious electorate, which caused [[Winston Churchill]] to remark that, "Democracy is the worst form of government... except for all the other forms that have been tried," a quote which eloquently notes that, despite its problems, democracy almost universally provides for peace and prosperity.  

#  The [[U. S. Constitution]]'s creation of the [[House of Representatives]], a Federal government entity elected directly by the citizens, and retention of [[federalism]], the right of individual [[States of the United States of America|states]] to govern themselves and make their own laws.

#  The [[U. S. Constitution]]'s creation of the [[House of Representatives]], a Federal government entity elected directly by the citizens, and retention of [[federalism]], the right of individual [[States of the United States of America|states]] to govern themselves and make their own laws.

#  The abolition of property qualifications for white male voters.  This process, which was accomplished at the state level, took between 1820 and 1851 and is also known as [[Jacksonian Democracy]].

#  The abolition of property qualifications for white male voters.  This process, which was accomplished at the state level, took between 1820 and 1851 and is also known as [[Jacksonian Democracy]].

#  The [[Fifteenth Amendment]], which extended the [[franchise]] to former [[slaves]].

#  The [[Fifteenth Amendment]], which prevented the use of race as a restriction on voting.  

#  The [[Seventeenth Amendment]], which caused [[Senator]]s to be elected directly by the citizens (they retained their six-year terms).

#  The [[Seventeenth Amendment]], which caused [[Senator]]s to be elected directly by the citizens instead of the state legislatures.  

#  The [[Nineteenth Amendment]], which extended the franchise to [[women]].

#  The [[Nineteenth Amendment]], which extended the franchise to [[women]].

Of the six, the one which inspires the most opposition today is probably the Seventeenth Amendment, as the [[Founders]] explicitly intended [[state]] [[legislature]]s to choose U. S. Senators.  Historically, however, the Fifteenth Amendment inspired the most opposition.  Indeed, every state of the former [[Confederacy]] circumvented the Fifteenth Amendment between the end of [[Reconstruction]] and the passage of the [[Voting Rights Act of 1965]], considered the ultimate guarantee of that Amendment.  One of the principal means whereby it was circumvented was the creation of [[educational qualifications for voting]], which the 1965 act outlawed, according to interpretations of the [[Supreme Court]].  The other principal means was the [[poll tax]], which was outlawed in 1964 by the [[Twenty-Fourth Amendment]].

Historically, the Fifteenth Amendment inspired the most opposition.  Indeed, every state of the former [[Confederacy]] circumvented the Fifteenth Amendment between the end of [[Reconstruction]] and the passage of the [[Voting Rights Act of 1965]], considered the ultimate guarantee of that Amendment.   

 

In the [[United Kingdom]] during the same period of time, there were also six major reforms in the direction of democracy:

In Britain, there were six major reforms in the direction of democracy:

#  The [[1832 Reform Act]], which gave representation to the new [[industrial]] cities for the first time.

#  The [[1832 Reform Act]], which gave representation to the new [[industrial]] cities for the first time.

#  The [[1928 Reform Act]], which equalized voting ages for male and female at 21.

#  The [[1928 Reform Act]], which equalized voting ages for male and female at 21.

It is noteworthy that it took the British 84 years to complete the process of abolishing property qualifications for voting (the first three Acts lowered the threshold incrementally) and that they only began to do so after Jacksonian Democracy emerged in the United States.

It is noteworthy that it took the British 84 years to complete the process of abolishing property qualifications for voting (the first three Acts lowered the threshold incrementally) and that they only began to do so after [[Jacksonian Democracy]] emerged in the United States.

While none of these Acts has sustained a serious movement for repeal, historically the one which inspired the strongest opposition was the 1911 Parliament Act.  Not surprisingly, this opposition came from the House of Lords, the last body of unelected people to retain any legislative power in the British system.  Ultimately, the bill passed only after King [[George V]] promised to create an unlimited number of new [[peers]] in order to pass it.

While none of these Acts has sustained a serious movement for repeal, historically the one which inspired the strongest opposition was the 1911 Parliament Act.  Not surprisingly, this opposition came from the House of Lords, the last body of unelected people to retain any legislative power in the British system.  Ultimately, the bill passed only after King [[George V]] promised to create an unlimited number of new [[peers]] in order to pass it.

The United States, United Kingdom, and other [[common law countries]] mostly utilize a [[first past the post system]] for elections.  This limits the number of [[political parties]] and helps to stabilize the system, in contrast to democracies which use [[proportional representation]] such as [[Italy]], [[Germany]], [[France]], and [[Israel]], which have at times had over 10 parties represented in their [[legislature]]s.  The latter system tends to increase the power of the [[political left]], although the [[Labour Party]] in Britain was able to edge out the [[centrist]] [[Liberal Party]] as the chief opposition to the [[Conservative Party]] as a result of the first five of the reforms listed above, without discarding the traditional system of elections.

The United States, Britain, Canada and many other countries mostly utilize a [[first past the post system]] for elections.  The highest vote-getter wins. This limits the number of [[political parties]] and helps to stabilize the system, in contrast to democracies which use [[proportional representation]] where a party winning 5% of the vote is guaranteed a seat. [[Italy]], [[Germany]], [[France]], and [[Israel]] have at times had over 10 parties represented in their legislatures.   

 

==References==

==References==

'''DEMOCRACY''' - That form of government in which the sovereign power resides in and

'''DEMOCRACY''' - That form of government in which the sovereign power resides in and is exercised by the whole body of free citizens directly or indirectly through a system of representation, as distinguished from monarchy, aristocracy, or oligarchy."

is exercised by the whole body of free citizens directly or indirectly through a

system of representation, as distinguished from monarchy, aristocracy, or

oligarchy."

<Ref> Black's Law Dictionary, Sixth Edition, P. 432</Ref>

<Ref> Black's Law Dictionary, Sixth Edition, P. 432</Ref>

[[Category:Forms of Government]]

[[Category:Forms of Government]]