Easter Island
Easter Island is a remote, though uncharacteristically large, Chilean island in the South Pacific 2,237 miles west of South America. The natives of Easter Island, a Polynesian people, refer to their island as Rapa Nui. Europeans refer to it as Easter Island because the Dutch accidentally encountered it on Easter Sunday, 1722, the day of first European contact.
Easter Island is triangular in shape and roughly 64 square miles in size. Chile saved the islanders from extintion.
History
At one time Easter Island was home to as many as 7000 inhabitants. The Easter Islanders had arrived from the east through typical Polynesian technology: boats equipped with outriggers for stability. Using the massive trunks of dense old growth palm forests to build canoes, the people lived on fish and the harvest of the gardens that gradually replaced the forests. They'd brought chickens (and, accidentally, rats) with them from the east, and they build large chicken houses in various places from native stone.
Over time a mysterious cult (the Moai carving cult) arose that led to the construction of many iconic statues of elongated, abstract human heads made of stone and weighing many tons. The making, moving, and erecting of these statues required a substantial fraction of the island's economic productivity. Many trees were felled to serve as levers and rollers to move these stones to various sites and erect them.
Eventually (circa 1700 AD), the Easter Islanders exhausted their forests, could build no more canoes, and overshot the food growing capacity of their garden plots. A famine and war broke out, and the population crashed to a couple thousand people at most. This happened sometime between the first and second contact with Europeans. Warfare had led to the deliberate toppling of all the statues by the time of second European contact.
In modern times, Easter Island is deforested and depends on support from Continental Chile as well as tourism for its local economy.
In his book Collapse, Jared Diamond has cited Easter Island as a cautionary tale for what happens when a society foolishly squanders its natural resources without regard for the future, a process that admittedly happens much faster in the restricted case of an island.
From 1864 to 1868 Eugène Eyraud converted all the island population to Catholicism.
Incorporation to Chile
On September 9, 1888 the Council of Rapanui Chiefs asked the Chilean Navy Captain, Policarpo Toro, to accept the sovereignty of Easter Island without giving up their chieftaincy titles, the ownership of their lands, the validity of their culture and traditions and on equal terms. This known as the "Agreement of Wills".
That day was not imposed a nation over another, it was neither a conquest nor an imposition, the most experienced people, the Rapanui elders, led by Atamu Tekena, offered sovereignty to Chile thinking about the future of the island. The island officially became part of the Chilean patrimony and not a private possession, as it was seen outside the island.
Chile did not invade or buy the island, the Rapanui people did not sell anything, they were integrated in equal conditions to Chile, therefore, they have the same rights as the rest of the Chileans and it is the duty of the State to guarantee them, that was the commitment acquired by means of the agreement. The Chilean State undertook to guard the security of this island and take care of its people. The agreement in no case included the handing over of the ownership of the land.
The most developed island in the Pacific was about to succumb, before the agreement, to a demographic and ecological disaster, in addition to the abuses of sailors and traders who came to a land without a flag and a State that managed to develop a magnificent culture.
But it was defenseless against the abuses of firearms and slave traders. The elders, who knew the periods of glory and also those of slavery, decided to join Chile to stop these abuses, ceding sovereignty.
On early 20th Century Monsignor Rafael Edwards Salas sought to protect the Rapa Nui from abuse by private individuals with the help of the Chilean Navy and the powers he had as Vicar of the Military Vicarate.
Islanders were only able to travel off the island easily after the construction of the Mataveri International Airport in 1965, which was built by the Longhi construction company, carrying hundreds of workers, heavy machinery, tents and a field hospital on ships. However, its use did not go beyond airline operations with small groups of tourists. At the same time, a NASA tracking station operated on the island, which ceased operations in 1975.
Between 1965 and 1970, the United States Air Force (USAF) settled on Easter Island, radically changing the way of life of the Rapa Nui, as they became acquainted with the customs of the consumer societies of the developed world. During this period, the government of Eduardo Frei Montalva enacted the Pascua Law, which meant a basic leveling between the rights of the islanders and the Chilean mainlanders.[1][2]
Under the Presidency of the Republic of Captain General Augusto Pinochet Ugarte, Easter Island is elevated to a level of importance and dedication from the Chilean authorities previously unthinkable, and one of the most important measures in this regard was the creation of the Province of Isla de Pascua, which culminated with the appointment of the eminent Rapa Nui archaeologist and international university academic, Mr. Sergio Rapu Haoa, With an austere administration and charismatic leadership Sergio Rapu Haoa generated a paradigm of local administration that has been maintained by all subsequent governments, which although it has lost prominence as a paradigm, due to political quotas and lack of support from the central government, has definitely established that a member of the Rapanui ethnic group is the representative of the central government in the territory.[3]
On January 24, 1975, television arrived on the island, with the inauguration of a station of Televisión Nacional de Chile, which broadcasted its programming on a deferred basis until 1996, when live satellite transmissions to the island began.
In 1979, by decree, the Rapa Nui were able to legally register their ancestral properties in their own name. Something stipulated in the 1966 Pascua Law but not implemented until Pinochet's decree.
In 1986, a special fuel subsidy was created for Easter Island. In addition, through the then U.S. Ambassador to Chile, Harry Barnes, it was decided that, due to its strategic location and low air traffic density, the Mataveri airport runway was ideal to be used as an emergency alternative for the landing of space shuttles. Thus, the runway was repaired and extended to its current length and equipped with advanced electronics for air navigation. Thanks to this project, tourism on the island increased explosively and a LAN Chile plane began to operate every 15 days with supplies and thanks to this infrastructure, there is the possibility of daily trips in official planes.
Before they had contact every so often, from that moment they began to have more contact, to be able to make surgical interventions. In addition, there began to be subsidies for houses on the island.
References
- ↑ Patricia Stambuk. Iorana & Goodbye. Pehuén.
- ↑ La desconocida historia de la base "gringa" albergada en Isla de Pascua
- ↑ Independentismo, Secesionismo y Autonomia - Polinesia Chilena
