Changes

'''Fracking''', which is short for hydraulic fracturing, is a process for extracting [[natural gas]] and sometimes [[oil]] from non-porous underground structures, such as shale rock.  [[Democrat]] presidential candidate [[Joe Biden]] seeks to ban all new fracking nationwide, and [[Bernie Sanders]] wants a complete ban on all fracking.

'''Fracking''', which is short for hydraulic fracturing, is a process for extracting [[natural gas]] and sometimes [[oil]] from non-porous underground structures, such as shale rock.  [[Democrat]] presidential candidate [[Joe Biden]] seeks to ban all new fracking nationwide, and [[Bernie Sanders]] wants a complete ban on all fracking.

{{cquote|Researchers predict [Pennsylvania] would lose roughly 609,000 jobs and $261 billion in gross domestic product by 2025 if lawmakers were to issue an outright ban on fracking. The average Pennsylvania consumer would see his cost of living increase by $4,654, while household income would decrease by $114 billion by 2025, according to the study.<ref>https://www.timesonline.com/news/20191220/study-fracking-ban-would-hurt-pennsylvania-economy</ref>}}

{{cquote|Researchers predict [Pennsylvania] would lose roughly 609,000 jobs and $261 billion in gross domestic product by 2025 if lawmakers were to issue an outright ban on fracking. The average Pennsylvania consumer would see his cost of living increase by $4,654, while household income would decrease by $114 billion by 2025, according to the study [by the U.S. Chamber of Commerce].<ref>https://www.timesonline.com/news/20191220/study-fracking-ban-would-hurt-pennsylvania-economy</ref>}}

Prior to 1980, the production and development of oil and gas came from wells that were drilled vertically.  As the wells were drilled core samples were examined to determine what type of rock layers were at various depths.  Some layers had porous rock such as [[sandstone]] while other layers were very dense.  Because oil and gas can seep through porous rock, the well was completed in the layers which were porous, and the sides of the wells between completion locations were protected by long sections of metal pipe, called the well casing.  In order to prevent materials from traveling between the casing and the rock up or down the well, the drilling company typically poured cement into the gap between the casing pipe and the outer diameter of the well bore.

Prior to 1980, the production and development of oil and gas came from wells that were drilled vertically.  As the wells were drilled core samples were examined to determine what type of rock layers were at various depths.  Some layers had porous rock such as [[sandstone]] while other layers were very dense.  Because oil and gas can seep through porous rock, the well was completed in the layers which were porous, and the sides of the wells between completion locations were protected by long sections of metal pipe, called the well casing.  In order to prevent materials from traveling between the casing and the rock up or down the well, the drilling company typically poured cement into the gap between the casing pipe and the outer diameter of the well bore.