Roman Shukhevych
Roman Shukhevych (1907–1950) is a Ukrainian nationalist who served in German uniform during World War II as a captain in the Nachtigall batallion in 1941. In 1942 to 1943 Shukhevych served in Schutzmannschaft battalion 201, taking part in ‘anti-partisan operations’ in occupied Belarus.
Shukhevych became active in nationalist radicalism as an adolescent. As a teenager he was already involved in assassination plots against Polish officials in response to the assimilatory policies of the Polish government. He committed his first political murder at the age of nineteen, that of the school curator Stanisław Sobiński in Lvov, which was part of the Polish state in 1926. In 1934, Shukhevych was arrested for his involvement in the murder of Bronisław Pieracki, the Polish minister of the interior, and spent two and a half years in prison, where he was allegedly tortured by the Polish authorities. Throughout the 1930s, the Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists (OUN) stepped up its campaign of political terrorism against the Polish state, assassinating Polish politicians and political opponents. At least sixty-three persons were murdered by the OUN in interwar Poland. The Polish authorities responded with a campaign of ‘pacification’ against the OUN, including raids in 494 villages in eastern Galicia.
In January, 1938, Shukhevych crossed the border from Poland to Carpathian Ukraine in Czechoslovakia, which, according to his son Yurii became his new political base. From there, he often traveled on missions to Prague, Vienna, Berlin, and illegally across the border to Lvov in Poland. In the spring and summer of that year, according to some sources, he was educated as an officer at a German Military Academy in Munich. From May to September, 1940, Shukhevych joined over 120 other Ukrainian nationalists for training at a secret military intelligence (Abwehr) espionage school in Zakopane, which by then was German-occupied Poland.
After the OUN split in 1940 between the OUNm led by Col. Andrii Melnyk, and the more radical nationalist OUNb led by Stepan Bandera, Shukhevych belonged to the inner circle of OUNb's leadership around Bandera, and played a key role in organizing the Velykyi Zbir [Second Congress] of the Bandera Wing held in Kracow in April 1941. He was one of the authors of the OUNb blueprint for action for 1941, Borot’ba i diialnist’ OUN(b) pid chas viiny [Struggle and Activities of the OUN(b) at Times of War], outlining the establishment of a totalitarian state through the indiscriminate use of violence, urging the removal of all ‘non-Ukrainians’ living on Ukrainian territory and the liquidation of ‘Polish, Muscovite, and Jewish activists.’
Prior to the German invasion of the Soviet Union on June 22, 1941, German military intelligence set up two small Ukrainian formations: Sonderformation Nachtigall, and Organisation Roland. Formed in Cracow on March 2 1941, the Nachtigall battalion consisted mostly of Ukrainian Nationalists. Established for the purpose of the immanent attack on the Soviet Union, its members received their training at Neuhammer, Silesia. Its volunteers bore German uniforms and weapons, and were attached to the 1st Battalion of the Regiment Brandenburg-800. Shukhevych not only became the highest-ranking Ukrainian officer in the Nachtigall battalion; he also enjoyed the greatest standing among its Ukrainian members.
Roman Shukhevych personally helped set up the Ukrainian nationalist militia, which played a key role in the Lvov pogrom. Soldiers of Nachtigall partook in the July 1, 1941 Lvov pogrom as well as massacres of Jews in the vicinity of Vinnytsia.
