Difference between revisions of "Intelligence trends in religious countries and secular countries"

From Conservapedia
Jump to: navigation, search
(→‎Atheism, intelligence and dysfunctional individuals/families/communities)
(→‎Recent intelligence trends in secular Europe/Australia and the religious United States: why is this there? looks like a typo)
Line 22: Line 22:
 
''See also:'' [[Atheism and intelligence]]
 
''See also:'' [[Atheism and intelligence]]
  
−
To a certain extent intelligence is heritable and the link between higher IQ individuals having fewer kids is known as dysgenic fertility.*<ref>[http://www.examiner.com/article/how-the-world-s-iq-is-decline How the world's IQ is in decline] by Gunjan Singh - Cognitive Science Examiner, July 31, 2010</ref>
+
To a certain extent intelligence is heritable and the link between higher IQ individuals having fewer kids is known as dysgenic fertility.<ref>[http://www.examiner.com/article/how-the-world-s-iq-is-decline How the world's IQ is in decline] by Gunjan Singh - Cognitive Science Examiner, July 31, 2010</ref>
  
 
Michael Blume, a researcher at the University of Jena in Germany, wrote about the sub-replacement level of fertility among [[Atheist Population|atheistic populations]]: "Most societies or communities that have espoused atheistic beliefs have not survived more than a century."<ref>[http://www.scilogs.eu/en/blog/biology-of-religion/2011-01-06/atheists-a-dying-breed-as-nature-favours-faithful-sunday-times-jan-02-2011-jonathan-leake-full-draft-version Atheist: A dying breed as nature favours faithful]</ref> Blume also indicated concerning concerning his research on this matter: "What I found was the complete lack of a single case of a secular population, community or movement that would just manage to retain replacement level."<ref>[http://www.scilogs.eu/en/blog/biology-of-religion/2011-01-06/atheists-a-dying-breed-as-nature-favours-faithful-sunday-times-jan-02-2011-jonathan-leake-full-draft-version Atheist: A dying breed as nature favours faithful]</ref>   
 
Michael Blume, a researcher at the University of Jena in Germany, wrote about the sub-replacement level of fertility among [[Atheist Population|atheistic populations]]: "Most societies or communities that have espoused atheistic beliefs have not survived more than a century."<ref>[http://www.scilogs.eu/en/blog/biology-of-religion/2011-01-06/atheists-a-dying-breed-as-nature-favours-faithful-sunday-times-jan-02-2011-jonathan-leake-full-draft-version Atheist: A dying breed as nature favours faithful]</ref> Blume also indicated concerning concerning his research on this matter: "What I found was the complete lack of a single case of a secular population, community or movement that would just manage to retain replacement level."<ref>[http://www.scilogs.eu/en/blog/biology-of-religion/2011-01-06/atheists-a-dying-breed-as-nature-favours-faithful-sunday-times-jan-02-2011-jonathan-leake-full-draft-version Atheist: A dying breed as nature favours faithful]</ref>   

Revision as of 22:24, June 21, 2015

Harvard University historian Niall Ferguson declared: "Through a mixture of hard work and thrift the Protestant societies of the North and West Atlantic achieved the most rapid economic growth in history."[1] (Picture: Protestant church pulpit)

Factors such as greater wealth with its attendant better quality of education/health/nutrition help increase standardized intelligence tests (IQ) scores.[2]

Developed countries with greater wealth, better educational systems and nutrition often have a cultural heritage of Christianity and often have significant Christian populations within them.[3][4] In terms of economic development, biblical Christianity has historically had a positive affect on countries.[5] Harvard University historian Niall Ferguson declared: "Through a mixture of hard work and thrift the Protestant societies of the North and West Atlantic achieved the most rapid economic growth in history." (See: Protestant work ethic and capitalism).[6]

Flynn effect on intelligence: Religious/secular nations trends

The Flynn effect is the significant and long-sustained increase intelligence test scores measured in many parts of the world from roughly 1930 to the present.[7] In many parts of the world, such as the developing world, biblical Christianity is seeing rapid growth (see: Global Christianity) which has the potential to improve their economies and thus improve their societal cognitive abilities as well given the link between economic well-being and increased cognitive abilities (see also: Protestant work ethic and capitalism and Atheism and intelligence).[8][9] Furthermore, religiosity has a positive correlation with health and increased health has a beneficial effect on intelligence (see: Atheism and health).

In some secular, economically developed countries, the Flynn effect has ceased and their scores on standardized intelligence tests are falling.[10]

Recent intelligence trends in secular Europe/Australia and the religious United States

Sweden is one of the most atheistic countries in the world.[11] In Sweden, phenotypic intelligence is now declining.[12]

See also: Atheism and intelligence

To a certain extent intelligence is heritable and the link between higher IQ individuals having fewer kids is known as dysgenic fertility.[13]

Michael Blume, a researcher at the University of Jena in Germany, wrote about the sub-replacement level of fertility among atheistic populations: "Most societies or communities that have espoused atheistic beliefs have not survived more than a century."[14] Blume also indicated concerning concerning his research on this matter: "What I found was the complete lack of a single case of a secular population, community or movement that would just manage to retain replacement level."[15]

Professor Eric Kaufmann's academic work and his book Shall the Religious Inherit the Earth? argue using a wealth of demographic data that due to the higher birth rates of religious conservatives (and the below replacement level of the irreligious) and religious immigration to the Western World, atheism/secularism will decline in the Western World as early as 2021 or by 2050.[16][17][18][19]

In his paper, The Rise and Fall of the World's IQ, Thomas Hally wrote:

“ In many areas phenotypic intelligence has been increasing (the Flynn Effect) while genotypic intelligence is decreasing due to the negative association between intelligence and that which is known as ³dysgenic fertility´. Gains of as much as 7.5 IQ points in phenotypic intelligence are much greater than the 0.43 IQ points per generation in the world-wide genotypic IQ that had been estimated for the period 1950-2000. The situation in the industrially developed world appears to follow the lead of the United States and a handful of other developed nations in so far as the phenotypic IQ has been increasing at a greater rate as a result of environmental improvements.

In Norway, Sweden, Denmark, Great Britain and Australia phenotypic intelligence has stabilized and now is declining.[20]

”
In godless Great Britain, phenotypic intelligence is now declining.[21][22]

In 2012, it was reported that Norway was the eighth most godless country on earth.[23]

Sweden is one of the most atheistic countries in the world and the website adherents.com reported that in 2005 46 - 85% of Swedes were agnostics/atheists/non-believers in God.[24] In 2012, it was reported to be the 4rth most godless place on earth.[25] Sweden also has the 3rd highest rate of belief in evolution as far as Western World nations.[26] See also: Sexual immorality and Sweden

Denmark has the highest rate of belief in evolution in the Western World.[27] In addition, in 2005 Denmark was ranked the third most atheistic country in the world and the website adherents.com reported that in 2005 43 - 80% of Danes are agnostics/atheists/non-believers in God.[28]

According to Rabbi Shmuley Boteach and an article on Belief.net, Britain (which was the fountainhead of Darwinism) has become one of the most godless places on earth.[29] In 2012, Great Britain was reported to be the sixth most godless country on earth.[30]

Post World War II, Australia has become a highly secularized country.[31]

Atheism, intelligence and dysfunctional individuals/families/communities

In atheistic Sweden, 81 percent of women said they had been harassed at some point after the age of 15 - compared to the EU average of 55 percent.[32] See: Irreligion and domestic violence

Children in dysfunctional homes/communities and/or homes/communities with financial problems often door poorer on intelligence tests.[33][34]

As far as a comparison between atheistic/theistic homes/individuals, please see:

Economic and societal deterioration in secular Europe

In 2014, Sweden's new Social Democrat prime minister Stefan Loefven said, "Sweden is in a serious situation -- unemployment has become entrenched at high levels, school results have collapsed and the welfare system has major shortcomings".[35]

As noted above, a countries economic health and educational system has an effect on IQ scores.

On October 3, 2014, L’Agence France-Presse reported:

“ Sweden's new Social Democrat prime minister Stefan Loefven unveiled what he called a "feminist" government including Green Party ministers for the first time in the Nordic country.

"The Swedish people voted for a change of government and a new political direction. A new government comprised of the Social Democrats and the Green Party is ready to take up the task," Loefven said in his inaugural speech to parliament.

"Sweden's new government is a feminist government," he said.

Half his cabinet is female, including Finance Minister Magdalena Andersson and Foreign Minister Margot Wallstroem, a former EU commissioner.

Green Party leaders Aasa Romson and Gustav Fridolin were appointed ministers for the environment and education, respectively, and the party will also control Sweden's overseas aid agency Sida and the consumer affairs ministry.

He repeated election pledges to create jobs, recruit more teachers and increase the compulsory school age from 16 to 18.

"Sweden is in a serious situation -- unemployment has become entrenched at high levels, school results have collapsed and the welfare system has major shortcomings," he said.[36]

”

Reports of secular Europe's societal and economic decline

In recent times, there have been a number of articles published on European decline:

Societal decline:


Economic decline:

Atheism, obesity, secular Europe and falling rates of intelligence

According to the World Health Organization, "Obesity is one of the greatest public health challenges of the 21st century. Its prevalence has tripled in many countries of the WHO European Region since the 1980s, and the numbers of those affected continue to rise at an alarming rate."[37]

See also: Atheism, obesity, secular countries and falling rates of intelligence

Obesity is a significant problem in many atheistic countries (see: Secular Europe and obesity and China and obesity).

In the journal article Religion, self-regulation, and self-control: Associations, explanations, and implications, psychologists McCullough and Willoughby theorize that many of the positive links of religiousness with health and social behavior may be caused by religion's beneficial influences on self-control/self-regulation.[38][39] Furthermore, a 2012 Queen's University study published in Psychological Science found that religion replenishes self-control.[40][41] Also, numerous studies indicate that those who engage in regular spiritual practices have lower mortality rates.[42] [43]

According to the Gallup Inc., "Very religious Americans are more likely to practice healthy behaviors than those who are moderately religious or nonreligious."[44]

For more information, please see: Atheism and obesity

Medical studies indicate that excess weight impairs brain function (see also: Health effects of obesity)[45]

According to the World Health Organization:

“ Obesity is one of the greatest public health challenges of the 21st century. Its prevalence has tripled in many countries of the WHO European Region since the 1980s, and the numbers of those affected continue to rise at an alarming rate.[46] ”

Secular European countries, religious immigration and IQ

Developed countries with greater wealth, better educational systems and nutrition often have a cultural heritage of Christianity and often have significant Christian populations within them.[47][48]

Formerly Christian countries which have become secularized very often have sub-replacement fertility rates and policies which encourage immigration (and as noted above, many of these immigrants are religious). See also: Desecularization of secular Europe in the 21st century and Growth of evangelical Protestantism in Europe

Multiculturism, assimilation and the desecularization of Europe

See also: Desecularization of secular Europe in the 21st century and Growth of evangelical Protestantism in Europe

In the Europe of tomorrow, immigration and religious fertility will increase the proportion of committed Christians in Europe, many from the developing world.[49]

Professor Eric Kaufmann in an academic paper entitled Shall the Righteous Inherit the Earth? Demography and Politics in the Twenty-First Century wrote:

“ Ethnicity and race may succumb to liberal modernity, but committed religious populations cannot be assimilated to liberal secularism fast enough to compensate for their demographic advantage in a world of plunging fertility and growing migration. In the end, it is a battle between religious fertility on the one hand, and, on the other, religious decline through the 'assimilation' of religious offspring into secularism. This paper argues that the weakness of secularism and a widening secular-religious fertility gap points toward a religious victory...

The principle of tolerating and 'celebrating' diversity is a corollary of postmodern relativism which opens up space for antimodern religious 'diversities' to take root. If they are demographically-powerful religious movements like Islamism or evangelical Christianity, they will exploit this weakness to progressively erode the hegemony of western secular humanism....

In the Europe of tomorrow, immigration and religious fertility will increase the proportion of committed Muslims and Christians, many from the developing world. It may seem fanciful to imagine a moral conservatism uniting white and nonwhite Christians as well as Muslims against 'secular humanists'. However, a version of this process has occurred in the United States, and it can be argued that the cocktail of cultural relativism, secular exhaustion and demographic change is even more potent in Europe than America. The division between native ethnic groups and immigrant groups is currently more important in Europe, but as the Muslim and religious Christian minorities grow, they will become as important for conservative politicians as the religious Hispanics of America whom the Republicans have so assiduously courted. At some point, it will make more electoral sense for European conservatives to appeal to a trans-ethnic coalition of moral conservatives than it will to stress anti-immigrant themes and ethno-nationalism. The liberal-left will find it extremely difficult to craft a defense of secularism given its investment in cultural relativism, the exhaustion of its secular religions, and its laissez-faire attitude to demographic change.

Standing back from the fray, we can think of demography as the achilles heel of liberalism.[50]

”

Immigrant group's IQ can rise if there is economic opportunity

As far as immigrants, IQs differ by country which is not surprising since poverty and its attendant maladies such as poor nutrition lowers a nation's IQ. In short, factors such as greater wealth with its attendant better quality of education/health/nutrition help increase IQ scores.[51]

However, if there is economic opportunity for immigrants from poor countries, an immigrant group's IQ rises and can even surpass the native population's IQ depending on their ambition/discipline level since wealth and higher IQs is highly correlated (Thomas J. Stanley, Ph.D. points out that it is often a person's work ethic and frugality that leads to wealth more than a person's intelligence.[52] In addition, the social scientists Andrea L. Duckworth and Martin Seligman found that higher degrees of self-discipline better predict higher academic grades than IQ scores do among adolescents.[53]).

For example, Ron Untz wrote:

“ Perhaps the strongest evidence supporting this cultural rather than genetic hypothesis comes from the northwestern corner of Europe, namely Celtic Ireland. When the early waves of Catholic Irish immigrants reached America near the middle of the 19th century, they were widely seen as particularly ignorant and uncouth and aroused much hostility from commentators of the era, some of whom suggested that they might be innately deficient in both character and intelligence. But they advanced economically at a reasonable pace, and within less than a century had become wealthier and better educated than the average white American, including those of “old stock” ancestry. The evidence today is that the tested IQ of the typical Irish-American—to the extent it can be distinguished—is somewhat above the national white American average of around 100 and also above that of most German-Americans, who arrived around the same time.[54] ”

In addition, often immigrants are more entrepreneurial which can provide an economic boost to countries which will help boost their national IQ scores. In 2012, The Economist magazine pointed out that one of the significant factors for secular Europe's economic malaise is a chronic failure to encourage entrepreneurial activity.[55] Historically, atheists have often tilted to left in their politics and as a result socialism/communism has often been prevalent in atheistic countries rather than free market capitalism which encourages entrepreneurship (see: Atheism and politics and Atheism and communism).

Protestant work ethic, European immigrants, wealth and IQ

On July 12, 2012, the Christian Science Monitor reported:

“ French scholars say, evangelicalism is likely the fastest-growing religion in France – defying all stereotypes about Europe’s most secular nation...

Daniel Liechti, vice-president of the French National Evangelical Council, found that since 1970, a new evangelical church has opened in France every 10 days. The number of churches increased from 769 to 2,068 last year.[56]

”

As noted above, in terms of economic development, biblical Christianity has historically had a positive affect on countries.[57] Also, as mentioned above, Harvard University historian Niall Ferguson declared: "Through a mixture of hard work and thrift the Protestant societies of the North and West Atlantic achieved the most rapid economic growth in history." (See: Protestant work ethic and capitalism).[58] European countries with a cultural heritage of Protestantism are often economically prosperous and have among the highest IQs in Europe (Yet, as noted above as they have become secularized some of the countries IQs are falling due to "dysgenic fertility").[59] Accordingly, evangelical Christians from Africa and other countries could prove to be an economic long-term benefit to France/Europe and higher wealth is associated with higher IQs. Global Christianity, particularly conservative Christianity, is seeing a significant amount of growth in the world today which certainly could affect future European immigration.

Immigrant groups, IQ and discrimination/poor assimilation

On the other hand, as far as immigrants immigrating into a more prosperous country, if there is widespread discrimination against an immigrant group and/or poor assimilation, the immigrant's group IQ will not see as big a jump due to the slower economic progress of the immigrant group.

The London School of Economics and Political Science reported:

“ There is growing concern in France that Muslim immigrants from North Africa are poorly integrated into French society, often due to discrimination. But are they discriminated against because of their religion, or because of their national or ethnic origins? Claire Adida, David Laitin and Marie-Anne Valfort address this very issue, and find that Muslims face significantly higher levels of discrimination from rooted French (defined as French nationals with four grandparents born in metropolitan France) than do their Christian counterparts, and that the dynamics leading to such discrimination are likely to endure.[60] ”

In France, Britain, Sweden and other European countries, Muslims have often not assimilated well into countries and Muslim riots have ensued.[61][62][63][64] Islamic cultures are very different from cultures which have been influenced by Christiannity. For example, Muslim countries are often less democratic and frequently have significant corruption issues (NGO Transparency International's annual index finds Muslim-majority countries are 8 of 10 most corrupt nations[65]).

Corruption often depletes a countries wealth so many Muslim nations which lack natural resources such as Middle Eastern oil, have many poor citizens.[66][67]

In 2013, LiveLeak reported about Muslim economic performance:

“ The combined annual GDP of 57 Muslim countries remains under $2 trillion. America, just by herself, produces goods and services worth $10.4 trillion; China $5.7 trillion, Japan $3.5 trillion and Germany $2.1 trillion. Even India’s GDP is estimated at over $3 trillion (purchasing power parity basis).

Oil rich Saudi Arabia, U.A.E., Kuwait and Qatar collectively produce goods and services (mostly oil) worth $430 billion; Netherlands alone has a higher annual GDP while Buddhist Thailand produces goods and services worth $429 billion.

Muslims are 22 percent of the world population and produce less than five percent of global GDP.[68]

”

And since poverty is related to lower IQs, poor Muslim countries have lower national IQ scores than Western World countries.[69]

Another reason for culture clash among seculars/atheists and Muslims is that both groups have a history of intolerance and/or militancy (see: Militant atheism and Atheism and anger Suppression of alternatives to evolution and Atheism and Mass Murder and Islam and War), so a certain amount societal friction is a natural result. The atheist Pat Condell is among the most vociferous anti-Muslim video makers on YouTube. However, since atheists are often leftists and multiculturism is a part of leftism, many atheists decry anti-Muslim discrimination (The multiculturism of atheists frequently does not extend to Christian culture. In such cases, atheist tolerance of Muslims may be in some cases an example of "the enemy of my enemy is my friend"). In many Muslim countries, atheists often face severe punishments.[70]

New Atheists and accusations of Islamophobia

The New Atheists Richard Dawkins, Sam Harris and the late Christopher Hitchens have received multiple accusations of engaging in Islamophobic behavior.[71] On the other hand, defenders of atheist criticisms of Islam/Muslims indicated that New Atheists should be able to criticize Islam without being accused of Islamophobia.[72]

Future of immigration to Europe uncertain

The future of immigration to Europe is difficult to determine. Should Europe's economic condition worsen in the future it will be less attractive to immigrants and anti-immigration politics could heighten due to increased competition for scarcer job opportunities. In addition, anti-Muslim sentiments in Europe appear to be rising so the proportion of immigration from Muslim countries could be affected due to politicians catering to anti-Muslim public sentiments.

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ The Protestant Work Ethic: Alive & Well…In China By Hugh Whelchel on September 24, 2012
  2. ↑ Received wisdom: Average IQ is falling in Britain and beyond, explains Philip Hunter by Philip Hunt, March 21, 2012, Published in April 2012 issue of Prospect Magazine
  3. ↑ Global Christianity – A Report on the Size and Distribution of the World’s Christian Population, Pew Forum, December 10, 2011
  4. ↑ These Were Christian Nations
  5. ↑
  6. ↑ The Protestant Work Ethic: Alive & Well…In China By Hugh Whelchel on September 24, 2012
  7. ↑ Raven, John (2000). The Raven's Progressive Matrices: Change and Stability over Culture and Time. Cognitive Psychology 41, 1–48 (2000) doi:10.1006/cogp.1999.0735. John Raven, 30 Great King Street, Edinburgh EH3 6QH, Scotland. http://eyeonsociety.co.uk/resources/RPMChangeAndStability.pdf
  8. ↑ Global Christianity – A Report on the Size and Distribution of the World’s Christian Population, Pew Forum, December 10, 2011
  9. ↑ The Protestant Work Ethic: Alive & Well…In China By Hugh Whelchel on September 24, 2012
  10. ↑
  11. ↑ Top 50 Countries With Highest Proportion of Atheists / Agnostics(Zuckerman, 2005)
  12. ↑ The Rise and Fall of the World's IQ by Thomas Hally
  13. ↑ How the world's IQ is in decline by Gunjan Singh - Cognitive Science Examiner, July 31, 2010
  14. ↑ Atheist: A dying breed as nature favours faithful
  15. ↑ Atheist: A dying breed as nature favours faithful
  16. ↑ Shall the Religious Inherit the Earth?: Demography and Politics in the Twenty-First Century by Eric Kaufmann, Belfer Center, Harvard University/Birkbeck College, University of London
  17. ↑ Eric Kaufmann: Shall The Religious Inherit The Earth?
  18. ↑ Eric Kaufmann's Atheist Demographic series
  19. ↑ Eric Kaufmann: Shall the Religious Inherit the Earth?, Australian Broadcasting Corporation
  20. ↑ The Rise and Fall of the World's IQ by Thomas Hally
  21. ↑ The Rise and Fall of the World's IQ by Thomas Hally
  22. ↑ What’s the Most Godless Place on Earth? by [[Hemant Mehta], May 14, 2012
  23. ↑ What’s the Most Godless Place on Earth? by [[Hemant Mehta], May 14, 2012
  24. ↑ Top 50 Countries With Highest Proportion of Atheists / Agnostics(Zuckerman, 2005)
  25. ↑ What’s the Most Godless Place on Earth? by [[Hemant Mehta], May 14, 2012
  26. ↑ Photo: Evolution Less Accepted in U.S. Than Other Western Countries, Study Finds
  27. ↑ Photo: Evolution Less Accepted in U.S. Than Other Western Countries, Study Finds
  28. ↑ Top 50 Countries With Highest Proportion of Atheists / Agnostics(Zuckerman, 2005)
  29. ↑ HAS GODLESSNESS TRULY ‘DOOMED’ GREAT BRITAIN? by Hallowell”Billy Hallowell
  30. ↑ What’s the Most Godless Place on Earth? by [[Hemant Mehta], May 14, 2012
  31. ↑ Buttrose, Larry. [http://www.theaustralian.com.au/opinion/sport-grog-and-godliness/story-e6frg6zo-1225769660554 Buttrose, Larry. Sport, grog and godliness, The Australian. Retrieved on 11 September 2009
  32. ↑ Sweden stands out in domestic violence study Published: 05 Mar 2014 08:3
  33. ↑ Studies Link Childhood Abuse to Adult Social Dysfunction : Research: Neglect is tied to lower IQs and misuse of drugs, alcohol. Results also dispel notions related to temperament and prostitution. February 17, 1991|THOMAS H. MAUGH II | TIMES SCIENCE WRITER
  34. ↑ Received wisdom: Average IQ is falling in Britain and beyond, explains Philip Hunter by Philip Hunt, March 21, 2012, Published in April 2012 issue of Prospect Magazine
  35. ↑ New 'feminist' government with a Green tinge in Sweden
  36. ↑ New 'feminist' government with a Green tinge in Sweden
  37. ↑ World Health Organization - Obesity in Europe
  38. ↑ Religion, Self-Regulation, and Self-Control: Associations, Explanations, and Implications
  39. ↑ http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19210054
  40. ↑ Religion Replenishes Self-Control, Psychological Science, June 2012 vol. 23 no. 6 635-642, Kevin Rounding, Albert Lee, Jill A. Jacobson and Li-Jun Ji at Queen’s University
  41. ↑ Study finds religion helps us gain self-control
  42. ↑ Religious involvement and mortality: a meta-analytic review. McCullough ME, Hoyt WT, Larson DB, Koenig HG, Thoresen C., Health Psychol. 2000 May;19(3):211-22.
  43. ↑ The role of spirituality in health care, roc (Bayl Univ Med Cent). 2001 October; 14(4): 352–357.
  44. ↑ http://www.gallup.com/poll/145379/Religious-Americans-Lead-Healthier-Lives.aspx
  45. ↑
  46. ↑ World Health Organization - Obesity in Europe
  47. ↑ Global Christianity – A Report on the Size and Distribution of the World’s Christian Population, Pew Forum, December 10, 2011
  48. ↑ These Were Christian Nations
  49. ↑ Shall the Righteous Inherit the Earth? Demography and Politics in the Twenty-First Century by Eric Kaufmann
  50. ↑ Shall the Righteous Inherit the Earth? Demography and Politics in the Twenty-First Century by Eric Kaufmann
  51. ↑ Received wisdom: Average IQ is falling in Britain and beyond, explains Philip Hunter by Philip Hunt, March 21, 2012, Published in April 2012 issue of Prospect Magazine
  52. ↑ The Millionaire Mind by Thomas J. Stanley, Ph.D.
  53. ↑ Self-Discipline Outdoes IQ in Predicting Academic Performance of Adolescents, Andrea L. Duckworth and Martin Seligman, Positive Psychology Center, University of Pennsylvania
  54. ↑ [http://www.theamericanconservative.com/articles/race-iq-and-wealth/ Race, IQ, and Wealth What the facts tell us about a taboo subject] By Ron Unz • July 18, 2012
  55. ↑ Les misérables
  56. ↑ In a France suspicious of religion, evangelicalism's message strikes a chord
  57. ↑ Random House, New York, 2005] by Lael Weinberger
  58. ↑ The Protestant Work Ethic: Alive & Well…In China By Hugh Whelchel on September 24, 2012
  59. ↑ IQs of countries
  60. ↑ Muslim immigrants have come to expect discrimination in France because of their religion, and this is unlikely to change
  61. ↑ Muslim riots in Britain
  62. ↑ Muslim riots in France
  63. ↑ 'Youth rioting' in Sweden? It's the Muslims, stupid
  64. ↑ Muslim Protestor in Europe
  65. ↑ Index: 8 Muslim-Majority Nations Among 10 Most Corrupt
  66. ↑ Effect of corruption on a country, Transparency International]
  67. ↑ Muslims are the world’s poorest, weakest and illiterate
  68. ↑ Muslims are the world’s poorest, weakest and illiterate
  69. ↑ National IQs
  70. ↑ The Cost of Unbelief, The Economist
  71. ↑
  72. ↑ New Atheism should be able to criticise Islam without being accused of Islamophobia by Andrew Zak Williams, New Statesman, Published 19 April, 2013
Retrieved from "https://conservapedia.com/index.php?title=Intelligence_trends_in_religious_countries_and_secular_countries&oldid=1160992"