Fawzi al-Qawuqji

Fawzi al-Qawuqji [Kawkadji] (Arabic: فوزي القاوقجي, Turkish: Fevzi Kavukçu;‎ 19 January 1890 – 5 June 1977) was a Lebanese-born Arab nationalist military figure. He served briefly in Mandatory Palestine in 1936, as the then Grand Mufti of Jerusalem's ally fighting the British. A political decision by the British enabled him to flee the country in 1937.

He was a colonel in the Nazi Wehrmacht during World War II, and served as the jihadi Arab Liberation Army (ALA) field commander during the 1948 Israel-Arab War.

Described as an "infamous 'Arab Nazi.'"^[1]

The commander of the Arab-Palestinian "volunteers", Fawzi al-Qawuqji (Arabic: فوزي القاوقجي;‎ 19 January 1890 – 5 June 1977), in a Wehrmacht-style uniform that includes the Iron Cross decoration.

A staunch Arab nationalist, al-Qawuqji had served as an officer in the Ottoman army during World War I. Al-Qawuqji also fought the French in Syria during the Great Syrian Revolution of 1925–1927. He then helped the Saudi king Abdulaziz Al Saud in 1928 to raise the Saudi army and then went to fight the British during the Mandatory period in Palestine, in the so-called Great Arab Revolt of 1936–1939.

In 1936, months after Hitler's Nuremberg Laws stripped Jews in Nazi domains of citizenship rights, and branded them as genetic undesirables, Fawzi al-Qawuqji was not squeamish about baiting Jews.^[2]

When the British put down the Arab rebellion in Mandatory Palestine, both Kaukji and the ex-Mufti fled to Iraq. First was Fawzi. In mid Dec 1936 it was reported^[3]:

Fawzi Eddin el Kawakji,
guerilla leader in the recent Palestine disturbances, who escaped into Iraq, spends his time at Baghdad making inflammatory anti-British speeches. According to the correspondent of
the 'Daily Telegraph' Fawzi is seeking to form an army to 'drive the British into the sea.' Fawzi describes his battles in Palestine and claims that he has slain hundreds of British soldiers.

In the summer of 1938 'Qawuqji first made contact with German counterintelligence.'^[4]

"In 1938, at the Nazi Party conference in Nuremberg, Hitler was greeted by an Arab delegation headed by an Arab, with a neatly trimmed beard, wearing a turban and very polite. It was, of course, Fawzi-bey Kaukji." Fawzi often traveled between Rome and Berlin.^[5]

Both, Kaukji and the ex-Mufti were later involved in the Arab-Nazi Rashid Ali al-Gaylani coup, Iraq, 1941. Serving as an Iraqi captain, Kaukji, equipped with arms and money, got an order to foment a support for Rashid Ali regime in northern Iraq. Instead of promoting an uprising, the Mufti’s aides later claimed, “he swallowed up the arms, the money, and the rebellion.” ^[6]

Reported on June 26, 1941^[7]: "Germany Invades Russia From Finland To Black Sea. Allies Take Damascus."

Italian reports say that the Arab rebel leader, Fauzi eddin Kaukji, who was prominent in the Palestinian troubles in 1936, is conducting guerilla operations against the British advancing on Aleppo.

The ex-Mufti "together with Fawzi Kaukji and Wasef Kamal, helped organize Muslim SS-units in the Balkan, which helped to liquidate Jews and partisans. Husseini furnished Arab volunteers for the Waffen-SS and personally intervened with high Nazi officials, to assure the extermination of thousands of Jewish children."^[8]

This pro-Nazi,^[9] had been in charge of broadcasting Nazi propaganda in the Arab world during Second World War.^[10] In their Arab propaganda broadcasts from Berlin and Rome, Husseini, Kawkaji and Khilani adopted Nazi terms, frequently using antisemitic profanity.^[11]^[12]

Quite a few of his lieutenants later found themselves in Nazi ranks.^[13]

It seems that at some point, Al-Qawqeji fell out of favor with Hitler, and German radio even reported his death in battle on the Eastern Front. At the end of World War II, he was seen in the Russian-occupied zone in Berlin, and in 1946 was even arrested by the Soviets. In early 1947, he managed to leave Berlin for Paris with his wife using forged documents.^[14]

"Coffee houses in the Arab villages are still full of stories about the extravagant life and the orgies in which Kawkaji's "troops" engaged at the expense of national funds and of moneys extorted from the people. The outbreak of the war found Kawkaji in Iraq. There he took part in the Rashid Ali revolt, which was later suppressed by British troops. He fled to Germany and when the war was over he was captured by the Russians."^[13]

By 1947, this "pro-Nazi Arab fanatic, Fawzi al-Qawuqji, [was] the field commander of the so-called Arab Liberation Army—a separate, brutal volunteer force specifically created to battle the Jews."^[15]

in July, 1947 al-Qawuqji declared that the battle between the Jews and the Arabs was total ... and the only possibility was the 'extermination of every Jew in Palestine and in every Arab country.'^[16]^[17]

"El-Kaukji and his German (third) wife were captured by the Red Army when the Third Reich collapsed. They were held by Russians until February 1947, when Stalin released them as a Soviet Union good gesture for Arabs. Returned to Middle East, Kaukji later appointed by Arab League as the commander of the Arab Liberation Army with one mission, to destroy the Jewish State. However, he never accomplished the mission. Defeating by Jewish fighters during the First Israeli-Arab War of 1948, Kaukji later retired and lived in private till his death in Beirut in 1977."^[6]

Noted in 1948:^[18]

on that day of March 5, according to British official sources, the notorious protege of Adolf Hitler, Fawzi al-Kawukji, entered Palestine with his headquarter troops to assume command of the so-called Yarmuk formation.

On Oct 4, 1948, Fawzi Kaukji stated: "The Arab armies are now strong enough to defeat the Jews and push them into the sea." Cairo Radio reported.^[19]

At one of his noted battles was on Mishmar Haemek, it sas categorized as:"his initial big scale action "to drive the Jews into the sea."^[20] But then failed.

A losing Arab "hero," resorting to lie.

From the NY Times in 1972: ^[21]

Among Arab leaders there were madmen, such as the Mufti of Jerusalem, friend of Adolph Hitler, seeking not justice or a homeland for the people of Palestine, but a blood bath for the Jews. There was Farouk, the dissolute King of Egypt, unable to inspire his down‐trodden people as Ben‐Gurion and a Golda Meir could inspire the Jews.
Typically, Arab commanders have tended to indulge in excessive rhetoric promising total victory and then, when they have failed, to lie to headquarters about Jewish strength to justify their own failure, thus providing dangerously false intelligence to their High Command. Such was the case with another friend of Hitler, Fawzi el Kaukji, whose men broke ranks‐and‐fled‐from the battlefield at Mishmar Ha'emek.

In 1951, he had visited Latin America and the Nazi "colonies" in those countries, and other Arab personalities, from former Hitler's associates.^[22]

References

↑ Primus in Armis: An Illustrated History of The Royal Wiltshire Yeomanry. (2020). New Zealand: Fonthill Media. Ch. 5 "Mobilisation And The Middle Eastern Adventure." [1]. "Infamous 'Arab Nazi' Fawzi-al-Qawukji."
↑ M. M. Silver, "The History of Galilee, 1538–1949: Mysticism, Modernization, and War," (Rowman & Littlefield, 2022), p. 296.
In 1936, months after Hitler's Nuremberg Laws stripped Jews in Nazi domains of citizenship rights, and branded them as genetic undesirables, Qawuqji was not squeamish about baiting Jews as spineless cowards and opportunists.
↑ The Daily News (Perth, WA: 1882 - 1955) Tue 15 Dec 1936. Page 5.

Arab Rebel Stirs Up Strife In Baghdad.
LONDON, Monday. Fawzi Eddin el Kawakji, guerilla leader in the recent Palestine disturbances, who escaped into Iraq, spends his time at Baghdad making inflammatory anti-British speeches.
According to the correspondent of the 'Daily Telegraph' Fawzi is seeking to form an army to 'drive the British into the sea.' Fawzi describes his battles in Palestine and claims that he has slain hundreds of British soldiers. 'What I have done is merely the first effort to show what the Arabs can do,' he says. However foolish these fulminations. it is a fact that many notables are
supporting Fawzi's demonstrations, while hundreds of Iraqis believe that he defeated the British Army last summer.
↑ Parsons, L. The Commander: Fawzi al-Qawuqji and the Fight for Arab Independence 1914–1948, ch. 4. United Kingdom: Saqi Books, 2017.
↑ Davar - דבר, 5 January 1947. [פאוזי כאן -- פאוזי שם...] "Fawzi here - Fawzi there..."
↑ ^6.0 ^6.1 Der Freiwillige: Fawzi el-Kaukji. By Nino Oktorino. Sep 3, 2009.

When the British put down the Arab rebellion, both Kaukji and the Mufti fled to Iraq. Both of them later involved in Rashid Ali al-Gaylani attempt to thrown British influence in Iraq on 1941. Served as an Iraqi captain, Kaukji, equipped with arms and money, got an order to foment a support for Rashid Ali regime in northern Iraq. Instead of promoting an uprising, the Mufti’s aides later claimed, “he swallowed up the arms, the money, and the rebellion.”
During a retreat to Syria after the fall of Rashid Ali government, a British plane strafed, and almost killed Kaukji. He went to Germany to recuperate.
After his health was restored, he was sent to Greece, to help build up the "Deutsch-Arabische-Lehrabteilung" under the supervision of General Helmuth Felmy. There, in capacity as a head of propaganda in Athens, he also helped stir up the Arab world against the British. He got a colonel rank in German army.
During his stay in Berlin, the rivalry of Kaukji and the Mufti of Jerusalem continued. The relations between them were cool and soon deteriorated to a deep mutual dislike. Driven by Kaukji’s military reputation to the fear that Hitler might place him rather than the Mufti in charge of the attempt to organize Arab resistance to the Allied in the Middle East, Haj Amin el-Husseini constantly whispered into the ears of German intelligence that Kaukji actually was a British spy!
Like the blue eyes and red hair el-Husseini, with his scarred face, his thick neck and his closely cropped red hair, el Kaukji bore a closer resemblance to a Prussian officer than to an Arab chief. However, although he likes to become a German general, his battles had ended in defeats: by the French in Syria, by the British in Palestine, and in Iraq (where he fought with Nazi help). But, if he could not be a German general he could at least be a German husband. An unqualified admirer of things German, his sentiment had been affirmed by marrying a German girl—his third wife—he met in Berlin during WWII.
El-Kaukji and his German wife were captured by the Red Army when the Third Reich collapsed. They were held by Russians until February 1947, when Stalin released them as a Soviet Union good gesture for Arabs. Returned to Middle East, Kaukji later appointed by Arab League as the commander of the Arab Liberation Army with one mission, to destroy the Jewish State. However, he never accomplished the mission. Defeating by Jewish fighters during the First Israeli-Arab War of 1948, Kaukji later retired and lived in private till his death in Beirut in 1977.
↑ 26 Jun 1941 - GERMANY INVADES RUSSIA - Trove. The Central Queensland Herald (Rockhampton, Qld. : 1930 - 1956) Thu 26 Jun 1941. Page 11.
↑
Alon, Mati, 'Holocaust and Redemption.' (Trafford, 2003). p. 207.
He, together with Fawzi Kaukji and Wasef Kamal, helped organize Muslim SS-units in the Balkan, which helped to liquidate Jews and partisans. Husseini furnished Arab volunteers for the Waffen-SS and personally intervened with high Nazi officials, to assure the extermination of thousands of Jewish children./blockquote></span> </li>

↑ Leslie Stein, "The Making of Modern Israel: 1948-1967," (John Wiley & Sons, 2013), p. 110.
By June 6, the Israelis had been outclassed by a joint force of Syrians, Lebanese, and the mainly foreign volunteer Arab Liberation Army (ALA) led by Fawzi al-Qawuqji, a Lebanese-born Arab with pro-Nazi sympathies who had been in Germany during World War Two.

↑ Emmanuel Navon, "The Star and the Scepter: A Diplomatic History of Israel." (U of Nebraska Press, 2020), p. 131.
In September 1947, the Arab League established an Arab Liberation Army. It was led by Fawzi al-Qawuqji, who had been in charge of broadcasting Nazi propaganda in the Arab world during Second World War. Al-Husseini's chief bomb-maker, Fawzi al-Kutub, had learned bomb construction in an SS course in Nazi Germany.

↑ Pappe, I., " Atzulat Haaretz...", (Bialik, 2002), pp. 340-1
↑
The Sydney Jewish News, 2 May 1947

The Arab Killer - Nazi and the General.
By Our Special Correspondent SOLOMON ITZHAKI (Jerusalem)
A few days after General Barker's departure from Palestine, there was a new ! guest at the Lydda airfield darned Fawzi Kawkadji..
His activities during the war years are well known, he was the aide-de-camp of the ex-Mufti of Jerusalem, he went to Yugoslavia and Bulgaria to mobilize Moslem citizens of these countries against Russia and Great Britain, he spoke tens of times on the Nazi radio calling the Arab world to rise up against "British Imperialism and Bolshevist [sic] Judaism”; he became a bemedalled SS-man and got even a Nazi wife. What’s going on behind that international story the hero of which is Fawzi Kawkadji?
Whom will he serve at present? The Russians, the French, the British? In any case, with the arrival of Kawkadji in the neighbourhood of Palestine the list of the Arab leaders who, during the war, were engaged in hostile activities against the Allied Nations, has been completed... The British could easily arrest him. There is no doubt, that he IS one of the great war-criminals, but—the official communique of the Palestine Government naively stated today: “Fawzi Kawkadji regretfully escaped the vigilance of the Palestine Frontier Control...”

Australian Jewish News, 25 April 1947
↑ ^13.0 ^13.1 The Canadian Jewish Chronicle · ‎Jan 30, 1948, p.6. Fawzi El Kawkaji. Commander of the snipers. By C. Gershater.

... What the press prefers to overlook is Kawkaji's bloody record in Palestine and his activities in support of the Nazis during the war. They -prefer to cloak this leader of the "infuriated Arab masses" in mystery so that the public may not know him. [...] Quite a few of his lieutenants later found themselves in Nazi ranks... Coffee houses in the Arab villages are still full of stories about the extravagant life and the orgies in which Kawkaji's "troops" engaged at the expense of national funds and of moneys extorted from the people.
The outbreak of the war found Kawkaji in Iraq. There he took part in the Rashid Ali revolt, which was later suppressed by British troops. He fled to Germany and when the war was over he was captured by the Russians.

↑ Militanter Sturmvogel - DER SPIEGEL. 13.02.1948

↑ Richard Pollock, 'A Will to Survive' recalls Arab ethnic cleansing of Jerusalem's Jews, JNS, August 12, 2021.

A “Life” magazine photojournalist rekindles the 1948 Arab destruction of the city’s Jewish Quarter, along with the eviction of its residents.
I recently stumbled upon a photography book shot by the acclaimed Life magazine wartime photographer John Phillips. The large, innocuous-looking book was simply titled, A Will to Survive. After flipping through the pages, I realized I entered a time capsule that memorializes the Arab destruction of Jerusalem’s ancient Jewish Quarter in 1948.
Not only is it a dramatic firsthand account of the fall of the Jewish Quarter in 1948, but it documents the Arab Legion’s scorched-earth tactics that razed and burned to the ground every structure there, including all its synagogues and yeshivahs. The Arabs expelled all of the city’s residents, mainly defenseless, old Orthodox Jews. They were given about an hour to vacate homes that most extended families had lived in for centuries.
And there never has been a reckoning by any international body about the Arab Legion’s barbaric actions after it captured the Quarter. To get his shots in May 1948, Phillips posed undercover in Jerusalem as a British officer in the Arab Legion. He also smuggled out his photos to avoid Arab censors who were eager to keep the sacking of the Jewish Quarter secret.
Much Israeli history, including these atrocities, has been airbrushed out by Western media and political leaders. But since the Trump presidency, the status of Jerusalem has undergone a major historical revision.
In 2017, the Palestinians loudly claimed “ownership” of the eastern half of Jerusalem when President Donald Trump proposed to move the U.S. embassy from Tel Aviv to Jerusalem. The Palestinians asserted it’s their “capital.”
Lost in the frenzy was the fact that the ancient and sacred Jewish Quarter itself is in the eastern half of Jerusalem. It’s where the Western Wall, also known as the “Wailing Wall” or the Kotel, sits....
[Jerusalem Mayor Mordechai Weingarten is accompanied by Arab fighters at the end of May 1948 to sign surrender documents to the city, specifically to the Jewish Quarter, where generations of Jewish families had lived and were forced to evacuate. It would remain restricted to Jews until June 1967, as a result of the Six-Day War, May 1948. Courtesy: John Phillips, “Life” magazine, as reprinted in his book, “A Will to Survive.”]
The battle for the Old Quarter occurred in another month of May—from May 18-28, 1948. Philips recalled his time in the Old City then: “In the next eleven days, recording the destruction of the Jewish Quarter was to be my life.”
He served as one of Life magazine’s top photographers for 50 years. Britain’s National Portrait Gallery called him “the ‘Grandgodfather (sic) of photojournalism.’ ” Phillips faced personal danger to do the shoot. He entered the Middle East undercover and wore the uniform of the Arab Legion, a British-created Arab army led by British officers, many of whom stayed on with their units to fight the Jews. “Mistaking me for a British officer, the Arab populace left me alone,” he wrote.
He was appalled about the Arab censorship. “Aware that the sack of the Jewish Quarter would shock the western world, Arab authorities across the Middle East tried to prevent the news from leaking out. Jerusalem could not be mentioned under any circumstances,” he wrote.
“I knew my pictures of the agony of the Jewish Quarter would end up in a censor’s wastepaper basket. I did not want this to happen and decided to smuggle them out of the Middle East.”
Phillips first job was to meet the pro-Nazi Arab fanatic, Fawzi al-Qawuqji, the field commander of the so-called Arab Liberation Army—a separate, brutal volunteer force specifically created to battle the Jews.
During the Second World War, Fawzi lived in Nazi Germany alongside Haj Amin al-Husseini, the Grand Mufti of Jerusalem, and held the official rank of colonel in the Wehrmacht, the German army. The Nazis awarded Fawzi a chauffeured car and an apartment, along with other privileges. Impulsively, Fawzi invited Phillips to lunch. He wrote that he was offended by what he saw. “There was a brutishness about the way they roared with laughter and slapped their thighs in delight at the prospect of wallowing in Jewish blood,” he wrote. Afterwards, Philips ran into a Yugoslav mercenary who had witnessed their lunch meeting. “What rabble,” Phillips wrote, quoting the mercenary. “They have no idea what a real fighting outfit is like. I do. I was with the Waffen S.S.”
In fact, that soldier was not alone. The ranks of Arab Liberation Army included demobilized Nazi Wehrmacht Army soldiers, including the brutal SS, along with pro-Nazi mercenary forces from across Europe.
Phillips admired the Jewish defiance. “While the Old Quarter might well be indefensible, they would defend it. This was the Jerusalem that Jewish people around the world asked to return to in their prayers.” The pre-war atmospherics shocked Phillips, a veteran World War II photographer. “Weapons were peddled on Arab street corners as they were Jaffa oranges. British deserters, German S.S., Polish and Yugoslav mercenaries hired by the Arabs performed acts of sabotage.”
After the Jews fled, Phillips walked back to witness wild Arab looting and arson. “Arab civilians … had come leaping over the rooftops like a swarm of locusts to loot. In their frenzied path fires sprang up. Black smoke billowed out of windows, while bright yellow flames licked wooden balconies. The entire quarter was now afire. The smell of burning mingled with the stench of death.”
Phillips continued to follow the fires. “Outside the Jewish Quarter burned like a pyre. On May 29 the Jewish Quarter was charred and a burned-out shell. Down Beit El a proud Moslem led the way, followed by his barefoot wife carrying three wooden containers of Sephardic scrolls from a nearby synagogue.”
Thirty years later, in 1976, Phillips published Survive. Many of his photos were unveiled at Jerusalem’s Israel Museum. Former Israeli Prime Minister Golda Meir wrote a short introduction to the book. With the help of then-Jerusalem Mayor Teddy Kollek, he was able to meet with 51 of the survivors he had photographed. What Phillips said affected him was the Jews’ complete lack of self-pity. “What struck me most while talking to these people, from the Chief Rabbi of Haifa to a Jerusalem housekeeper, was that none indulged in self-pity.”
Today’s Jews still don’t seek pity, but they should demand justice. The sacredness of the Old Jewish Quarter and its brutal destruction by the Arabs need to be widely republicized. There needs to be an international historical reckoning of their 1948 ethnic cleansing. Most importantly, the Jewish community must stand up for historical truths and strongly denounce the Palestinians’ baseless claims for the eastern part of the city.

↑ Jonathan Bloomfield, J. Palestine. United States: AuthorHouse, 2010, p.81.
Fawzi al-Qawuqji, the commander of the Arab Liberation Army stated in July, 1947 that the battle between the Jews and the Arabs was total ... and the only possibility was the 'extermination of every Jew in Palestine and in every Arab country.'

↑ Eitan, R., Pfeffer, A. (2022). Capturing Eichmann: The Memoirs of a Mossad Spymaster. United Kingdom: Greenhill Books, ch.4

↑ Miscellaneous Publications. (1948). United States: The Agency, p.49.
... These exemplary words were spoken on March 5. Yet on that day of March 5, according to British official sources, the notorious protege of Adolf Hitler, Fawzi al-Kawukji, entered Palestine with his headquarter troops to assume command of the so-called Yarmuk formation. He was acting in conformity with the...

↑ The Palestine Post⁩, 6 October 1948⁩. [2].

NARGHILEH NEWS.
The Arab armies are now strong enough to defeat the Jews and push them into the sea, Fawzi Kaukji stated on his arrival in Cairo, on Monday, Cairo Radio reported. The commander of the irregulars in Palestine said that they were only waiting for orders from the High Commandment which, he said, should be liquidated forthwith.

↑ [3] Daily News from New York, New York on April 6, 1948], Syrian Leader Blasts Jews With French 75s. By Robert Conway. Staff Correspondent. Jerusalem, April 5.
Fawzi Bey el Kaukji, field commander of Syrian troops in Palestine, today blasted the Jewish colony of Mishmar Haemek ....his initial big scale action "to drive the Jews into the sea."

↑ The bitter, bloody struggle for the City of Peace. By David Schoenbrun. The New York Times. May 14, 1972.

↑ Davar⁩ - ⁨דבר⁩⁩ 30 November 1951. Nazi plots - in the Middle East. German statesmen are touring the Islamic countries. - Von Papen's near and "distant" past. - The Nazi Center in Cairo. - German agents and experts in Arab countries. - German penetration into markets in Islamic countries...

Papen met with King Farouk's associates. The former Jerusalem Mufti, Haj Amin Husseini and the Arab professor Salim Idris, are the link between the Nazi center in Cairo and the court of Farouk and the Arab League.
Nazi agents and former German generals sit in all the capitals of Arab countries. With tight contact renewed their actions the Arab "General" Kawkaji, who in recent days has visited Latin America and the Nazi "colonies" in those countries, and other Arab personalities, from former Hitler's associates ...

</ol>

"The Mufti.. concocted a new kind of antisemitism that combined traditional Muslim antisemitism, like the anti-Jewish verses you find in the Koran, with the Nazi antisemitism that demonised Jews... His whole ideology was antisemitic and from the very beginning he targeted Jews, not Zionists."

The difference between lies and reality is sometimes just a color on a map

W. Ormsby-Gore as he was preparing the royal commission report, "Though I knew there was ill-feeling between Jews and Arabs, I had not realized the depth and intensity of the hatred with which the Jews are held by the Arabs..."

"It is not Israel's settlement blocks but rather the Palestinian ideological blockade that constitutes the biggest barrier to peaceful arrangements . The Jew-hatred in this region must no longer be played down as a kind of local custom ..."

The only tweet (July 2014) on the Twitter account of the late American Elan Ganeles - murdered by Arab-Islamist "Palestinian" on Feb 27, 2023 hy"d: "I think you're always going to have tension in the Middle East, when there's [are] people who want to kill Jews, and the Jews don't want to be killed, and neither side is willing to compromise."

[1] Primus in Armis: An Illustrated History of The Royal Wiltshire Yeomanry. (2020). New Zealand: Fonthill Media. Ch. 5 "Mobilisation And The Middle Eastern Adventure." [1]. "Infamous 'Arab Nazi' Fawzi-al-Qawukji."

[qawuqji-in1936-2] M. M. Silver, "The History of Galilee, 1538–1949: Mysticism, Modernization, and War," (Rowman & Littlefield, 2022), p. 296.
In 1936, months after Hitler's Nuremberg Laws stripped Jews in Nazi domains of citizenship rights, and branded them as genetic undesirables, Qawuqji was not squeamish about baiting Jews as spineless cowards and opportunists.

[3] The Daily News (Perth, WA: 1882 - 1955) Tue 15 Dec 1936. Page 5.

Arab Rebel Stirs Up Strife In Baghdad.
LONDON, Monday. Fawzi Eddin el Kawakji, guerilla leader in the recent Palestine disturbances, who escaped into Iraq, spends his time at Baghdad making inflammatory anti-British speeches.
According to the correspondent of the 'Daily Telegraph' Fawzi is seeking to form an army to 'drive the British into the sea.' Fawzi describes his battles in Palestine and claims that he has slain hundreds of British soldiers. 'What I have done is merely the first effort to show what the Arabs can do,' he says. However foolish these fulminations. it is a fact that many notables are
supporting Fawzi's demonstrations, while hundreds of Iraqis believe that he defeated the British Army last summer.

[4] Parsons, L. The Commander: Fawzi al-Qawuqji and the Fight for Arab Independence 1914–1948, ch. 4. United Kingdom: Saqi Books, 2017.

[5] Davar - דבר, 5 January 1947. [פאוזי כאן -- פאוזי שם...] "Fawzi here - Fawzi there..."

[derfreiwilligen-6] 6.0 ^6.1 Der Freiwillige: Fawzi el-Kaukji. By Nino Oktorino. Sep 3, 2009.

When the British put down the Arab rebellion, both Kaukji and the Mufti fled to Iraq. Both of them later involved in Rashid Ali al-Gaylani attempt to thrown British influence in Iraq on 1941. Served as an Iraqi captain, Kaukji, equipped with arms and money, got an order to foment a support for Rashid Ali regime in northern Iraq. Instead of promoting an uprising, the Mufti’s aides later claimed, “he swallowed up the arms, the money, and the rebellion.”
During a retreat to Syria after the fall of Rashid Ali government, a British plane strafed, and almost killed Kaukji. He went to Germany to recuperate.
After his health was restored, he was sent to Greece, to help build up the "Deutsch-Arabische-Lehrabteilung" under the supervision of General Helmuth Felmy. There, in capacity as a head of propaganda in Athens, he also helped stir up the Arab world against the British. He got a colonel rank in German army.
During his stay in Berlin, the rivalry of Kaukji and the Mufti of Jerusalem continued. The relations between them were cool and soon deteriorated to a deep mutual dislike. Driven by Kaukji’s military reputation to the fear that Hitler might place him rather than the Mufti in charge of the attempt to organize Arab resistance to the Allied in the Middle East, Haj Amin el-Husseini constantly whispered into the ears of German intelligence that Kaukji actually was a British spy!
Like the blue eyes and red hair el-Husseini, with his scarred face, his thick neck and his closely cropped red hair, el Kaukji bore a closer resemblance to a Prussian officer than to an Arab chief. However, although he likes to become a German general, his battles had ended in defeats: by the French in Syria, by the British in Palestine, and in Iraq (where he fought with Nazi help). But, if he could not be a German general he could at least be a German husband. An unqualified admirer of things German, his sentiment had been affirmed by marrying a German girl—his third wife—he met in Berlin during WWII.
El-Kaukji and his German wife were captured by the Red Army when the Third Reich collapsed. They were held by Russians until February 1947, when Stalin released them as a Soviet Union good gesture for Arabs. Returned to Middle East, Kaukji later appointed by Arab League as the commander of the Arab Liberation Army with one mission, to destroy the Jewish State. However, he never accomplished the mission. Defeating by Jewish fighters during the First Israeli-Arab War of 1948, Kaukji later retired and lived in private till his death in Beirut in 1977.

[7] 26 Jun 1941 - GERMANY INVADES RUSSIA - Trove. The Central Queensland Herald (Rockhampton, Qld. : 1930 - 1956) Thu 26 Jun 1941. Page 11.

[8] Alon, Mati, 'Holocaust and Redemption.' (Trafford, 2003). p. 207.

He, together with Fawzi Kaukji and Wasef Kamal, helped organize Muslim SS-units in the Balkan, which helped to liquidate Jews and partisans. Husseini furnished Arab volunteers for the Waffen-SS and personally intervened with high Nazi officials, to assure the extermination of thousands of Jewish children./blockquote></span> </li>

↑ Leslie Stein, "The Making of Modern Israel: 1948-1967," (John Wiley & Sons, 2013), p. 110.
By June 6, the Israelis had been outclassed by a joint force of Syrians, Lebanese, and the mainly foreign volunteer Arab Liberation Army (ALA) led by Fawzi al-Qawuqji, a Lebanese-born Arab with pro-Nazi sympathies who had been in Germany during World War Two.

↑ Emmanuel Navon, "The Star and the Scepter: A Diplomatic History of Israel." (U of Nebraska Press, 2020), p. 131.
In September 1947, the Arab League established an Arab Liberation Army. It was led by Fawzi al-Qawuqji, who had been in charge of broadcasting Nazi propaganda in the Arab world during Second World War. Al-Husseini's chief bomb-maker, Fawzi al-Kutub, had learned bomb construction in an SS course in Nazi Germany.

↑ Pappe, I., " Atzulat Haaretz...", (Bialik, 2002), pp. 340-1

↑ The Sydney Jewish News, 2 May 1947

The Arab Killer - Nazi and the General.
By Our Special Correspondent SOLOMON ITZHAKI (Jerusalem)
A few days after General Barker's departure from Palestine, there was a new ! guest at the Lydda airfield darned Fawzi Kawkadji..
His activities during the war years are well known, he was the aide-de-camp of the ex-Mufti of Jerusalem, he went to Yugoslavia and Bulgaria to mobilize Moslem citizens of these countries against Russia and Great Britain, he spoke tens of times on the Nazi radio calling the Arab world to rise up against "British Imperialism and Bolshevist [sic] Judaism”; he became a bemedalled SS-man and got even a Nazi wife. What’s going on behind that international story the hero of which is Fawzi Kawkadji?
Whom will he serve at present? The Russians, the French, the British? In any case, with the arrival of Kawkadji in the neighbourhood of Palestine the list of the Arab leaders who, during the war, were engaged in hostile activities against the Allied Nations, has been completed... The British could easily arrest him. There is no doubt, that he IS one of the great war-criminals, but—the official communique of the Palestine Government naively stated today: “Fawzi Kawkadji regretfully escaped the vigilance of the Palestine Frontier Control...”

Australian Jewish News, 25 April 1947

↑ ^13.0 ^13.1 The Canadian Jewish Chronicle · ‎Jan 30, 1948, p.6. Fawzi El Kawkaji. Commander of the snipers. By C. Gershater.

... What the press prefers to overlook is Kawkaji's bloody record in Palestine and his activities in support of the Nazis during the war. They -prefer to cloak this leader of the "infuriated Arab masses" in mystery so that the public may not know him. [...] Quite a few of his lieutenants later found themselves in Nazi ranks... Coffee houses in the Arab villages are still full of stories about the extravagant life and the orgies in which Kawkaji's "troops" engaged at the expense of national funds and of moneys extorted from the people.
The outbreak of the war found Kawkaji in Iraq. There he took part in the Rashid Ali revolt, which was later suppressed by British troops. He fled to Germany and when the war was over he was captured by the Russians.

↑ Militanter Sturmvogel - DER SPIEGEL. 13.02.1948

↑ Richard Pollock, 'A Will to Survive' recalls Arab ethnic cleansing of Jerusalem's Jews, JNS, August 12, 2021.

A “Life” magazine photojournalist rekindles the 1948 Arab destruction of the city’s Jewish Quarter, along with the eviction of its residents.
I recently stumbled upon a photography book shot by the acclaimed Life magazine wartime photographer John Phillips. The large, innocuous-looking book was simply titled, A Will to Survive. After flipping through the pages, I realized I entered a time capsule that memorializes the Arab destruction of Jerusalem’s ancient Jewish Quarter in 1948.
Not only is it a dramatic firsthand account of the fall of the Jewish Quarter in 1948, but it documents the Arab Legion’s scorched-earth tactics that razed and burned to the ground every structure there, including all its synagogues and yeshivahs. The Arabs expelled all of the city’s residents, mainly defenseless, old Orthodox Jews. They were given about an hour to vacate homes that most extended families had lived in for centuries.
And there never has been a reckoning by any international body about the Arab Legion’s barbaric actions after it captured the Quarter. To get his shots in May 1948, Phillips posed undercover in Jerusalem as a British officer in the Arab Legion. He also smuggled out his photos to avoid Arab censors who were eager to keep the sacking of the Jewish Quarter secret.
Much Israeli history, including these atrocities, has been airbrushed out by Western media and political leaders. But since the Trump presidency, the status of Jerusalem has undergone a major historical revision.
In 2017, the Palestinians loudly claimed “ownership” of the eastern half of Jerusalem when President Donald Trump proposed to move the U.S. embassy from Tel Aviv to Jerusalem. The Palestinians asserted it’s their “capital.”
Lost in the frenzy was the fact that the ancient and sacred Jewish Quarter itself is in the eastern half of Jerusalem. It’s where the Western Wall, also known as the “Wailing Wall” or the Kotel, sits....
[Jerusalem Mayor Mordechai Weingarten is accompanied by Arab fighters at the end of May 1948 to sign surrender documents to the city, specifically to the Jewish Quarter, where generations of Jewish families had lived and were forced to evacuate. It would remain restricted to Jews until June 1967, as a result of the Six-Day War, May 1948. Courtesy: John Phillips, “Life” magazine, as reprinted in his book, “A Will to Survive.”]
The battle for the Old Quarter occurred in another month of May—from May 18-28, 1948. Philips recalled his time in the Old City then: “In the next eleven days, recording the destruction of the Jewish Quarter was to be my life.”
He served as one of Life magazine’s top photographers for 50 years. Britain’s National Portrait Gallery called him “the ‘Grandgodfather (sic) of photojournalism.’ ” Phillips faced personal danger to do the shoot. He entered the Middle East undercover and wore the uniform of the Arab Legion, a British-created Arab army led by British officers, many of whom stayed on with their units to fight the Jews. “Mistaking me for a British officer, the Arab populace left me alone,” he wrote.
He was appalled about the Arab censorship. “Aware that the sack of the Jewish Quarter would shock the western world, Arab authorities across the Middle East tried to prevent the news from leaking out. Jerusalem could not be mentioned under any circumstances,” he wrote.
“I knew my pictures of the agony of the Jewish Quarter would end up in a censor’s wastepaper basket. I did not want this to happen and decided to smuggle them out of the Middle East.”
Phillips first job was to meet the pro-Nazi Arab fanatic, Fawzi al-Qawuqji, the field commander of the so-called Arab Liberation Army—a separate, brutal volunteer force specifically created to battle the Jews.
During the Second World War, Fawzi lived in Nazi Germany alongside Haj Amin al-Husseini, the Grand Mufti of Jerusalem, and held the official rank of colonel in the Wehrmacht, the German army. The Nazis awarded Fawzi a chauffeured car and an apartment, along with other privileges. Impulsively, Fawzi invited Phillips to lunch. He wrote that he was offended by what he saw. “There was a brutishness about the way they roared with laughter and slapped their thighs in delight at the prospect of wallowing in Jewish blood,” he wrote. Afterwards, Philips ran into a Yugoslav mercenary who had witnessed their lunch meeting. “What rabble,” Phillips wrote, quoting the mercenary. “They have no idea what a real fighting outfit is like. I do. I was with the Waffen S.S.”
In fact, that soldier was not alone. The ranks of Arab Liberation Army included demobilized Nazi Wehrmacht Army soldiers, including the brutal SS, along with pro-Nazi mercenary forces from across Europe.
Phillips admired the Jewish defiance. “While the Old Quarter might well be indefensible, they would defend it. This was the Jerusalem that Jewish people around the world asked to return to in their prayers.” The pre-war atmospherics shocked Phillips, a veteran World War II photographer. “Weapons were peddled on Arab street corners as they were Jaffa oranges. British deserters, German S.S., Polish and Yugoslav mercenaries hired by the Arabs performed acts of sabotage.”
After the Jews fled, Phillips walked back to witness wild Arab looting and arson. “Arab civilians … had come leaping over the rooftops like a swarm of locusts to loot. In their frenzied path fires sprang up. Black smoke billowed out of windows, while bright yellow flames licked wooden balconies. The entire quarter was now afire. The smell of burning mingled with the stench of death.”
Phillips continued to follow the fires. “Outside the Jewish Quarter burned like a pyre. On May 29 the Jewish Quarter was charred and a burned-out shell. Down Beit El a proud Moslem led the way, followed by his barefoot wife carrying three wooden containers of Sephardic scrolls from a nearby synagogue.”
Thirty years later, in 1976, Phillips published Survive. Many of his photos were unveiled at Jerusalem’s Israel Museum. Former Israeli Prime Minister Golda Meir wrote a short introduction to the book. With the help of then-Jerusalem Mayor Teddy Kollek, he was able to meet with 51 of the survivors he had photographed. What Phillips said affected him was the Jews’ complete lack of self-pity. “What struck me most while talking to these people, from the Chief Rabbi of Haifa to a Jerusalem housekeeper, was that none indulged in self-pity.”
Today’s Jews still don’t seek pity, but they should demand justice. The sacredness of the Old Jewish Quarter and its brutal destruction by the Arabs need to be widely republicized. There needs to be an international historical reckoning of their 1948 ethnic cleansing. Most importantly, the Jewish community must stand up for historical truths and strongly denounce the Palestinians’ baseless claims for the eastern part of the city.

↑ Jonathan Bloomfield, J. Palestine. United States: AuthorHouse, 2010, p.81.
Fawzi al-Qawuqji, the commander of the Arab Liberation Army stated in July, 1947 that the battle between the Jews and the Arabs was total ... and the only possibility was the 'extermination of every Jew in Palestine and in every Arab country.'

↑ Eitan, R., Pfeffer, A. (2022). Capturing Eichmann: The Memoirs of a Mossad Spymaster. United Kingdom: Greenhill Books, ch.4

↑ Miscellaneous Publications. (1948). United States: The Agency, p.49.
... These exemplary words were spoken on March 5. Yet on that day of March 5, according to British official sources, the notorious protege of Adolf Hitler, Fawzi al-Kawukji, entered Palestine with his headquarter troops to assume command of the so-called Yarmuk formation. He was acting in conformity with the...

↑ The Palestine Post⁩, 6 October 1948⁩. [2].

NARGHILEH NEWS.
The Arab armies are now strong enough to defeat the Jews and push them into the sea, Fawzi Kaukji stated on his arrival in Cairo, on Monday, Cairo Radio reported. The commander of the irregulars in Palestine said that they were only waiting for orders from the High Commandment which, he said, should be liquidated forthwith.

↑ [3] Daily News from New York, New York on April 6, 1948], Syrian Leader Blasts Jews With French 75s. By Robert Conway. Staff Correspondent. Jerusalem, April 5.
Fawzi Bey el Kaukji, field commander of Syrian troops in Palestine, today blasted the Jewish colony of Mishmar Haemek ....his initial big scale action "to drive the Jews into the sea."

↑ The bitter, bloody struggle for the City of Peace. By David Schoenbrun. The New York Times. May 14, 1972.

↑ Davar⁩ - ⁨דבר⁩⁩ 30 November 1951. Nazi plots - in the Middle East. German statesmen are touring the Islamic countries. - Von Papen's near and "distant" past. - The Nazi Center in Cairo. - German agents and experts in Arab countries. - German penetration into markets in Islamic countries...

Papen met with King Farouk's associates. The former Jerusalem Mufti, Haj Amin Husseini and the Arab professor Salim Idris, are the link between the Nazi center in Cairo and the court of Farouk and the Arab League.
Nazi agents and former German generals sit in all the capitals of Arab countries. With tight contact renewed their actions the Arab "General" Kawkaji, who in recent days has visited Latin America and the Nazi "colonies" in those countries, and other Arab personalities, from former Hitler's associates ...

</ol>

[9] Leslie Stein, "The Making of Modern Israel: 1948-1967," (John Wiley & Sons, 2013), p. 110.
By June 6, the Israelis had been outclassed by a joint force of Syrians, Lebanese, and the mainly foreign volunteer Arab Liberation Army (ALA) led by Fawzi al-Qawuqji, a Lebanese-born Arab with pro-Nazi sympathies who had been in Germany during World War Two.

[navon-2020-10] Emmanuel Navon, "The Star and the Scepter: A Diplomatic History of Israel." (U of Nebraska Press, 2020), p. 131.
In September 1947, the Arab League established an Arab Liberation Army. It was led by Fawzi al-Qawuqji, who had been in charge of broadcasting Nazi propaganda in the Arab world during Second World War. Al-Husseini's chief bomb-maker, Fawzi al-Kutub, had learned bomb construction in an SS course in Nazi Germany.

[qawuqji-naziterminology-11] Pappe, I., " Atzulat Haaretz...", (Bialik, 2002), pp. 340-1

[qawuqji-arrives-12] The Sydney Jewish News, 2 May 1947

The Arab Killer - Nazi and the General.
By Our Special Correspondent SOLOMON ITZHAKI (Jerusalem)
A few days after General Barker's departure from Palestine, there was a new ! guest at the Lydda airfield darned Fawzi Kawkadji..
His activities during the war years are well known, he was the aide-de-camp of the ex-Mufti of Jerusalem, he went to Yugoslavia and Bulgaria to mobilize Moslem citizens of these countries against Russia and Great Britain, he spoke tens of times on the Nazi radio calling the Arab world to rise up against "British Imperialism and Bolshevist [sic] Judaism”; he became a bemedalled SS-man and got even a Nazi wife. What’s going on behind that international story the hero of which is Fawzi Kawkadji?
Whom will he serve at present? The Russians, the French, the British? In any case, with the arrival of Kawkadji in the neighbourhood of Palestine the list of the Arab leaders who, during the war, were engaged in hostile activities against the Allied Nations, has been completed... The British could easily arrest him. There is no doubt, that he IS one of the great war-criminals, but—the official communique of the Palestine Government naively stated today: “Fawzi Kawkadji regretfully escaped the vigilance of the Palestine Frontier Control...”

Australian Jewish News, 25 April 1947

[13] Australian Jewish News, 25 April 1947

[cjc-13] 13.0 ^13.1 The Canadian Jewish Chronicle · ‎Jan 30, 1948, p.6. Fawzi El Kawkaji. Commander of the snipers. By C. Gershater.

... What the press prefers to overlook is Kawkaji's bloody record in Palestine and his activities in support of the Nazis during the war. They -prefer to cloak this leader of the "infuriated Arab masses" in mystery so that the public may not know him. [...] Quite a few of his lieutenants later found themselves in Nazi ranks... Coffee houses in the Arab villages are still full of stories about the extravagant life and the orgies in which Kawkaji's "troops" engaged at the expense of national funds and of moneys extorted from the people.
The outbreak of the war found Kawkaji in Iraq. There he took part in the Rashid Ali revolt, which was later suppressed by British troops. He fled to Germany and when the war was over he was captured by the Russians.

[14] Militanter Sturmvogel - DER SPIEGEL. 13.02.1948

[ethniccleansing-1948-15] Richard Pollock, 'A Will to Survive' recalls Arab ethnic cleansing of Jerusalem's Jews, JNS, August 12, 2021.

A “Life” magazine photojournalist rekindles the 1948 Arab destruction of the city’s Jewish Quarter, along with the eviction of its residents.
I recently stumbled upon a photography book shot by the acclaimed Life magazine wartime photographer John Phillips. The large, innocuous-looking book was simply titled, A Will to Survive. After flipping through the pages, I realized I entered a time capsule that memorializes the Arab destruction of Jerusalem’s ancient Jewish Quarter in 1948.
Not only is it a dramatic firsthand account of the fall of the Jewish Quarter in 1948, but it documents the Arab Legion’s scorched-earth tactics that razed and burned to the ground every structure there, including all its synagogues and yeshivahs. The Arabs expelled all of the city’s residents, mainly defenseless, old Orthodox Jews. They were given about an hour to vacate homes that most extended families had lived in for centuries.
And there never has been a reckoning by any international body about the Arab Legion’s barbaric actions after it captured the Quarter. To get his shots in May 1948, Phillips posed undercover in Jerusalem as a British officer in the Arab Legion. He also smuggled out his photos to avoid Arab censors who were eager to keep the sacking of the Jewish Quarter secret.
Much Israeli history, including these atrocities, has been airbrushed out by Western media and political leaders. But since the Trump presidency, the status of Jerusalem has undergone a major historical revision.
In 2017, the Palestinians loudly claimed “ownership” of the eastern half of Jerusalem when President Donald Trump proposed to move the U.S. embassy from Tel Aviv to Jerusalem. The Palestinians asserted it’s their “capital.”
Lost in the frenzy was the fact that the ancient and sacred Jewish Quarter itself is in the eastern half of Jerusalem. It’s where the Western Wall, also known as the “Wailing Wall” or the Kotel, sits....
[Jerusalem Mayor Mordechai Weingarten is accompanied by Arab fighters at the end of May 1948 to sign surrender documents to the city, specifically to the Jewish Quarter, where generations of Jewish families had lived and were forced to evacuate. It would remain restricted to Jews until June 1967, as a result of the Six-Day War, May 1948. Courtesy: John Phillips, “Life” magazine, as reprinted in his book, “A Will to Survive.”]
The battle for the Old Quarter occurred in another month of May—from May 18-28, 1948. Philips recalled his time in the Old City then: “In the next eleven days, recording the destruction of the Jewish Quarter was to be my life.”
He served as one of Life magazine’s top photographers for 50 years. Britain’s National Portrait Gallery called him “the ‘Grandgodfather (sic) of photojournalism.’ ” Phillips faced personal danger to do the shoot. He entered the Middle East undercover and wore the uniform of the Arab Legion, a British-created Arab army led by British officers, many of whom stayed on with their units to fight the Jews. “Mistaking me for a British officer, the Arab populace left me alone,” he wrote.
He was appalled about the Arab censorship. “Aware that the sack of the Jewish Quarter would shock the western world, Arab authorities across the Middle East tried to prevent the news from leaking out. Jerusalem could not be mentioned under any circumstances,” he wrote.
“I knew my pictures of the agony of the Jewish Quarter would end up in a censor’s wastepaper basket. I did not want this to happen and decided to smuggle them out of the Middle East.”
Phillips first job was to meet the pro-Nazi Arab fanatic, Fawzi al-Qawuqji, the field commander of the so-called Arab Liberation Army—a separate, brutal volunteer force specifically created to battle the Jews.
During the Second World War, Fawzi lived in Nazi Germany alongside Haj Amin al-Husseini, the Grand Mufti of Jerusalem, and held the official rank of colonel in the Wehrmacht, the German army. The Nazis awarded Fawzi a chauffeured car and an apartment, along with other privileges. Impulsively, Fawzi invited Phillips to lunch. He wrote that he was offended by what he saw. “There was a brutishness about the way they roared with laughter and slapped their thighs in delight at the prospect of wallowing in Jewish blood,” he wrote. Afterwards, Philips ran into a Yugoslav mercenary who had witnessed their lunch meeting. “What rabble,” Phillips wrote, quoting the mercenary. “They have no idea what a real fighting outfit is like. I do. I was with the Waffen S.S.”
In fact, that soldier was not alone. The ranks of Arab Liberation Army included demobilized Nazi Wehrmacht Army soldiers, including the brutal SS, along with pro-Nazi mercenary forces from across Europe.
Phillips admired the Jewish defiance. “While the Old Quarter might well be indefensible, they would defend it. This was the Jerusalem that Jewish people around the world asked to return to in their prayers.” The pre-war atmospherics shocked Phillips, a veteran World War II photographer. “Weapons were peddled on Arab street corners as they were Jaffa oranges. British deserters, German S.S., Polish and Yugoslav mercenaries hired by the Arabs performed acts of sabotage.”
After the Jews fled, Phillips walked back to witness wild Arab looting and arson. “Arab civilians … had come leaping over the rooftops like a swarm of locusts to loot. In their frenzied path fires sprang up. Black smoke billowed out of windows, while bright yellow flames licked wooden balconies. The entire quarter was now afire. The smell of burning mingled with the stench of death.”
Phillips continued to follow the fires. “Outside the Jewish Quarter burned like a pyre. On May 29 the Jewish Quarter was charred and a burned-out shell. Down Beit El a proud Moslem led the way, followed by his barefoot wife carrying three wooden containers of Sephardic scrolls from a nearby synagogue.”
Thirty years later, in 1976, Phillips published Survive. Many of his photos were unveiled at Jerusalem’s Israel Museum. Former Israeli Prime Minister Golda Meir wrote a short introduction to the book. With the help of then-Jerusalem Mayor Teddy Kollek, he was able to meet with 51 of the survivors he had photographed. What Phillips said affected him was the Jews’ complete lack of self-pity. “What struck me most while talking to these people, from the Chief Rabbi of Haifa to a Jerusalem housekeeper, was that none indulged in self-pity.”
Today’s Jews still don’t seek pity, but they should demand justice. The sacredness of the Old Jewish Quarter and its brutal destruction by the Arabs need to be widely republicized. There needs to be an international historical reckoning of their 1948 ethnic cleansing. Most importantly, the Jewish community must stand up for historical truths and strongly denounce the Palestinians’ baseless claims for the eastern part of the city.

[16] Jonathan Bloomfield, J. Palestine. United States: AuthorHouse, 2010, p.81.
Fawzi al-Qawuqji, the commander of the Arab Liberation Army stated in July, 1947 that the battle between the Jews and the Arabs was total ... and the only possibility was the 'extermination of every Jew in Palestine and in every Arab country.'

[17] Eitan, R., Pfeffer, A. (2022). Capturing Eichmann: The Memoirs of a Mossad Spymaster. United Kingdom: Greenhill Books, ch.4

[18] Miscellaneous Publications. (1948). United States: The Agency, p.49.
... These exemplary words were spoken on March 5. Yet on that day of March 5, according to British official sources, the notorious protege of Adolf Hitler, Fawzi al-Kawukji, entered Palestine with his headquarter troops to assume command of the so-called Yarmuk formation. He was acting in conformity with the...

[19] The Palestine Post⁩, 6 October 1948⁩. [2].

NARGHILEH NEWS.
The Arab armies are now strong enough to defeat the Jews and push them into the sea, Fawzi Kaukji stated on his arrival in Cairo, on Monday, Cairo Radio reported. The commander of the irregulars in Palestine said that they were only waiting for orders from the High Commandment which, he said, should be liquidated forthwith.

[20] [3] Daily News from New York, New York on April 6, 1948], Syrian Leader Blasts Jews With French 75s. By Robert Conway. Staff Correspondent. Jerusalem, April 5.
Fawzi Bey el Kaukji, field commander of Syrian troops in Palestine, today blasted the Jewish colony of Mishmar Haemek ....his initial big scale action "to drive the Jews into the sea."

[21] The bitter, bloody struggle for the City of Peace. By David Schoenbrun. The New York Times. May 14, 1972.

[22] Davar⁩ - ⁨דבר⁩⁩ 30 November 1951. Nazi plots - in the Middle East. German statesmen are touring the Islamic countries. - Von Papen's near and "distant" past. - The Nazi Center in Cairo. - German agents and experts in Arab countries. - German penetration into markets in Islamic countries...

Papen met with King Farouk's associates. The former Jerusalem Mufti, Haj Amin Husseini and the Arab professor Salim Idris, are the link between the Nazi center in Cairo and the court of Farouk and the Arab League.
Nazi agents and former German generals sit in all the capitals of Arab countries. With tight contact renewed their actions the Arab "General" Kawkaji, who in recent days has visited Latin America and the Nazi "colonies" in those countries, and other Arab personalities, from former Hitler's associates ...

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