The United Nations Security Council (UNSC) is an organization within the United Nations that has the job of keeping peace among member nations. One aspect of this group is that they have the authority to order member nations to do as the Council decides. Chapter VII of the United Nations Charter gives the UN a right to use military force against targeted nations, while also strictly limiting the circumstances in which this right can be invoked. This right has been exercised four times: the 1950-1953 Korean War,[1] the 1991 Gulf War, the 2001-2021 Afghan war and the 2011 Libyan color revolution.[2] Whether or not Chapter VII is invoked, these orders are known as the United Nations Security Council Resolutions.
There are fifteen members, five of which are permanent and the rest rotating in two-year terms. The permanent members are the United States, Russia, France, the United Kingdom and China. Any permanent member can veto any resolution even if it has the support of all fourteen other members of the Council. Accordingly, the UN was seen as weaker during the Cold War because the Soviet Union (original holder of Russia's permanent seat) and the United States could cancel each other's desired initiatives.
In the absence of a veto, a resolution passes with the support of nine members of the Council (a supermajority of 60%). In theory, this means that all permanent members could abstain from voting (which they do frequently, although not in a bloc) and a resolution could still pass.
The retention of the original permanent members of the Security Council has been a source of criticism of the UN. It leaves off rising powers like India and Brazil and ignores established, influential global citizens like Germany and Japan. While the United States has supported the addition of some of these countries as permanent members, the votes in the General Assembly required to amend the Charter have never been found for such addition.
The effectiveness of the Security Council has been criticized because there are no penalties for violating their resolutions (such as in Darfur).
Sanctions
Under Chapter VII of the UN Charter, the United Nations Security Council is the only legal body in the world authorized by international law to impose multilateral economic sanctions.[3] This stands in marked contrast to the neo-liberal Rules Based Order foreign policy of the United States, in which the US State Dept threatens and blackmails third party countries with economic sanctions who do not go along with US unilateral sanction regimes against its targeted enemies
For example, the final communique of the so-called "peace summit" for the Ukraine war held in Switzerland between June 15-16, 2024 attended by 80 nation states without the presence of the Russian delegation, clearly stated "The United Nations Charter, including the principles of respect for the territorial integrity and sovereignty of all states, can and will serve as a basis in achieving a comprehensive, just and lasting peace in Ukraine." Three times the communique referred to a peace agreement based upon "international law, including the United Nations Charter," leaving out any refence to the conference organizers' "Liberal world order" or "rules based order".[4]
2003 Iraq invasion
- See also: Iraq war
A threatened veto by Russia and France prevented the Security Council in 2003 from passing a second resolution ordering the use of force against Iraq. The United States proceeded with Operation Iraqi Freedom with a "coalition of the willing" to enforce previous Security Council resolutions.
See also
External links
- United Nations - Official site
Sites critical of the U.N.
References
- ↑ The Soviet Union, a permanent member, did not veto the resolution to send "U.N troops" to the Korean Peninsula to fight Soviet-backed North Korean forces.
- ↑ Permanent members Russia and China abstained and did not veto the Resolutions, hence the Resolutions passed.
- ↑ UNITED NATIONS SECURITY COUNCIL. Sanctions. un.org
- ↑ Summit on Peace in Ukraine: Joint Communiqué on a Peace Framework, Bürgenstock, Switzerland 16 June 2024. Federal Department of Foreign Affairs FDFA. eda.admin.ch