Freemasonry

Freemasonry is a fraternal organization, that is, an organisation for men, with a worldwide membership of around 3 million. Local branches are called 'lodges', and the members meet together and perform rituals teaching moral truths, similar to short plays, based on Biblical imagery mostly concerned with the building of Solomon's temple in Jerusalem.

Perhaps the best-known Freemasons are the Shriners, who raise funds for children's hospitals and other charities.

Membership dues can vary widely between jurisdictions and individual lodges. Meals are often eaten before or after meetings. Lodges also frequently raise money for charity.

Beliefs

The central tenets of Freemasonry are:

• Brotherly Love - the regard men have for each other;
• Relief - relieving the necessities and destitution a man sees around him (charity);
• Truth - being true to himself, his brother Masons, and others around him.

The most recognisable symbol of Freemasonry is the "Square and Compasses", which are used to teach respectively "square conduct towards others" and "keeping passions and prejudices within due bounds".

For most jurisdictions of Freemasonry there is a rule that the members must believe in a god or supreme being, who is sometime poetically called 'The Great Architect of the Universe'.

Contrary to popular belief, Freemasons are not taught to 'prefer' other Masons or to do them special favors.

Degrees

Standard Freemasonry, like many other fraternal societies, is divided into three degrees:

• the first is called Entered Apprentice,
• the second is Fellow Craft, and
• the third is Master Mason.

Progressing through the degrees traditionally involves memorization. After the third degree a Freemason may go on to other Masonic bodies such as the Ancient and Accepted Scottish Rite, and the York Rite.

History

There is little known for certain about the early beginnings of Freemasonry. Masonic legends claim various theories about its origins, including some considered far fetched and improbable. Certainly, lodges of 'operative' Freemasons (men who worked stone and built with it) were formed around the major religious and civil work places during the Middle Ages in Europe and the British Isles. These lodges were early societies or guilds for the craftsmen, and places where an apprentice could be taught. The lodges also instilled moral teaching. When a man moved to another site he took special symbols, signs, and handshakes that were recognisable to the senior masons and formed a means of recognition of his standing in the wider society of masons. Over time, non-masons learned of the moral teaching and social atmosphere of the lodge and were admitted as non-operative or 'speculative' masons. (However, some claim that it was founded by Pythagoras or Euclid, both ancient Greek geometers, which is supposed to explain Masonry's obsession with geometric symbolism.)

In 1717 four lodges met together at a public house (pub, or hotel) in London and formed the Grand Lodge of England, and this later chartered grand lodges in other countries.

Famous Freemasons

180px

Living/active Masons:

• HRH The Duke of Kent, Grand Master of the Grand Lodge of England since 1967, cousin of both Queen Elizabeth II and the Duke of Edinburgh, (1935-)
• Sam Hornish Jr, 2006 Indianapolis 500 champion, three-time Indy Racing League champion, (1979-)
• Major General Sir Michael Jeffrey, Governor-General of Australia, (1937-)
• Kermit W. Richardson, National Master (President) - National Grange
• John H. Glenn, Pilot, Astronaut and US Senator (1921-)

Historically well known Masons:

• Sir John J.C Abbott, Prime Minister of Canada (1821-1893)
• Sir Joseph Banks, naturalist, biologist, explorer (1744 - 1820)
• Frédéric A. Bartholdi, French sculptor best known for his figure Liberty Enlightening the World, aka the Statue of Liberty, (1834-1904)
• Robert Burns, Scottish nationalist, poet (1759 - 1796)
• Lord Randolph Churchill, British statesman (1849 - 1895)
• Sir Winston Churchill, British politician (1874 - 1965)
• Sir Arthur Conan Doyle, author (Sherlock Holmes)) (1859 - 1930)
• W.E.B. DuBois, Scholar and co-founder of the NAACP (1868-1963)
• Geoffrey Fisher, Archbishop of Canterbury (1887 - 1972)
• Sir Alexander Fleming, medical doctor (Penicillin) (1881 - 1955)
• Richard J. Gatling, engineer and inventor (1818-1903)
• Sir William S. Gilbert, poet/libretist (Gilbert and Sullivan) (1836 - 1911)
• Dr Edward Jenner, medical doctor (wound sterilisation) (1749 - 1823)
• Admiral Ernest J. King, Commander-in-Chief - US Fleet 1941, Chief of Naval Operations 1942-1945, (1878-1956)
• Rudyard Kipling, author (1865 - 1936)
• Charles A. Lindbergh, American aviator (1902-1974)
• General Douglas MacArthur, US Chief of Staff (1880-1964)
• Dr. Parker Paul McKenzie, Kiowa Indian, linguist, grammarian, educator (1897-1999)
• [Franz Anton Mesmer]], 'mesmerist' (hypnotist), psychologist (1734-1815)
• Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, musical composer ("The Magic Flute" is considered to contain many Masonic references) (1756-1791)
• LtGen Herman Nickerson, Jr, USMC, Commander of I-Corps theater of operations in Vietnam
• Admiral Robert E. Peary, polar explorer (1856-1920)
• Aleksandr Sergeyvich Pushkin, Russian poet and author (Boris Gudunov) (1799-1837)
• Sir Cecil Rhodes, African entrepreneur (1852 - 1903)
• Sir Walter Scott, British historical novelist and poet (1771 - 1832)
• Red Skelton, actor, comedian (1913-1997)
• Joseph Smith, founder - Mormon Church (1805-1844)
• Sir Arthur Sullivan, composer (Gilbert and Sullian) (1842 - 1900)
• Anthony Trollope, British novelist (1815 - 1882)
• Robert Pershing Wadlow, tallest man on record (1918-1940)
• Lieutenant General George Washington, US President (1732-1799)
• Field Marshal 1st Duke of Wellington (1769 - 1852)
• William Charles Wentworth, Australian explorer and editor of first newspaper in Australia (1790-1872)
• Darryl F. Zanuck, movie maker (1902-1979)

Women and Freemasonry

Women are accepted into the social events surrounding Freemasonry.

An organisation for women associated with Freemasonry is the Order of the Eastern Star, and Freemasons may attend their meetings.

Irregular Freemasonry including women

There are some branches that also accept women (Co-masonry) and a few exclusively for women. These are not considered 'regular' by Freemasons, and men can be expelled from their lodge if they are known to have attended meetings of these organisations.

External links

• The Philalethes Society
• Grand Lodge of England
• Masonry Catholic Encyclopedia.
• World Conference of Grand Masters
• Origin of Free Masonry Historical Documents: Thomas Paine