Changes

==World Peace==

==World Peace==

Addams was a major synthesizing figure in the domestic and international peace movements, serving as both a figurehead and leading theoretician; she was influenced especially by Russian novelist [[Leo Tolstoy]] and by the pragmatism of philosophers [[John Dewey]] and [[George Herbert Mead]].<ref> See Hamington (2007)</ref> She saw democracy, social justice and peace as mutually reinforcing; they all had to advance together to achieve any one.  Addams became an anti-war activist from 1899, as part of the anti-imperialist movement that followed the Spanish-American War.  Her book ''Newer Ideals of Peace'' (1907) reshaped the peace movement worldwide to include ideals of social justice.  She recruited social justice reformers like [[Alice Hamilton]], [[Lillian Wald]], [[Florence Kelley]], and [[Emily Balch]] to join her in the new international women's peace movement after 1914. Addams's work came to fruition after World War I, when major institutional bodies began to link peace with social justice and probe the underlying causes of war and conflict.  After 1915 Addams, who never married, centered her interests in the peace movement. She was a leader at the International Congress of Women at The Hague, Holland, in 1915 and presided at the first meeting of the Women's International League for Peace and Freedom (WILPF) in Zurich, Switzerland, in 1919, which she served as president.<ref> Alonzo (2003)</ref>  She damned war as a cataclysm that undermined human kindness, solidarity, civic friendship, and caused families across the world to struggle.  In turn her views were denounced by patriotic groups during World War I (1917-18). In one major speech she suggested that armies gave liquor to soldiers just before attacking, which brought a wave of ridicule on her. Even after the war the WILPF's program of peace and disarmament was characterized by opponents as radical, Communist-influenced, unpatriotic, and unfeminine. Young veterans in the American Legion, supported by some members of the Daughters of the American Revolution and the League of Women Voters, were ill prepared to confront the older, better-educated, more financially secure and nationally famous women of the WILPF. The Legion's efforts to portray the WILPF members as dangerously naive females resonated with working class audiences, but President [[Calvin Coolidge]] and the middle classes supported Addams and her WILPF efforts in the 1920s to prohibit [[poison gas]] and outlaw war.  After 1920, however, she was widely regarded as the greatest woman of the [[Progressive Era]].<ref> Allison. Sobek, "How Did the Women's International League for Peace and Freedom Campaign against Chemical Warfare, 1915-1930?" ''Women And Social Movements In The United States, 1600-2000'' 2001 5(0).</ref> In 1931 she won the Nobel Peace prize.<ref> Sklar (2003)</ref>

Addams was a major synthesizing figure in the domestic and international peace movements, serving as both a figurehead and leading theoretician; she was influenced especially by Russian novelist [[Leo Tolstoy]] and by the pragmatism of philosophers [[John Dewey]] and [[George Herbert Mead]].<ref> See Hamington (2007)</ref> She saw democracy, social justice and peace as mutually reinforcing; they all had to advance together to achieve any one.  Addams became an anti-war activist from 1899, as part of the anti-imperialist movement that followed the Spanish-American War.  Her book ''Newer Ideals of Peace'' (1907) reshaped the peace movement worldwide to include ideals of social justice.  She recruited social justice reformers like [[Alice Hamilton]], [[Lillian Wald]], [[Florence Kelley]], and [[Emily Balch]] to join her in the new international women's peace movement after 1914. Addams's work came to fruition after World War I, when major institutional bodies began to link peace with social justice and probe the underlying causes of war and conflict.  After 1915 Addams, who never married, centered her interests in the peace movement. She was a leader at the International Congress of Women at The Hague, Holland, in 1915 and presided at the first meeting of the Women's International League for Peace and Freedom (WILPF) in Zurich, Switzerland, in 1919, which she served as president.<ref> Alonzo (2003)</ref>  She damned war as a cataclysm that undermined human kindness, solidarity, civic friendship, and caused families across the world to struggle.  In turn her views were denounced by patriotic groups during World War I (1917-18). In one major speech she suggested that armies gave liquor to soldiers just before attacking, which brought a wave of ridicule on her. Even after the war the WILPF's program of peace and disarmament was characterized by opponents as radical, Communist-influenced, unpatriotic, and unfeminine. Young veterans in the American Legion, supported by some members of the Daughters of the American Revolution and the League of Women Voters, were ill prepared to confront the older, better-educated, more financially secure and nationally famous women of the WILPF. The Legion's efforts to portray the WILPF members as dangerously naive females resonated with working class audiences, but President [[Calvin Coolidge]] and the middle classes supported Addams and her WILPF efforts in the 1920s to prohibit [[poison gas]] and outlaw war.  After 1920, however, she was widely regarded as the greatest woman of the [[Progressive Era]].<ref> Allison. Sobek, "How Did the Women's International League for Peace and Freedom Campaign against Chemical Warfare, 1915-1930?" ''Women And Social Movements In The United States, 1600-2000'' 2001 5(0).</ref> In 1931 she shared the [[Nobel Peace Prize]] with Nicholas Murray Butler.<ref> Sklar (2003)</ref>

==Addams' ideals==

==Addams' ideals==

[[Category:Community leaders]]

[[Category:Community leaders]]

[[Category:Progressive Era]]

[[Category:Progressive Era]]