Dharma

Dharma (Sanskrit: धर्म, Pali: dhamma, Hindi: Dharm) is a word from a root meaning "to hold up, to carry, to bear, to sustain", with a great variety of meanings in the Dharmic religions of Hinduism, Buddhism, Jainism and Sikhism. It generally means a "duty", the opposite of nihilism.

Dharma in Buddhism

In Buddhism, Dharma is used to refer to the teachings (scripture as Sutra and Shastra (exegesis commentaries) of the Buddha (Sanskrit Buddhadharma). It has many shades of meaning, including ‘the spiritual path’, or ‘spirituality’ in general. It also refers to phenomena, meaning things and events. There are formally ten meanings of Dharma.

Ten Meanings of Dharma

There are ten meanings for the word Dharma according to the Buddhist monk Vasubandhu in his The Principles of Elucidation (Sanskrit Vyakhyayukti):

1. An object of knowledge (Sanskrit jñeya),
   
2. the path (marga),
   
3. Nirvana,
   
4. A mental object (manoviṣaya),
   
5. Merit,
   
6. Life (āyu),
   
7. Teachings of the Buddha, or its scriptures (dharmapravacana),
   
8. What is subject to age or change, i.e. material objects,
   
9. Rules, laws or religious vows, and
   
10. Spiritual traditions (dharmanīti).
    

All ten of these meansing are connected with the sense of ‘holding’, which is the meaning of dhṛ, the root of the word dharma.

The common English usage spelling of the word 'dharma' is to use uppercase when referring to Buddha's teachings, the path or the truth of cessation (meanings 2, 3 and 7 above).

Other Teachings

In Buddhism, followers adhere to these five principles of the dharma:

• Faith in the Three Jewels, which is Buddha, Dharma, and Sangha. Sangha is the community of ordained monks and nuns.

• The Five Precepts: don’t kill, don’t steal, don’t engage in sexual misconduct (rape or adultery), don’t lie, and don’t take intoxicants which cloud the mind.

• Listening: Only through listening can we understand good and evil.

• Giving: Engaging in charity and selflessness reminds us that the Dharma is not intended for us alone, but it is to be shared with everyone.

• Wisdom: One has to listen, contemplate and put into practice the Dharma. Then one may gain wisdom, and realize the truth.

Dharma in Hinduism

Dharma means faith, belief, religion, and personal law - all at the same time. Its most generic sense is that of righteousness or duty. It also refers to an ethical way of living; it is the path one should follow to live rightly in accordance with Hindu philosophical principles. The old name for Vedic Hinduism is Sanatan Dharm, meaning eternal law.

Rules for Brahmin Priests & Monks:

• Yamas: Restraints or Dont's
  1. Ahimsa - non-violence, non-injury, harmlessness
  2. Satya - truthfulness, honesty (non lying, non bragging, non embelishing)
  3. Asteya/Achurya - non-stealing, non-coveting, non-entering into debt, non-misappropriativeness
  4. Brahmacharya - restraint of senses(not giving into Pleasure)
  5. Kshama - forgiveness for the past, mercifull for historic sins, patience in the present
  6. Dhriti - steadfastness, overcoming non perserverance, fear, indecision; seeing each task through completion
  7. Daya - compassion; conquering callous, cruel and insensitive feelings toward all beings.
  8. Arjava - honesty, straightforwardness, renouncing deception and wrongdoing.
  9. Mitahara - moderate appetite, neither eating too much nor to little; nor consuming meat, fish, shellfish, fowl or eggs.
  10. Shaucha - purity, avoidance of impurity in body, mind and speech, cleanliness
  11. Aparigraha - non-possessiveness, non-greed, non-selfishness, non-acquisitiveness

• Niyamas: Duties & Responsibilities or Do's
  1. Hri - remorse for misdeeds
  2. Santosha - contentment; being satisfied with the resources at hand - therefore not desiring more; peacefulness
  3. Dana - giving, without thought of reward
  4. Astikya - Faith, believing firmly in the Guru, believing firmly in the path to enlightenment, believing firmly in the religious scriptures
  5. Ishvarapujana - worship of the Lord, the cultivation of devotion through daily worship and meditation, the return to the source
  6. Siddhanta shravana - scriptural listening, studying the teachings and listening to the wise of one's lineage
  7. Mati - cognition, developing a spiritual will and intellect with the Guru's guidance
  8. Vrata - sacred vows, fulfilling religious vows, rules and observances faithfully
  9. Japa - recitation, chanting Religious scriptutes daily
  10. Tapas - austerity, spiritual discipline
  11. Swadhyaya - introspective self-study, spiritual study
  12. Ishwarapranidhana - self-surrender to god, offering of one's life to God

See Also

• Five Precepts
• Buddha, Dharma, Sangha
• Refuge
• Bodhisattva - Buddha

• Hinduism: Upanishads and Vedas
• Yoga
• The Ten Commandments of Judaism and Christianity