Difference between revisions of "Central processing unit"
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Block Diagram of a simple CPU
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== Operation == | == Operation == | ||
The basic operation of a CPU is the "Fetch, Decode, Execute" cycle.<ref>[http://www.it.jcu.edu.au/Subjects/cp1300/resources/lectnotes/system/fde.html Fetch-Decode-Execute Cycle]</ref> The ''instruction fetcher'' fetches instructions from memory. The ''control logic'' decodes and executes the instruction. The ALU is used to perform arithmetic and logical operations such as adding a value in memory to a value in a register and storing the result in another register. On some CPUs, some instructions may require additional fetches from memory (e.g., to get or store operands). A program in memory is executed sequentially, with each instruction stored in a different memory location. The instruction pointer (IP) register keeps tracks of the current program position, and is updated (usually incremented) after each CPU cycle. | The basic operation of a CPU is the "Fetch, Decode, Execute" cycle.<ref>[http://www.it.jcu.edu.au/Subjects/cp1300/resources/lectnotes/system/fde.html Fetch-Decode-Execute Cycle]</ref> The ''instruction fetcher'' fetches instructions from memory. The ''control logic'' decodes and executes the instruction. The ALU is used to perform arithmetic and logical operations such as adding a value in memory to a value in a register and storing the result in another register. On some CPUs, some instructions may require additional fetches from memory (e.g., to get or store operands). A program in memory is executed sequentially, with each instruction stored in a different memory location. The instruction pointer (IP) register keeps tracks of the current program position, and is updated (usually incremented) after each CPU cycle. | ||
| + | |||
| + | ==Prescient Quotes on Police State Hardware Surveillance== | ||
| + | * "The progress of [[science]] in furnishing the [[big government|government]] with means of [[espionage]] is not likely to stop with [[wiretap]]ping. Ways may some day be developed by which the [[Police state|government]], without removing papers from [[hard disk|secret drawers]], can reproduce them in [[Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court|court]], and by which it will be enabled to expose to a [[jury]] the most intimate occurrences of the home. Advances in the [[computer science|psychic and related sciences]] may bring means of exploring unexpressed beliefs, thoughts and emotions. 'That places the [[liberty]] of every [[citizen|man]] in the hands of every [[tyrant|petty officer]]' was said by James Otis of much lesser [[tyranny|intrusions]] than these. 1 To Lord Camden a far slighter intrusion seemed '[[subversive]] of all the comforts of society.' Can it be that the [[Constitution]] affords no [[Right to Privacy|protection]] against such invasions of [[Fourth Amendment|individual security]]?" | ||
| + | ** [[Louis Brandeis]]''' (1856-1941), [[United States Supreme Court]] [[Associate Justice]] Dissenting, ''[[Olmstead v. United States]]'', 277 U.S. 438 (1928). | ||
| + | |||
| + | ==See Also== | ||
| + | * [[Duck Duck Go]] - [[Privacy]]-oriented [[Search engine]] | ||
| + | * [[Google]], [[Yahoo]] and [[Bing]] | ||
| + | ---- | ||
| + | * [[Censorship]] | ||
| + | * [[Tools of censorship]] | ||
| + | * [[Censorability]] | ||
| + | * [[Fairness Doctrine]] | ||
| + | * [[Liberal censorship]] | ||
| + | * [[Evolutionist censorship]] | ||
| + | * [[Media censorship]] | ||
| + | ---- | ||
| + | * The Perpetual [[War on Drugs]], [[War on Terror]] and the [[Police state]] | ||
| + | * [[Wikileaks]] and [[Julian Assange]] - [[Australia]]n [[leftist]] [[hacker]] | ||
| + | * [[Bradley Manning]] - [[Homosexual]] [[Hacker]] [[Traitor]] of [[State secret]]s | ||
| + | * [[Social media]]: Facebook, Twitter, [[Google Plus]], Youtube, [[Yahoo]] | ||
| + | * [[NSA]] and other [[Intelligence agency]] [[mass surveillance]]: [[PRISM]], [[Wiretap]] - [[Roving wiretap]] | ||
| + | * [[Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act]] of the [[Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court]] | ||
| + | * [[Police]], [[RICO]] and [[Asset forfeiture]] | ||
| + | * [[Mililtarization of police]]: [[SWAT]] and [[No-knock raid]]s | ||
| + | * [[Drug trafficking]] of the [[Drug cartel]]s, [[Gangs]], [[Drug dealer]]s, [[Hollywood values]] - [[Fashion industry values]] - [[Public school values]] - [[Professor values]] | ||
| + | * [[Big government]] [[ObamaCare]]-[[Common Core]]-[[Social Security]] [[Welfare state]] leads to [[Nanny state]], leads to [[Police state]]: [[Globalist]]-[[Statist]]-[[Socialist]]-[[National Socialist]]-[[Communist]] | ||
| + | * [[Liberal totalitarianism]] | ||
| + | |||
| + | |||
| + | '''Contrast with:''' | ||
| + | |||
| + | * [[Tails (operating system)]] ([[Linux]]-based) and [[Tor (anonymity network)]]-[[I2P]] [[Firefox]] [[browser]] [[HTTPS Everywhere]] [[encryption]] for [[Internet]] [[anonymity]] to protect [[unalienable rights|unalienable]] [[Fifth Amendment]] - [[Fourth Amendment]] [[Right to Privacy]] ([[Internet privacy]]) and [[Second Amendment]] - [[First Amendment]] rights against [[unconstitutional]] [[Gun control]] - [[Internet censorship]] [[Big government]] [[Police state]], [[hackers]], and "[[5 U.S.C. § 3331|all enemies, foreign and domestic]]" of [[American values|American]] [[liberty]]. | ||
| + | * [[Encryption]]: [[Cryptography]]-[[Cryptanalysis]]-[[Cryptology]]-[[Data encryption]]-[[Public-key encryption]]-[[Steganography]] | ||
| + | * [[Conservative values]] and [[Libertarian]] [[American values]] - [[Small town values]] of [[Limited government]] and [[liberty]] | ||
| + | * [[Electronic Frontier Foundation]] | ||
| + | * [[Prism-break.org]] - Opt out of global data [[surveillance]] programs like [[PRISM]], [[XKeyscore]] and [[Tempora]].<ref>"Help make [[mass surveillance]] of entire populations uneconomical! We all have an [[unalienable right]] to [[privacy]], which you can exercise today by [[encrypting]] your communications and ending your reliance on proprietary products and services."</ref> | ||
| + | * [[Open source]] [[Free software]] not [[Microsoft]]-[[Apple]]-[[Google]]-[[Android]] | ||
| + | * [[Duck Duck Go]] [[search engine]] instead of [[Google]], [[Yahoo]] and [[Bing]] | ||
| + | * [[Hologram of Liberty - The Constitution's Shocking Alliance With Big Government]] by [[Boston T. Party]] - [[Kenneth W. Royce]] | ||
| + | * [[One Nation, Under Surveillance - Privacy From the Watchful Eye]] by [[Boston T. Party]] | ||
| + | * [[Electronic Communications Privacy Act]] of 1986 | ||
| + | * [[Privacy Act of 1974]] | ||
| + | * [[Edward J. Snowden]] revelations of [[unconstitutional]] domestic spying on law-abiding [[American]] [[citizen]]s | ||
==References== | ==References== | ||
| − | + | {{reflist|2}} | |
| + | |||
== External links == | == External links == | ||
*[http://computer.howstuffworks.com/microprocessor.htm How Microprocessors Work] | *[http://computer.howstuffworks.com/microprocessor.htm How Microprocessors Work] | ||
Revision as of 08:28, December 7, 2014
A Central Processing Unit (CPU) is the main control mechanism of a computer, containing control logic, registers, and arithmetic logic unit (ALU) as well as a memory interface. Some CPUs implement additional functionality, but often other capabilities are provided through peripheral processors that handle such things as input/output (I/O), floating-point arithmetic, and vector processing. All computers contain at least one CPU, but some contemporary computers contain over 1,000.
The purpose of a CPU is to execute programs. Programs are a series of numeric values, where each value indicates a specific operation. Each value is referred to as an instruction, and has a corresponding mnemonic for programming convenience. These values are known as machine code. All of the instructions that can be executed by a CPU are collectively known as the CPU's instruction set. Different CPU models usually implement completely different instruction sets, so that programs written for one CPU will not execute on a different one. Writing programs in machine code is difficult, so programs called assemblers were written to translate mnemonics into machine code, thus increasing the speed of writing, and the reliability of, programs. Since the 1960s, most programs have been written using a Programming Language, which are even easier to use than an assembler.
A microprocessor is any processor implemented on a single integrated circuit, however most microprocessors are CPUs. The largest producer of microprocessors used in general-purpose computers is Intel.
Operation
The basic operation of a CPU is the "Fetch, Decode, Execute" cycle.[1] The instruction fetcher fetches instructions from memory. The control logic decodes and executes the instruction. The ALU is used to perform arithmetic and logical operations such as adding a value in memory to a value in a register and storing the result in another register. On some CPUs, some instructions may require additional fetches from memory (e.g., to get or store operands). A program in memory is executed sequentially, with each instruction stored in a different memory location. The instruction pointer (IP) register keeps tracks of the current program position, and is updated (usually incremented) after each CPU cycle.
Prescient Quotes on Police State Hardware Surveillance
- "The progress of science in furnishing the government with means of espionage is not likely to stop with wiretapping. Ways may some day be developed by which the government, without removing papers from secret drawers, can reproduce them in court, and by which it will be enabled to expose to a jury the most intimate occurrences of the home. Advances in the psychic and related sciences may bring means of exploring unexpressed beliefs, thoughts and emotions. 'That places the liberty of every man in the hands of every petty officer' was said by James Otis of much lesser intrusions than these. 1 To Lord Camden a far slighter intrusion seemed 'subversive of all the comforts of society.' Can it be that the Constitution affords no protection against such invasions of individual security?"
- Louis Brandeis (1856-1941), United States Supreme Court Associate Justice Dissenting, Olmstead v. United States, 277 U.S. 438 (1928).
See Also
- Duck Duck Go - Privacy-oriented Search engine
- Google, Yahoo and Bing
- Censorship
- Tools of censorship
- Censorability
- Fairness Doctrine
- Liberal censorship
- Evolutionist censorship
- Media censorship
- The Perpetual War on Drugs, War on Terror and the Police state
- Wikileaks and Julian Assange - Australian leftist hacker
- Bradley Manning - Homosexual Hacker Traitor of State secrets
- Social media: Facebook, Twitter, Google Plus, Youtube, Yahoo
- NSA and other Intelligence agency mass surveillance: PRISM, Wiretap - Roving wiretap
- Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act of the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court
- Police, RICO and Asset forfeiture
- Mililtarization of police: SWAT and No-knock raids
- Drug trafficking of the Drug cartels, Gangs, Drug dealers, Hollywood values - Fashion industry values - Public school values - Professor values
- Big government ObamaCare-Common Core-Social Security Welfare state leads to Nanny state, leads to Police state: Globalist-Statist-Socialist-National Socialist-Communist
- Liberal totalitarianism
Contrast with:
- Tails (operating system) (Linux-based) and Tor (anonymity network)-I2P Firefox browser HTTPS Everywhere encryption for Internet anonymity to protect unalienable Fifth Amendment - Fourth Amendment Right to Privacy (Internet privacy) and Second Amendment - First Amendment rights against unconstitutional Gun control - Internet censorship Big government Police state, hackers, and "all enemies, foreign and domestic" of American liberty.
- Encryption: Cryptography-Cryptanalysis-Cryptology-Data encryption-Public-key encryption-Steganography
- Conservative values and Libertarian American values - Small town values of Limited government and liberty
- Electronic Frontier Foundation
- Prism-break.org - Opt out of global data surveillance programs like PRISM, XKeyscore and Tempora.[2]
- Open source Free software not Microsoft-Apple-Google-Android
- Duck Duck Go search engine instead of Google, Yahoo and Bing
- Hologram of Liberty - The Constitution's Shocking Alliance With Big Government by Boston T. Party - Kenneth W. Royce
- One Nation, Under Surveillance - Privacy From the Watchful Eye by Boston T. Party
- Electronic Communications Privacy Act of 1986
- Privacy Act of 1974
- Edward J. Snowden revelations of unconstitutional domestic spying on law-abiding American citizens
References
- ↑ Fetch-Decode-Execute Cycle
- ↑ "Help make mass surveillance of entire populations uneconomical! We all have an unalienable right to privacy, which you can exercise today by encrypting your communications and ending your reliance on proprietary products and services."