Difference between revisions of "Pharaoh"

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[[Image:AmenhotepII.jpg|thumb|200px|right|Pharoah Amenhotep II]]
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'''Pharaoh''' (Egyptian: ''per aa'', "great house", i.e. the royal palace), generic name or title used in referring to the kings of [[Ancient Egypt]]; its use as a synonym began during the 18th Dynasty (1539-1293 B.C.), although it was never in formal use as an actual royal title.
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==Egyptian use of the name==
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The term "pharaoh" occurs in its earliest form from the text inscriptions within the [[pyramid]]s onward. At first it is used with distinct reference to its [[etymology]] and not clearly as an independent title. Pharaoh, "great house," was applied as a metaphor to mean the government. But in an [[absolute monarchy]] as Egypt the king was the government, and the title of pharaoh was, by a figure of speech, put for the king. Its use in Egypt clearly as a title denoting the ruler (similar to Caesar, Kaiser, and Czar) belongs to a few dynasties probably beginning with the 18th, and certainly ending not later than the 21st during the time of Pharaoh [[Sheshonq I]] (possibly the [[Shishak]] of [[1 Kings]] 14:25). The title is certainly used in the time of [[Rameses II]], in the "Tale of Two Brothers" (Records of the Past, 1st series, II, 137; Recueil de Travaux, XXI, 13, l. 1).
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In official documents, the full title of the Egyptian king consisted of five names, each preceded by one of the following titles: Horus; Two Ladies; Golden Horus; King of Upper and Lower Egypt and Lord of the Double Land; and Son of Re and Lord of the Diadems. The last name was given him at birth, the others at coronation.
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==Regalia==
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In statues, reliefs, and paintings the pharoah is usually depicted as bearing the ''crook'' and ''flail'', ancient Egyptian symbols of royal power, both stylized depictions of the herder's staff and whip respectively.  Upon his head are one of five crowns: the white crown of Upper Egypt (''hedjet''), a tall conical crown used since the first king, Narmer; the red crown of Lower Egypr (''deshret''); the ''double crown'' (''pschent'') consisting of a combination of the two, and used since the unification of the two lands; the blue, or war crown (''khepresh''), used beginning in depictions from the 18th Dynasty, and especially associated with [[Ramesses II]]; and the simpler Nemes crown, a cloth headress often with gold striping. All crowns bore either the ''uraeus'' Wadjet (symbol of Upper Egypt), and the vulture Nekhbet (Lower Egypt), or both.  <ref>http://www.egyptologyonline.com/pharaoh's_crowns.htm</ref>
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==Significance of Use in the Bible==
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Biblical writers had used this word with historical accuracy for the various periods to which it refers, not only for the time of Necoh and Hophra, but for the time of Rameses II, and use the style of the time of Rameses II for the time of [[Abraham]] and [[Joseph]], concerning which we have not certain knowledge of its use in Egypt. Despite its use throughout the [[Bible]] in refering to the king of Egypt, there are only three instances in the Bible in which a pharaoh was referred to by name: the previously-mentioned Shishak, Necoh, and Hophra. It is suspected that writers of the 7th or 5th century BC would not have been able to make such historical use of this name, while, to a writer at the time of the [[The Exodus|Exodus]], it would have been perfectly natural to use Pharaoh for the king without any further name; and historical writers in the time of the prophets in Palestine would likewise have used Pharaoh-necoh and Pharaoh Hophra. This evidence is not absolutely conclusive for an early authorship of the [[Pentateuch]] and historical books, but is very difficult to set aside for a late authorship (compare [[Book of Genesis|Genesis]] 12:14-20; 41:14; [[Book of Exodus|Exodus]] 1:11; 3:11; [[1 Kings]] 3:1; 14:25; [[2 Kings]] 23:29; [[Book of Jeremiah|Jeremiah]] 44:30; also 1 Kings 11:19; 2 Kings 18:21; [[1 Chronicles]] 4:18).  
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{| border="1" align="center" cellpadding="3" cellspacing="0" width="1000" style="margin-left:5px"
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|align="center" colspan="3"|
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|-
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!colspan="3" align="center" style="color: white; height: 30px; background: brown  no-repeat scroll top left;"|Chronological list of the Pharaohs of Ancient Egypt
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|-
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!colspan="3" align="center" style="color: black; height: 30px; background: tan  no-repeat scroll top left;"|Protodynastic Period (prior to 3050 B.C.)
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|-
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! width="200" | Pharaoh
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! width="500" | Details
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! width="150" | Dates
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|-
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| "Scorpion I"
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| Evidence found in the Thinis tombs (U-j) of the royal cemetery of Abydos by Prof. John Darnell of Yale University indicating a 5,000 year-old date for this king.
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| Awaiting identity
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|-
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| "Scorpion II"
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| Only evidence of his existence is a ceremonial macehead discovered at Hierakonpolis, Egypt in 1897, and currently on display at the Ashmolean Museum, Oxford, England.  Named by archaeologists for the figure of a scorpion in front of the king's image; his actual Egyptian name is unknown.
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| Awaiting identity
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|-
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!colspan="3" align="center" style="color: black; height: 30px; background: tan  no-repeat scroll top left;"|First Dynasty (3050-2890 B.C.)
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|-
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! width="200" | Pharaoh
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! width="500" | Details
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! width="150" | Dates
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|-
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| Menes (=Narmer?)
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| Semi-legendary founder/unifier of Egypt
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| Awaiting identity
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|-
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| Hor-Aha
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| unifier of Upper and Lower Egypt?
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| c. 3050 BC
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|-
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| Djer
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| &mdash;
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| 41 years
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|-
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| Merneith
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| Regent for Den
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| &mdash;
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|-
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| Djet
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| &mdash;
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| 23 years
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|-
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| Den
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| &mdash;
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| 14 to 20.1 years
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|-
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| Anedjib
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| &mdash;
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| 10 years
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|-
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| Semerkhet
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| &mdash;
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| 9 years
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|-
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| Qa'a
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| &mdash;
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| 2916 BC?&ndash;2890 BC
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</gallery>
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|-
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!colspan="3" align="center" style="color: black; height: 30px; background: tan  no-repeat scroll top left;"|Second Dynasty (2890-2686 B.C.)
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|-
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! width="200" | Pharaoh
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! width="400" | Details
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! width="120" | Dates
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|-
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| Hotepsekhemwy
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| &mdash;
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| 2890 BC&ndash;?
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|-
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| Raneb
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| &mdash;
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| 39 years
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|-
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| Nynetjer
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| &mdash;
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| 40 years
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|-
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| Wneg
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| &mdash;
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| 8 years
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|-
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| Senedj
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| &mdash;
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| 20 years
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|-
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| Seth-Peribsen
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| &mdash;
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| 17 years
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|-
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| Sekhemib-Perenmaat
 +
| &mdash;
 +
| &mdash;
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|-
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| Khasekhemwy
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| ?&ndash;2686 BC
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| 17 to 18 years
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|-
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!colspan="3" align="center" style="color: white; height: 30px; background: brown  no-repeat scroll top left;"|Old Kingdom
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|-
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!colspan="3" align="center" style="color: black; height: 30px; background: tan  no-repeat scroll top left;"|Third Dynasty (2686-2613 B.C.)
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|-
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! width="200" | Pharaoh
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! width="400" | Details
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! width="120" | Dates
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|-
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| Sanakhte
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| &mdash;
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| 2686-2668
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|-
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| [[Djoser]]
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| Commissioned the first pyramid, the [[Step Pyramid]]
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| 2668&ndash;2649
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|-
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| Sekhemkhet
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| &mdash;
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| 2649&ndash;2643
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|-
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| Khaba
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| &mdash;
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| 2643&ndash;2637
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|-
 +
| Huni
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| &mdash;
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| 2637&ndash;2613
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|-
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!colspan="3" align="center" style="color: black; height: 30px; background: tan  no-repeat scroll top left;"|Fourth Dynasty (2613-2498 B.C.)
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|-
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! width="200" | Pharaoh
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! width="400" | Details
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! width="120" | Dates
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|-
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|[[Sneferu]] || Builder of the [[Bent Pyramid]], the [[Red Pyramid]] (the first true pyramid), and the so-called [[False Pyramid]] at Maidum. || |2613&ndash;2589
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|-
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|[[Khufu]] || Built the [[Great Pyramid]] on the Giza Plateau; also known by the Greek name ''Cheops''. || 2589&ndash;2566
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|-
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|Djedefra  || &mdash; || 2566&ndash;2558
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|-
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|[[Khafra]] || Built the second great pyramid at Giza; also known by the Greek name ''Chephren''. || 2558&ndash;2532
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|-
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|''Bikheris'' || Inserted here, following [[Manetho]] ||  &mdash;
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|-
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|[[Menkaura]] || Built the smallest pyramid at Giza; also known by the Greek name ''Mycerinus'' || 2532&ndash;2503
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|-
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|Shepseskaf || &ndash; || 2503&ndash;2498
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|-
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|''Thampthis'' || Inserted here, following Manetho || &mdash;
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|-
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!colspan="3" align="center" style="color: black; height: 30px; background: tan  no-repeat scroll top left;"|Fifth Dynasty (2498-2345 B.C.)
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|-
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! width="200" | Pharaoh
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! width="400" | Details
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! width="120" | Dates
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|-
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| Userkaf
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| &mdash;
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| 2498&ndash;2491
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|-
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| Sahure
 +
| &mdash;
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| 2487&ndash;2477
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|-
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| Neferirkare Kakai
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| &mdash;
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| 2477&ndash;2467
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|-
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| Shepseskare Isi
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| &mdash;
 +
| 2467&ndash;2460
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|-
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| Neferefre
 +
| &mdash;
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| 2460&ndash;2453
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|-
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| Nyuserre Ini
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| &mdash;
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| 2453&ndash;2422
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|-
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| Menkauhor Kaiu
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| &mdash;
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| 2422&ndash;2414
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|-
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| Djedkare Isesi
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| &mdash;
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| 2414&ndash;2375
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|-
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| Unas
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| &mdash;
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| 2375&ndash;2345
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|-
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!colspan="3" align="center" style="color: black; height: 30px; background: tan  no-repeat scroll top left;"|Sixth Dynasty (2345-2181 B.C.)
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|-
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! width="200" | Pharaoh
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! width="400" | Details
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! width="120" | Dates
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|-
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| Teti
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| &mdash;
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| 2345&ndash;2333
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|-
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| Userkare
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| &mdash;
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| 2333&ndash;2332
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|-
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| Pepi I Meryre
 +
| &mdash;
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| 2332&ndash;2283
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|-
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| Merenre Nemtyemsaf I
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| &mdash;
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| 2283&ndash;2278
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|-
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| Pepi II Neferkare
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| Possibly reigned until 2224 which would explain the following 4 pharaohs.
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| 2278&ndash;2184
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|-
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| Neferka
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| Only mentioned in the redford. Co-reigned with Pepi II?
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| 2200&ndash;2199
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|-
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| Nefer
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| Reign of 2 years, 1 month and a day ([[Turin Canon]])
 +
| 2197&ndash;2193
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|-
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| Aba
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| Reign of 4 years, 2 months (Does not follow Turin Canon).
 +
| 2293&ndash;2176
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|-
 +
| Unknown King
 +
| &ndash;
 +
| &ndash;
 +
|-
 +
| Merenre Nemtyemsaf II
 +
| Kingship uncertain.
 +
| 2184
 +
|-
 +
| Nitiqret
 +
| Female ruler?
 +
| 2184&ndash;2181
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|-
 +
|-
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!colspan="3" align="center" style="color: white; height: 30px; background: brown  no-repeat scroll top left;"|First Intermediate Period
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|-
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!colspan="3" align="center" style="color: black; height: 30px; background: tan  no-repeat scroll top left;"|Seventh and Eighth Dynasties (2181-2160 B.C.)
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|-
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! width="200" | Pharaoh
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! width="400" | Details
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! width="120" | Dates
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|-
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| Neferkara I ||&ndash; || &ndash;
 +
|-
 +
| Netjerkare ||&ndash; ||&ndash;
 +
|-
 +
| Menkare ||&mdash; ||&mdash;
 +
|-
 +
| Neferkare II  ||&mdash; ||&mdash;
 +
|-
 +
| Neferkare Nebi ||&mdash; ||&mdash;
 +
|-
 +
| Djedkare Shemai ||&mdash; ||&mdash;
 +
|-
 +
| Neferkare Khendu ||&mdash; ||&mdash;
 +
|-
 +
| ''Merenhor''||&mdash; ||&mdash;
 +
|-
 +
| Neferkamin Seneferka ||&mdash; ||&mdash;
 +
|-
 +
| Nikare ||&mdash; ||&mdash;
 +
|-
 +
| Neferkare Tereru ||&mdash; ||&mdash;
 +
|-
 +
| Neferkahor ||&mdash; ||&mdash;
 +
|-
 +
| Neferkare Pepiseneb ||&mdash; ||&mdash;
 +
|-
 +
| Neferkamin Anu ||&mdash; ||&mdash;
 +
|-
 +
| Qakare Ibi ||&mdash; ||&mdash;
 +
|-
 +
| Neferkaure II ||&mdash; ||&mdash;
 +
|-
 +
| Neferkauhor Khuwihap ||&mdash; ||&mdash;
 +
|-
 +
| Neferirkare ||&mdash; ||&mdash;
 +
|-
 +
!colspan="3" align="center" style="color: black; height: 30px; background: tan  no-repeat scroll top left;"|Ninth Dynasty (2160-2130 B.C.)
 +
|-
 +
! width="200" | Pharaoh
 +
! width="400" | Details
 +
! width="120" | Dates
 +
|-
 +
| Meryibre Khety (Achthoes I)
 +
| -
 +
| 2160&ndash; ?
 +
|-
 +
| Meribre Khety II
 +
| -
 +
| ?
 +
|-
 +
| Neferkare III
 +
| -
 +
| ?
 +
|-
 +
| Nebkaure (Acthoes II)
 +
| -
 +
| ?
 +
|-
 +
| Setut
 +
| -
 +
| ?
 +
|-
 +
| Wakhare Khety I
 +
| -
 +
| ?
 +
|-
 +
| Merykare
 +
| -
 +
| ?
 +
|-
 +
| Wankhare Khety II
 +
| -
 +
| ?
 +
|-
 +
| Menethoupe I
 +
| -
 +
| ?
 +
|-
 +
| Wankhare Khety III
 +
| -
 +
| ?
 +
|-
 +
| Khety II
 +
| -
 +
| ?
 +
|-
 +
| Khety II's daughter
 +
| -
 +
| ?
 +
|-
 +
| Merikare's daughter
 +
| -
 +
| ? &ndash;2130
 +
|-
 +
!colspan="3" align="center" style="color: black; height: 30px; background: tan  no-repeat scroll top left;"|Tenth Dynasty (2130-2040 B.C.)
 +
|-
 +
! width="200" | Pharaoh
 +
! width="400" | Details
 +
! width="120" | Dates
 +
|-
 +
| Meryhathor
 +
| &mdash;
 +
| 2130&ndash; ?
 +
|-
 +
| Neferkare IV
 +
| &mdash;
 +
| ?
 +
|-
 +
| Wankare (Acthoes III)
 +
| &mdash;
 +
| ?
 +
|-
 +
| Merykare
 +
| &mdash;
 +
| ?
 +
|-
 +
| &mdash;
 +
| &mdash;
 +
| ? &ndash;2040
 +
|-
 +
!colspan="3" align="center" style="color: black; height: 30px; background: tan  no-repeat scroll top left;"|Eleventh Dynasty (2034-1991 B.C.)
 +
|-
 +
! width="200" | Pharaoh
 +
! width="400" | Details
 +
! width="120" | Dates
 +
|-
 +
| Intef I
 +
| &mdash;
 +
| 2134&ndash;2117
 +
|-
 +
| Intef II
 +
| &mdash;
 +
| 2117&ndash;2069
 +
|-
 +
| Intef III
 +
| &mdash;
 +
| 2069&ndash;2060
 +
|-
 +
| Nebhetepre Mentuhotep I
 +
| Succeeded in controlling all of Egypt by 2040; considered beginning of Middle Kingdom.
 +
| 2060&ndash;2010
 +
|-
 +
| Sankhkare Mentuhotep II
 +
| &mdash;
 +
| 2010&ndash;1998
 +
|-
 +
| Nebtawyre Mentuhotep III
 +
| &mdash;
 +
| 1997&ndash;1991
 +
|-
 +
| Mentuhotep IV
 +
| Co-reignal?
 +
|7 years
 +
|-
 +
!colspan="3" align="center" style="color: white; height: 30px; background: brown  no-repeat scroll top left;"|Middle Kingdom
 +
|-
 +
!colspan="3" align="center" style="color: black; height: 30px; background: tan  no-repeat scroll top left;"|Twelfth Dynasty (1991-1802 B.C.)
 +
|-
 +
! width="200" | Pharaoh
 +
! width="400" | Details
 +
! width="120" | Dates
 +
|-
 +
| Amenemhat I
 +
| &mdash;
 +
| 1991&ndash;1962
 +
|-
 +
| Senusret I (Sesostris I)
 +
| &mdash;
 +
| 1971&ndash;1926
 +
|-
 +
| Amenemhat II
 +
| &mdash;
 +
| 1929&ndash;1895
 +
|-
 +
| Senusret II (Sesostris II)
 +
| &mdash;
 +
| 1897&ndash;1878
 +
|-
 +
| Senusret III (Sesostris III)
 +
| Most powerful Middle Kingdom pharaoh.
 +
| 1878&ndash;1860
 +
|-
 +
| Amenemhat III
 +
| &mdash;
 +
| 1860&ndash;1815
 +
|-
 +
| Amenemhat IV
 +
| Co-regency of at least 1 year with Amenemhat III (based on a [[Konosso]] inscription).
 +
| 1815&ndash;1807
 +
|-
 +
| Sobekneferu
 +
| Female ruler.
 +
| 1807&ndash;1803
 +
|-
 +
!colspan="3" align="center" style="color: white; height: 30px; background: brown  no-repeat scroll top left;"|Second Intermediate Period
 +
|-
 +
!colspan="3" align="center" style="color: black; height: 30px; background: tan  no-repeat scroll top left;"|Thirteenth Dynasty (1802-1649 B.C.)
 +
|-
 +
! width="200" | Pharaoh
 +
! width="400" | Details
 +
! width="120" | Dates
 +
|-
 +
| Sekhemre Khutawy Sobekhotep (or Wegaf)
 +
| Founder of the 13th Dynasty.
 +
| 1803&ndash;1799
 +
|-
 +
| Amenemhat Senebef (Sekhemkare)
 +
| Reigned 3 years
 +
| 1798&mdash;1795
 +
|-
 +
| Amenemhat
 +
| &mdash;
 +
| 1795&ndash;1792 
 +
|-
 +
| Sehetepre
 +
| &mdash;
 +
| ? &ndash;1790
 +
|-
 +
| Iufni
 +
| &mdash;
 +
| ?
 +
|-
 +
| Seankhibre
 +
| &mdash;
 +
| ?
 +
|-
 +
| Semenkare
 +
| &mdash;
 +
| ?
 +
|-
 +
| Sehetepre
 +
| &mdash;
 +
| ?
 +
|-
 +
| Sewadjkare
 +
| &mdash;
 +
| ?
 +
|-
 +
| Nedjemibre
 +
| Reigned 7 months
 +
| ?
 +
|-
 +
| Sobekhotep I
 +
| &mdash;
 +
| ?
 +
|-
 +
| Renseneb
 +
| 4 months
 +
| c. 1775
 +
|-
 +
| Awybre Hor I(?)
 +
| &mdash;
 +
| c. 1775(?)
 +
|-
 +
| [[Sedjefakare]]
 +
| Became well-known through the writings on many documents and stele.
 +
| c. 5 to 7 yrs. 
 +
|-
 +
| Sekhemre Khutawy Sobekhotep
 +
| &mdash;
 +
| c. 1767
 +
|-
 +
| Khendjer
 +
| Reigned 4 yrs, 3 months, possibly longer.
 +
| c. 1765
 +
|-
 +
| Imyremeshaw
 +
| &mdash;
 +
| ?
 +
|-
 +
| Antef V
 +
| &mdash;
 +
| ?
 +
|-
 +
| Sobekhotep III
 +
| Reigned 4 years, 2 months
 +
| c. 1755
 +
|-
 +
| Neferhotep I
 +
| Reigned 11 years
 +
| 1751&ndash;1740
 +
|-
 +
| Sobekhotep IV
 +
| Reigned 10-11 years
 +
| 1740&ndash;1730
 +
|-
 +
| Sobekhotep V
 +
| &mdash;
 +
| c. 1730
 +
|-
 +
| Wahibre Ibiau
 +
| Reigned 10 years, 8 months
 +
| c. 1725&ndash;1714
 +
|-
 +
| Merneferre Ai
 +
| Reigned 23 years, 8 months
 +
| c. 1714&ndash;1691
 +
|-
 +
| Merhetepre Ini
 +
| Reigned 2 years, 2 months
 +
| ?
 +
|-
 +
| Seankhenre Sewadtjew
 +
| &mdash;
 +
| ?
 +
|-
 +
| Mersekhemre Ined
 +
| &mdash;
 +
| ?
 +
|-
 +
| Sewadjkare Hori
 +
| &mdash;
 +
| ?
 +
|-
 +
| [[Dudimose I]]
 +
| Position uncertain in conventional chronology; David Rohl claims him as [[Date of the Exodus|pharaoh of the Exodus]] in his chronology; [[Josephus]] gives his name as "Tutimaos" (''Antiquities of the Jews'')
 +
| c. 1654
 +
|-
 +
| Dudimose II
 +
| Position uncertain
 +
| ?
 +
|-
 +
| Senebmiu
 +
| Position uncertain
 +
| ?
 +
|-
 +
| Mentuhotep V
 +
| Position uncertain
 +
| ?
 +
|-
 +
| Senaayeb
 +
| Position uncertain
 +
| ?
 +
|-
 +
!colspan="3" align="center" style="color: black; height: 30px; background: tan  no-repeat scroll top left;"|Fourteenth Dynasty (ruled from the eastern Delta at Avaris, c. 1705-1690 B.C.)
 +
|-
 +
! width="200" | Pharaoh
 +
! width="400" | Details
 +
! width="120" | Dates
 +
|-
 +
| Nehesy
 +
| -
 +
| c. 1705
 +
|-
 +
| Khakherewre
 +
| -
 +
| ?
 +
|-
 +
| Nebefawre
 +
| -
 +
| c. 1704
 +
|-
 +
| Sehebre
 +
| -
 +
| ?
 +
|-
 +
| Merdjefare
 +
| -
 +
| c. 1699
 +
|-
 +
| Sewadjkare
 +
| -
 +
| ?
 +
|-
 +
| Nebdjefare
 +
| -
 +
| c. 1694
 +
|-
 +
| Webenre
 +
| -
 +
| ?
 +
|-
 +
| unknown
 +
| -
 +
| ?
 +
|-
 +
| Djefare
 +
| -
 +
| ?
 +
|-
 +
| Webenre
 +
| -
 +
| c. 1690
 +
|-
 +
!colspan="3" align="center" style="color: black; height: 30px; background: tan  no-repeat scroll top left;"|Fifteenth Dynasty (origins in the Hyksos people, ruled c. 1674-1535 B.C.)
 +
|-
 +
! width="200" | Pharaoh
 +
! width="400" | Details
 +
! width="120" | Dates
 +
|-
 +
| Sheshi
 +
| Reigned 1 or 3 years
 +
| 1674- ?
 +
|-
 +
| Yakubher
 +
| -
 +
| ?
 +
|-
 +
| Khyan
 +
| -
 +
| 30-40 Years
 +
|-
 +
| Apepi I
 +
| -
 +
| Reigned 40 + years
 +
|-
 +
|-
 +
| Khamudy
 +
| -
 +
| ? -1535
 +
|-
 +
!colspan="3" align="center" style="color: black; height: 30px; background: tan  no-repeat scroll top left;"|Sixteenth Dynasty (ruled from the north Sinai Penninsula, c. 1663-1555 B.C.)
 +
|-
 +
! width="200" | Pharaoh
 +
! width="400" | Details
 +
! width="120" | Dates
 +
|-
 +
| -
 +
|width=400 | name of the first king is lost due to fragmentary nature of the [[Turin King List]].
 +
| -
 +
|-
 +
|Djehuty (Sekhemresementawy) || &ndash; || Reigned 3 years
 +
|-
 +
|Sobekhotep VIII (Sekhemresewosertawy) || &ndash; || Reigned 16 years
 +
|-
 +
|Neferhotep III (Sekhemresankhtawy) || &ndash; || Reigned 1 year
 +
|-
 +
|Mentuhotepi (Sankhenra) || &ndash; || Reigned 1 year
 +
|-
 +
|Nebiryraw I (Sewadjenra) || &ndash; || Reigned 26 years
 +
|-
 +
|Nebiryraw II || &ndash; || Reigned 3 months (?)
 +
|-
 +
|Semenra || &ndash; || Reigned 1 year (?)
 +
|-
 +
|Bebiankh (Sewoserenra) || &ndash; || Reigned 12 years
 +
|-
 +
|Sekhemreshedwaset || &ndash; || Reigned 3 months (?)
 +
|-
 +
| -
 +
|width=400 | the names of the following five to twelve kings are lost due to fragmentary nature of the Turin King List
 +
| -
 +
|-
 +
!colspan="3" align="center" style="color: black; height: 30px; background: tan  no-repeat scroll top left;"|Seventeenth Dynasty (ruled from Upper Egypt, c. 1650-1550 B.C.)
 +
|-
 +
! width="200" | Pharaoh
 +
! width="400" | Details
 +
! width="120" | Dates
 +
|-
 +
| Rahotep Sekhemrewahkhaw
 +
| -
 +
| 1650- ?
 +
|-
 +
| Intef V the Elder
 +
| -
 +
| Reigned 3 years
 +
|-
 +
| Antef VI Sekhemrewepmaat
 +
| -
 +
| ?
 +
|-
 +
| Antef VII Nubkheperre
 +
| -
 +
|-
 +
| Intef VIII Sekhemreherhermaat
 +
| -
 +
| -
 +
|-
 +
| Sobekemsaf II Sekhemrewadjkhaw
 +
| -
 +
| -
 +
|-
 +
| Thuty
 +
| -
 +
| Reigned 1 year
 +
|-
 +
| Mentuhotep VI
 +
| -
 +
| Reigned 1 year
 +
|-
 +
| Nebiryerawet I
 +
| -
 +
| Reigned 6 years
 +
|-
 +
| Nebiryerawet II
 +
| -
 +
| ?
 +
|-
 +
| Semenmedjatre
 +
| -
 +
| ?
 +
|-
 +
| Seuserenre
 +
| -
 +
| Reigned 12 years
 +
|-
 +
| Shedwast
 +
| -
 +
| ?
 +
|-
 +
| Intef VII
 +
| -
 +
| Reigned 3 + years
 +
|-
 +
| Tao I the Elder (Senakhtenre)
 +
| -
 +
| c. 1558
 +
|-
 +
| Tao II the Brave (Seqenenre)
 +
| -
 +
| c. 1558-1554
 +
|-
 +
| Kamose
 +
| -
 +
| 1554-1549
 +
|-
 +
!colspan="3" align="center" style="color: white; height: 30px; background: brown  no-repeat scroll top left;"|New Kingdom
 +
|-
 +
!colspan="3" align="center" style="color: black; height: 30px; background: tan  no-repeat scroll top left;"|Eighteenth Dynasty (1550-1295 B.C.)
 +
|-
 +
! width="200" | Pharaoh
 +
! width="400" | Details
 +
! width="120" | Dates
 +
|-
 +
| Ahmose I
 +
| Founder of the Eighteenth Dynasty.
 +
| 1550-1525
 +
|-
 +
| [[Amenhotep I]]
 +
| -
 +
| 1525-1504
 +
|-
 +
| [[Thutmose I]]
 +
| -
 +
| 1504-1492
 +
|-
 +
| [[Thutmose II]]
 +
| -
 +
| 1492-1479
 +
|-
 +
| [[Thutmose III]]
 +
| Co-reigned with Hatshepsut; expanded Egyptian Empire into the [[Levant]].  Claimed as the [[Date of the Exodus|pharaoh of the oppression]] according to the early date theory.
 +
|  1479-1425
 +
|-
 +
| [[Hatshepsut]]
 +
| Only female to have claimed the title of pharaoh in her lifetime.  Claimed by some Biblical scholars to have been the princess who drew [[Moses]] from the water (Exodus 2:5-10)
 +
|1473-1458
 +
|-
 +
| [[Amenhotep II]]
 +
| Claimed as pharaoh of the Exodus according to the early date theory.
 +
| 1425-1400
 +
|-
 +
| [[Thutmose IV]]
 +
| -
 +
| 1400-1388
 +
|-
 +
| [[Amenhotep III]]
 +
| -
 +
| 1388-1352
 +
|-
 +
| [[Amenhotep IV]] ([[Akhenaten]])
 +
| Founder of the brief [[Amarna Period]], a monotheistic religion based upon the sun disk (Aten).
 +
| 1352-1334
 +
|-
 +
| [[Smenkhkare]]
 +
| Possible coregent with [[Akhenaten]].
 +
| 1334-1333
 +
|-
 +
| Neferneferuaten
 +
| -
 +
| 1335-1333
 +
|-
 +
| Tutankhaten/[[Tutankhamun]]
 +
| Son or grandson of Akhenaten; left fabulous treasure to be found by archaeologist Howard Carter in 1922.
 +
| 1333-1324
 +
|-
 +
| Kheperkheprure Ay
 +
| -
 +
| 1324-1320
 +
|-
 +
| [[Horemheb]]
 +
| Former General and advisor to [[Tutankhamun]]. Obliterated images of the Amarna Period, and set the conditions for the Nineteenth Dynasty.
 +
| 1320-1292
 +
|-
 +
!colspan="3" align="center" style="color: black; height: 30px; background: tan  no-repeat scroll top left;"|Ninteenth Dynasty (1295-1186 B.C.)
 +
|-
 +
! width="200" | Pharaoh
 +
! width="400" | Details
 +
! width="120" | Dates
 +
|-
 +
| [[Ramesses I]]
 +
| -
 +
| 1292-1290
 +
|-
 +
| [[Seti I]]
 +
| Conqueror of Libyans and other nations/Grand work projects.  Claimed as the [[Date of the Exodus|pharaoh of the oppression]] according to the late date theory. 
 +
| 1290-1279
 +
|-
 +
| [[Ramesses II]]
 +
| The [[Date of the Exodus|pharaoh of the Exodus]], according to the late date theory. Claimed as the biblical pharoah [[Shishak]] by David Rohl.  Fought the [[Hittites]] at the [[Battle of Kadesh]] in 1275 BC.
 +
| 1279-1213
 +
|-
 +
| [[Merneptah]]
 +
| His stele contains the first known reference to the [[Israelites]].  Considered by some to be the [[Date of the Exodus|pharaoh of the Exodus]]
 +
| 1213-1203
 +
|-
 +
| Amenemses
 +
| -
 +
| 1202–1199 (?)
 +
|-
 +
| Seti II
 +
| -
 +
| 1203-1197
 +
|-
 +
| Merneptah Siptah
 +
| -
 +
| 1197 (?)-1191
 +
|-
 +
| Tausret
 +
| Female ruler.
 +
| 1191-1190
 +
|-
 +
!colspan="3" align="center" style="color: black; height: 30px; background: tan  no-repeat scroll top left;"|Twentieth Dynasty (1185-1070 B.C.)
 +
|-
 +
! width="200" | Pharaoh
 +
! width="400" | Details
 +
! width="120" | Dates
 +
|-
 +
| Setnakhte
 +
| -
 +
| 1186-1183
 +
|-
 +
| Ramesses III
 +
| Fought an invasion of the [[Sea Peoples]]
 +
| 1183-1152
 +
|-
 +
| Ramesses IV
 +
| -
 +
| 1152-1146
 +
|-
 +
| Ramesses V
 +
| -
 +
| 1146-1142
 +
|-
 +
| Ramesses VI
 +
| -
 +
| 1142-1134
 +
|-
 +
| Ramesses VII
 +
| -
 +
| 1134-1126
 +
|-
 +
| Ramesses VIII
 +
| -
 +
| 1126-1124
 +
|-
 +
| Ramesses IX
 +
| -
 +
| 1124-1106
 +
|-
 +
| Ramesses X
 +
| -
 +
| 1106-1102
 +
|-
 +
| Ramesses XI
 +
| -
 +
| 1102-1069
 +
|-
 +
!colspan="3" align="center" style="color: white; height: 30px; background: brown  no-repeat scroll top left;"|Third Intermediate Period
 +
|-
 +
!colspan="3" align="center" style="color: black; height: 30px; background: tan  no-repeat scroll top left;"|Twenty-First Dynasty (ruled from Tanis; claimed all of Egypt but rule was weak. 1069-945 B.C.)
 +
|-
 +
! width="200" | Pharaoh
 +
! width="400" | Details
 +
! width="120" | Dates
 +
|-
 +
| Nesbanebdjed I (or Smendes I)
 +
| -
 +
| 1069-1043
 +
|-
 +
| Amenemnisu
 +
| -
 +
| 1043-1039
 +
|-
 +
| Psusennes I
 +
| -
 +
| 1039-991
 +
|-
 +
| Amenemope
 +
| -
 +
| 993-984
 +
|-
 +
| Osorkon the Elder (or Osochor)
 +
| - Osochor
 +
| 984-978
 +
|-
 +
| Siamun
 +
| -
 +
| 978-959
 +
|-
 +
| Psusennes II
 +
| -
 +
| 959-945
 +
|-
 +
!colspan="3" align="center" style="color: black; height: 30px; background: tan  no-repeat scroll top left;"|Twenty-Second Dynasty (Libyans, ruling 945-720 B.C.)
 +
|-
 +
! width="200" | Pharaoh
 +
! width="400" | Details
 +
! width="120" | Dates
 +
|-
 +
| Shoshenq I
 +
| Claimed to be the Biblical [[Shishak]]
 +
| 945-924
 +
|-
 +
| Osorkon I
 +
| -
 +
| 924-889
 +
|-
 +
| Shoshenq II
 +
| -
 +
| 890-890/889
 +
|-
 +
| Takelot I
 +
| -
 +
| 889-874
 +
|-
 +
| Harsiese
 +
| -
 +
| 875-862
 +
|-
 +
| Osorkon II
 +
| -
 +
| 874-834
 +
|-
 +
| Shoshenq III
 +
| -
 +
| 834-795
 +
|-
 +
| Shoshenq IV
 +
| -
 +
| 795-782
 +
|-
 +
| Pami
 +
| -
 +
| 782-776
 +
|-
 +
| Shoshenq V
 +
| -
 +
| 776-740
 +
|-
 +
| Osorkon IV
 +
| -
 +
| 740-720
 +
|-
 +
!colspan="3" align="center" style="color: black; height: 30px; background: tan  no-repeat scroll top left;"|Twenty-Third Dynasty (Libyans, ruling from Leontopolis, 836-720 B.C.)
 +
|-
 +
! width="200" | Pharaoh
 +
! width="400" | Details
 +
! width="120" | Dates
 +
|-
 +
| Takelot II
 +
| Founder of the 23rd Dynasty
 +
| 837-813
 +
|-
 +
| Pedubast
 +
| Seized Thebes during a rebellion against Takelot II
 +
| 826-801
 +
|-
 +
| Iuput I
 +
| -
 +
| 812-811
 +
|-
 +
| Shoshenq VI
 +
| Successor to Pedubast
 +
| 801-795
 +
|-
 +
| Osorkon III
 +
| Son of Takelot II; proclaimed king after recovering Thebes
 +
| 795-767
 +
|-
 +
| Takelot III
 +
| -
 +
| 773-765
 +
|-
 +
| Rudamun
 +
| -
 +
| 765-762
 +
|-
 +
| Iuput II
 +
| -
 +
| 762-728
 +
|-
 +
!colspan="3" align="center" style="color: black; height: 30px; background: tan  no-repeat scroll top left;"|Twenty-Fourth Dynasty (Rival dynasty, ruling from the Delta, 732-720 B.C.)
 +
|-
 +
! width="200" | Pharaoh
 +
! width="400" | Details
 +
! width="120" | Dates
 +
|-
 +
| Tefnakhte
 +
| -
 +
| 732-725
 +
|-
 +
| Bakenrenef (Bocchoris)
 +
| -
 +
| 725-720
 +
|-
 +
!colspan="3" align="center" style="color: white; height: 30px; background: brown  no-repeat scroll top left;"|Late Period
 +
|-
 +
!colspan="3" align="center" style="color: black; height: 30px; background: tan  no-repeat scroll top left;"|Twenty-Fifth Dynasty (Nubians, ruling 732-656 B.C.)
 +
|-
 +
! width="200" | Name
 +
! width="400" | Comments
 +
! width="120" | Dates
 +
|-
 +
| Piye
 +
| King of [[Nubia]] for 20 years prior to conquering Egypt, where he ruled for four additional years
 +
| 752-721
 +
|-
 +
| Shabaka
 +
| -
 +
| 721-707
 +
|-
 +
| Shebitku
 +
| -
 +
| 707-690
 +
|-
 +
| Taharqa
 +
| -
 +
| 690-664
 +
|-
 +
| Tantamani
 +
| -
 +
| 664-653
 +
|-
 +
!colspan="3" align="center" style="color: black; height: 30px; background: tan  no-repeat scroll top left;"|Twenty-Sixth Dynasty (Native Egyptians (Saites), ruling 672-525 B.C.)
 +
|-
 +
! width="200" | Pharaoh
 +
! width="400" | Details
 +
! width="120" | Dates
 +
|-
 +
| Necho I
 +
| -
 +
| 672-664
 +
|-
 +
| Psamtik I
 +
| -
 +
| 664-610
 +
|-
 +
| Necho II
 +
| Fought against Babylon and King Josiah of Judah, who was killed in battle at Megiddo (2 Kings 23:29, 2 Chronicles 35:20-24)
 +
| 610-595
 +
|-
 +
| Psamtik II
 +
| -
 +
| 595-589
 +
|-
 +
| Wahibre
 +
| -
 +
| 589-570
 +
|-
 +
| Ahmose II
 +
| -
 +
| 570-526
 +
|-
 +
| Psammetichus III
 +
| -
 +
| 526-525 BC
 +
|-
 +
!colspan="3" align="center" style="color: black; height: 30px; background: tan  no-repeat scroll top left;"|Twenty-Seventh Dynasty (Persians who conquered Egypt and absorbed it into their empire, ruling 525-404 B.C.)
 +
|-
 +
! width="200" | Pharaoh
 +
! width="400" | Details
 +
! width="120" | Dates
 +
|-
 +
| Cambyses II
 +
| -
 +
| 525-521
 +
|-
 +
| Smerdis
 +
| -
 +
| 522-521
 +
|-
 +
| Darius I the Great
 +
| -
 +
| 521-486 BC
 +
|-
 +
| Xerxes I the Great
 +
| -
 +
| 486-465 BC
 +
|-
 +
| Artabanus the Hyrcanian
 +
| -
 +
| 465-464 BC
 +
|-
 +
| Artaxerxes I
 +
| -
 +
| 464-424
 +
|-
 +
| Xerxes II
 +
| claimant to the throne
 +
| 424-423 BC
 +
|-
 +
| Sogdianus
 +
| claimant to the throne
 +
| 424-423 BC
 +
|-
 +
| Darius II
 +
| -
 +
| 424-404 BC
 +
|-
 +
!colspan="3" align="center" style="color: black; height: 30px; background: tan  no-repeat scroll top left;"|Twenty-Eighth Dynasty (Six-year rule by a single pharaoh, 525-404 B.C.)
 +
|-
 +
! width="200" | Pharaoh
 +
! width="400" | Details
 +
! width="120" | Dates
 +
|-
 +
|-
 +
| Amyrtaeus
 +
| Descendant of Twenty-Sixth Dynasty Saite pharaohs; led a successful revolt against the Persians
 +
| 404-398 BC
 +
|-
 +
!colspan="3" align="center" style="color: black; height: 30px; background: tan  no-repeat scroll top left;"|Twenty-Ninth Dynasty (398-380 B.C.)
 +
|-
 +
! width="200" | Name
 +
! width="400" | Comments
 +
! width="120" | Dates
 +
|-
 +
|-
 +
| [[Nefaarud I]]
 +
| Also known as Nepherites
 +
| [[398 BC|398]] &ndash; [[393 BC]]
 +
|-
 +
| Psammuthes
 +
| -
 +
| 393 BC
 +
|-
 +
| Hakor (Achoris)
 +
| -
 +
| 393-380
 +
|-
 +
| Nefaarud II
 +
| -
 +
| 380 BC
 +
|-
 +
!colspan="3" align="center" style="color: black; height: 30px; background: tan  no-repeat scroll top left;"|Thirtieth Dynasty (Last native Egyptian rule, 380-343 B.C.)
 +
|-
 +
! width="200" | Pharaoh
 +
! width="400" | Details
 +
! width="120" | Dates
 +
 
 +
|-
 +
| Nectanebo I (Nekhtnebef)
 +
| -
 +
| 380-362 BC
 +
|-
 +
| Teos
 +
| -
 +
| 362-360 BC
 +
|-
 +
| Nectanebo II
 +
| -
 +
| 360-343 BC
 +
|-
 +
!colspan="3" align="center" style="color: black; height: 30px; background: tan  no-repeat scroll top left;"|Thirty-First Dynasty (Restored Persian rule, 380-343 B.C.)
 +
|-
 +
! width="200" | Pharaoh
 +
! width="400" | Details
 +
! width="120" | Dates
 +
|-
 +
| Artaxerxes III
 +
| Re-conquered Egypt for the Persian Empire
 +
| 343-338
 +
|-
 +
| Artaxerxes IV Arses
 +
| Ruled from Lower Egypt only
 +
| 338-336 BC
 +
|-
 +
| Khababash
 +
| Leader of a Nubian revolt in Upper Egypt
 +
| 338-335 BC
 +
|-
 +
| Darius III Codomannus
 +
| Queled revolt in Upper Egypt and returned it Persian control, 335 BC
 +
| 336-332 BC
 +
|-
 +
!colspan="3" align="center" style="color: black; height: 30px; background: tan  no-repeat scroll top left;"|Argead Dynasty (Conquest by Macedonian Greeks; 332-309 B.C.)
 +
|-
 +
! width="200" | King
 +
! width="400" | Details
 +
! width="120" | Dates
 +
|-
 +
| Alexander III of Macedon ([[Alexander the Great]])
 +
| Conquered the Persian Empire; ushured in the Hellenistic Age
 +
| 332-323 BC
 +
|-
 +
| Philip III Arrhidaeus
 +
| Feeble-minded half-brother of Alexander III
 +
| 323-317 BC
 +
|-
 +
| Alexander IV
 +
| Son of Alexander III and Roxana
 +
| 317-309 BC
 +
|-
 +
!colspan="3" align="center" style="color: black; height: 30px; background: tan  no-repeat scroll top left;"|Ptolemaic Dynasty (Second Greek dynasty, 305-30 B.C.)
 +
|-
 +
! width="200" | Pharaoh
 +
! width="400" | Details
 +
! width="120" | Dates
 +
|-
 +
| Ptolemy I Soter
 +
| One of Alexander III's generals; Abdicated in 285 BC
 +
| 305-285 BC
 +
|-
 +
| Berenice I
 +
| Wife of Ptolemy I
 +
| ?-285 BC
 +
|-
 +
| Ptolemy II Philadelphos
 +
| -
 +
| 288-246 BC
 +
|-
 +
| Arsinoe I
 +
| Wife of Ptolemy II
 +
| 284-274 BC
 +
|-
 +
| Arsinoe II
 +
| Wife of Ptolemy II
 +
| 277-270 BC
 +
|-
 +
| Ptolemy III Euergetes I
 +
| -
 +
| 246-222 BC
 +
|-
 +
| Berenice II
 +
| Wife of Ptolemy III
 +
| 244-222
 +
|-
 +
| Ptolemy IV Philopator
 +
| -
 +
| 222-204 BC
 +
|-
 +
| Arsinoe III
 +
| Wife of Ptolemy IV
 +
| 220-204 BC
 +
|-
 +
| Ptolemy V Epiphanes
 +
| -
 +
| 204-180
 +
|-
 +
| Cleopatra I
 +
| Wife of Ptolemy V, co-regent with Ptolemy VI during his minority
 +
| 193-176 BC
 +
|-
 +
| Ptolemy VI Philometor
 +
| -
 +
| 180-164 BC
 +
|-
 +
| Cleopatra II
 +
| Wife of Ptolemy VI
 +
| 173-164
 +
|-
 +
| Ptolemy VIII Euergetes II
 +
| Proclaimed king by Alexandrians in 170 BC; ruled jointly with Ptolemy VI Philometor and Cleopatra II (169 to 164)
 +
| 171-163
 +
|-
 +
| Ptolemy VI Philometor
 +
| Second rule; restored Egypt from Ptolemy VIII in 163 BC
 +
| 163-145
 +
|-
 +
| Cleopatra II
 +
| Married Ptolemy VIII; led revolt against her husband in 131 BC; became sole ruler of Egypt.
 +
| 163-127 BC
 +
|-
 +
| Ptolemy VII Neos Philopator
 +
| Ruled under regency of his mother Cleopatra II
 +
| 144-144
 +
|-
 +
| Ptolemy VIII Euergetes II
 +
| Second rule
 +
| 145-131
 +
|-
 +
| Cleopatra III
 +
| Second wife of Ptolemy VIII
 +
| 142-131 BC
 +
|-
 +
| Ptolemy Memphitis
 +
| Proclaimed king by Cleopatra II; killed by Ptolemy VIII
 +
| 131
 +
|-
 +
| Ptolemy VIII Euergetes II
 +
| Second rule
 +
| 127-116
 +
|-
 +
| Cleopatra III
 +
| Second rule; restored with Ptolemy VIII; later co-regent with Ptolemy IX and X.
 +
| 127-107 BC
 +
|-
 +
| Cleopatra II
 +
| Reconciled with Ptolemy VIII; co-ruled with Cleopatra III and Ptolemy until 116.
 +
| 124-116
 +
|-
 +
| Ptolemy IX Soter II
 +
| Died 80 BC
 +
| 116-110
 +
|-
 +
| Cleopatra IV
 +
| Shortly married to Ptolemy IX, removed by Cleopatra III
 +
| 116-115 BC
 +
|-
 +
| Ptolemy X Alexander I
 +
| Died 88 BC
 +
| 110-109 BC
 +
|-
 +
| Ptolemy IX Soter II
 +
| Second rule
 +
| 109-107 BC
 +
|-
 +
| Ptolemy X Alexander I
 +
| Second rule
 +
| 107-88 BC
 +
|-
 +
| Ptolemy IX Soter II
 +
| Second rule
 +
| 88-81 BC
 +
|-
 +
| Berenice III
 +
| Forced to marry Ptolemy XI; murdered 19 days later on his orders
 +
| 81-80
 +
|-
 +
| Ptolemy XI Alexander II
 +
| Set on throne by Sulla; ruled for 80 days before being hung by citizens for killing Berenice III
 +
| 80 BC
 +
|-
 +
| Ptolemy XII Neos Dionysos (Auletes)
 +
| Son of Ptolemy IX; died 51 BC
 +
| 80-58 BC
 +
|-
 +
| Cleopatra V Tryphaena
 +
| Wife of Ptolemy XII, mother of Berenice IV
 +
| ?-57 BC
 +
|-
 +
| Cleopatra VI
 +
| Daughter of Ptolemy XII
 +
| ?-58 BC
 +
|-
 +
| Berenice IV
 +
| Daughter of Ptolemy XII
 +
| 58-55 BC
 +
|-
 +
| Ptolemy XII Neos Dionysos
 +
| Second rule; reigned briefly with daughter Cleopatra VII before his death
 +
| 55-51
 +
|-
 +
| [[Cleopatra]] VII
 +
| The Cleopatra of legend; last ruler of Egypt before Roman conquest
 +
| 51-30
 +
|-
 +
| Ptolemy XIII
 +
| Brother of Cleopatra VII
 +
| 51-47 BC
 +
|-
 +
| Arsinoe IV
 +
| Opposed Cleopatra VII
 +
| 48-47
 +
|-
 +
| Ptolemy XIV
 +
| Younger brother of Cleopatra VII and Ptolemy XIII
 +
| 47-44 BC
 +
|-
 +
| Ptolemy XV Caesarion
 +
| Young son of Cleopatra VII by [[Julius Caesar]]; killed on orders of Octavian (future Roman emperor [[Augustus]])
 +
| 44-30
 +
|}
 +
 
 +
==See also==
 +
*Tutankamen "[[King Tut]]"
 +
*[[Ramses II]]
 +
 
 +
==References==
 +
<References/>
 +
 
 +
[[category:Egypt]]

Revision as of 16:50, November 22, 2008

Pharoah Amenhotep II

Pharaoh (Egyptian: per aa, "great house", i.e. the royal palace), generic name or title used in referring to the kings of Ancient Egypt; its use as a synonym began during the 18th Dynasty (1539-1293 B.C.), although it was never in formal use as an actual royal title.

Egyptian use of the name

The term "pharaoh" occurs in its earliest form from the text inscriptions within the pyramids onward. At first it is used with distinct reference to its etymology and not clearly as an independent title. Pharaoh, "great house," was applied as a metaphor to mean the government. But in an absolute monarchy as Egypt the king was the government, and the title of pharaoh was, by a figure of speech, put for the king. Its use in Egypt clearly as a title denoting the ruler (similar to Caesar, Kaiser, and Czar) belongs to a few dynasties probably beginning with the 18th, and certainly ending not later than the 21st during the time of Pharaoh Sheshonq I (possibly the Shishak of 1 Kings 14:25). The title is certainly used in the time of Rameses II, in the "Tale of Two Brothers" (Records of the Past, 1st series, II, 137; Recueil de Travaux, XXI, 13, l. 1).

In official documents, the full title of the Egyptian king consisted of five names, each preceded by one of the following titles: Horus; Two Ladies; Golden Horus; King of Upper and Lower Egypt and Lord of the Double Land; and Son of Re and Lord of the Diadems. The last name was given him at birth, the others at coronation.

Regalia

In statues, reliefs, and paintings the pharoah is usually depicted as bearing the crook and flail, ancient Egyptian symbols of royal power, both stylized depictions of the herder's staff and whip respectively. Upon his head are one of five crowns: the white crown of Upper Egypt (hedjet), a tall conical crown used since the first king, Narmer; the red crown of Lower Egypr (deshret); the double crown (pschent) consisting of a combination of the two, and used since the unification of the two lands; the blue, or war crown (khepresh), used beginning in depictions from the 18th Dynasty, and especially associated with Ramesses II; and the simpler Nemes crown, a cloth headress often with gold striping. All crowns bore either the uraeus Wadjet (symbol of Upper Egypt), and the vulture Nekhbet (Lower Egypt), or both. [1]

Significance of Use in the Bible

Biblical writers had used this word with historical accuracy for the various periods to which it refers, not only for the time of Necoh and Hophra, but for the time of Rameses II, and use the style of the time of Rameses II for the time of Abraham and Joseph, concerning which we have not certain knowledge of its use in Egypt. Despite its use throughout the Bible in refering to the king of Egypt, there are only three instances in the Bible in which a pharaoh was referred to by name: the previously-mentioned Shishak, Necoh, and Hophra. It is suspected that writers of the 7th or 5th century BC would not have been able to make such historical use of this name, while, to a writer at the time of the Exodus, it would have been perfectly natural to use Pharaoh for the king without any further name; and historical writers in the time of the prophets in Palestine would likewise have used Pharaoh-necoh and Pharaoh Hophra. This evidence is not absolutely conclusive for an early authorship of the Pentateuch and historical books, but is very difficult to set aside for a late authorship (compare Genesis 12:14-20; 41:14; Exodus 1:11; 3:11; 1 Kings 3:1; 14:25; 2 Kings 23:29; Jeremiah 44:30; also 1 Kings 11:19; 2 Kings 18:21; 1 Chronicles 4:18).

Chronological list of the Pharaohs of Ancient Egypt
Protodynastic Period (prior to 3050 B.C.)
Pharaoh Details Dates
"Scorpion I" Evidence found in the Thinis tombs (U-j) of the royal cemetery of Abydos by Prof. John Darnell of Yale University indicating a 5,000 year-old date for this king. Awaiting identity
"Scorpion II" Only evidence of his existence is a ceremonial macehead discovered at Hierakonpolis, Egypt in 1897, and currently on display at the Ashmolean Museum, Oxford, England. Named by archaeologists for the figure of a scorpion in front of the king's image; his actual Egyptian name is unknown. Awaiting identity
First Dynasty (3050-2890 B.C.)
Pharaoh Details Dates
Menes (=Narmer?) Semi-legendary founder/unifier of Egypt Awaiting identity
Hor-Aha unifier of Upper and Lower Egypt? c. 3050 BC
Djer — 41 years
Merneith Regent for Den —
Djet — 23 years
Den — 14 to 20.1 years
Anedjib — 10 years
Semerkhet — 9 years
Qa'a — 2916 BC?–2890 BC
Second Dynasty (2890-2686 B.C.)
Pharaoh Details Dates
Hotepsekhemwy — 2890 BC–?
Raneb — 39 years
Nynetjer — 40 years
Wneg — 8 years
Senedj — 20 years
Seth-Peribsen — 17 years
Sekhemib-Perenmaat — —
Khasekhemwy ?–2686 BC 17 to 18 years
Old Kingdom
Third Dynasty (2686-2613 B.C.)
Pharaoh Details Dates
Sanakhte — 2686-2668
Djoser Commissioned the first pyramid, the Step Pyramid 2668–2649
Sekhemkhet — 2649–2643
Khaba — 2643–2637
Huni — 2637–2613
Fourth Dynasty (2613-2498 B.C.)
Pharaoh Details Dates
Sneferu Builder of the Bent Pyramid, the Red Pyramid (the first true pyramid), and the so-called False Pyramid at Maidum. 2613–2589
Khufu Built the Great Pyramid on the Giza Plateau; also known by the Greek name Cheops. 2589–2566
Djedefra — 2566–2558
Khafra Built the second great pyramid at Giza; also known by the Greek name Chephren. 2558–2532
Bikheris Inserted here, following Manetho —
Menkaura Built the smallest pyramid at Giza; also known by the Greek name Mycerinus 2532–2503
Shepseskaf – 2503–2498
Thampthis Inserted here, following Manetho —
Fifth Dynasty (2498-2345 B.C.)
Pharaoh Details Dates
Userkaf — 2498–2491
Sahure — 2487–2477
Neferirkare Kakai — 2477–2467
Shepseskare Isi — 2467–2460
Neferefre — 2460–2453
Nyuserre Ini — 2453–2422
Menkauhor Kaiu — 2422–2414
Djedkare Isesi — 2414–2375
Unas — 2375–2345
Sixth Dynasty (2345-2181 B.C.)
Pharaoh Details Dates
Teti — 2345–2333
Userkare — 2333–2332
Pepi I Meryre — 2332–2283
Merenre Nemtyemsaf I — 2283–2278
Pepi II Neferkare Possibly reigned until 2224 which would explain the following 4 pharaohs. 2278–2184
Neferka Only mentioned in the redford. Co-reigned with Pepi II? 2200–2199
Nefer Reign of 2 years, 1 month and a day (Turin Canon) 2197–2193
Aba Reign of 4 years, 2 months (Does not follow Turin Canon). 2293–2176
Unknown King – –
Merenre Nemtyemsaf II Kingship uncertain. 2184
Nitiqret Female ruler? 2184–2181
First Intermediate Period
Seventh and Eighth Dynasties (2181-2160 B.C.)
Pharaoh Details Dates
Neferkara I – –
Netjerkare – –
Menkare — —
Neferkare II — —
Neferkare Nebi — —
Djedkare Shemai — —
Neferkare Khendu — —
Merenhor — —
Neferkamin Seneferka — —
Nikare — —
Neferkare Tereru — —
Neferkahor — —
Neferkare Pepiseneb — —
Neferkamin Anu — —
Qakare Ibi — —
Neferkaure II — —
Neferkauhor Khuwihap — —
Neferirkare — —
Ninth Dynasty (2160-2130 B.C.)
Pharaoh Details Dates
Meryibre Khety (Achthoes I) - 2160– ?
Meribre Khety II - ?
Neferkare III - ?
Nebkaure (Acthoes II) - ?
Setut - ?
Wakhare Khety I - ?
Merykare - ?
Wankhare Khety II - ?
Menethoupe I - ?
Wankhare Khety III - ?
Khety II - ?
Khety II's daughter - ?
Merikare's daughter - ? –2130
Tenth Dynasty (2130-2040 B.C.)
Pharaoh Details Dates
Meryhathor — 2130– ?
Neferkare IV — ?
Wankare (Acthoes III) — ?
Merykare — ?
— — ? –2040
Eleventh Dynasty (2034-1991 B.C.)
Pharaoh Details Dates
Intef I — 2134–2117
Intef II — 2117–2069
Intef III — 2069–2060
Nebhetepre Mentuhotep I Succeeded in controlling all of Egypt by 2040; considered beginning of Middle Kingdom. 2060–2010
Sankhkare Mentuhotep II — 2010–1998
Nebtawyre Mentuhotep III — 1997–1991
Mentuhotep IV Co-reignal? 7 years
Middle Kingdom
Twelfth Dynasty (1991-1802 B.C.)
Pharaoh Details Dates
Amenemhat I — 1991–1962
Senusret I (Sesostris I) — 1971–1926
Amenemhat II — 1929–1895
Senusret II (Sesostris II) — 1897–1878
Senusret III (Sesostris III) Most powerful Middle Kingdom pharaoh. 1878–1860
Amenemhat III — 1860–1815
Amenemhat IV Co-regency of at least 1 year with Amenemhat III (based on a Konosso inscription). 1815–1807
Sobekneferu Female ruler. 1807–1803
Second Intermediate Period
Thirteenth Dynasty (1802-1649 B.C.)
Pharaoh Details Dates
Sekhemre Khutawy Sobekhotep (or Wegaf) Founder of the 13th Dynasty. 1803–1799
Amenemhat Senebef (Sekhemkare) Reigned 3 years 1798—1795
Amenemhat — 1795–1792
Sehetepre — ? –1790
Iufni — ?
Seankhibre — ?
Semenkare — ?
Sehetepre — ?
Sewadjkare — ?
Nedjemibre Reigned 7 months ?
Sobekhotep I — ?
Renseneb 4 months c. 1775
Awybre Hor I(?) — c. 1775(?)
Sedjefakare Became well-known through the writings on many documents and stele. c. 5 to 7 yrs.
Sekhemre Khutawy Sobekhotep — c. 1767
Khendjer Reigned 4 yrs, 3 months, possibly longer. c. 1765
Imyremeshaw — ?
Antef V — ?
Sobekhotep III Reigned 4 years, 2 months c. 1755
Neferhotep I Reigned 11 years 1751–1740
Sobekhotep IV Reigned 10-11 years 1740–1730
Sobekhotep V — c. 1730
Wahibre Ibiau Reigned 10 years, 8 months c. 1725–1714
Merneferre Ai Reigned 23 years, 8 months c. 1714–1691
Merhetepre Ini Reigned 2 years, 2 months ?
Seankhenre Sewadtjew — ?
Mersekhemre Ined — ?
Sewadjkare Hori — ?
Dudimose I Position uncertain in conventional chronology; David Rohl claims him as pharaoh of the Exodus in his chronology; Josephus gives his name as "Tutimaos" (Antiquities of the Jews) c. 1654
Dudimose II Position uncertain ?
Senebmiu Position uncertain ?
Mentuhotep V Position uncertain ?
Senaayeb Position uncertain ?
Fourteenth Dynasty (ruled from the eastern Delta at Avaris, c. 1705-1690 B.C.)
Pharaoh Details Dates
Nehesy - c. 1705
Khakherewre - ?
Nebefawre - c. 1704
Sehebre - ?
Merdjefare - c. 1699
Sewadjkare - ?
Nebdjefare - c. 1694
Webenre - ?
unknown - ?
Djefare - ?
Webenre - c. 1690
Fifteenth Dynasty (origins in the Hyksos people, ruled c. 1674-1535 B.C.)
Pharaoh Details Dates
Sheshi Reigned 1 or 3 years 1674- ?
Yakubher - ?
Khyan - 30-40 Years
Apepi I - Reigned 40 + years
Khamudy - ? -1535
Sixteenth Dynasty (ruled from the north Sinai Penninsula, c. 1663-1555 B.C.)
Pharaoh Details Dates
- name of the first king is lost due to fragmentary nature of the Turin King List. -
Djehuty (Sekhemresementawy) – Reigned 3 years
Sobekhotep VIII (Sekhemresewosertawy) – Reigned 16 years
Neferhotep III (Sekhemresankhtawy) – Reigned 1 year
Mentuhotepi (Sankhenra) – Reigned 1 year
Nebiryraw I (Sewadjenra) – Reigned 26 years
Nebiryraw II – Reigned 3 months (?)
Semenra – Reigned 1 year (?)
Bebiankh (Sewoserenra) – Reigned 12 years
Sekhemreshedwaset – Reigned 3 months (?)
- the names of the following five to twelve kings are lost due to fragmentary nature of the Turin King List -
Seventeenth Dynasty (ruled from Upper Egypt, c. 1650-1550 B.C.)
Pharaoh Details Dates
Rahotep Sekhemrewahkhaw - 1650- ?
Intef V the Elder - Reigned 3 years
Antef VI Sekhemrewepmaat - ?
Antef VII Nubkheperre -
Intef VIII Sekhemreherhermaat - -
Sobekemsaf II Sekhemrewadjkhaw - -
Thuty - Reigned 1 year
Mentuhotep VI - Reigned 1 year
Nebiryerawet I - Reigned 6 years
Nebiryerawet II - ?
Semenmedjatre - ?
Seuserenre - Reigned 12 years
Shedwast - ?
Intef VII - Reigned 3 + years
Tao I the Elder (Senakhtenre) - c. 1558
Tao II the Brave (Seqenenre) - c. 1558-1554
Kamose - 1554-1549
New Kingdom
Eighteenth Dynasty (1550-1295 B.C.)
Pharaoh Details Dates
Ahmose I Founder of the Eighteenth Dynasty. 1550-1525
Amenhotep I - 1525-1504
Thutmose I - 1504-1492
Thutmose II - 1492-1479
Thutmose III Co-reigned with Hatshepsut; expanded Egyptian Empire into the Levant. Claimed as the pharaoh of the oppression according to the early date theory. 1479-1425
Hatshepsut Only female to have claimed the title of pharaoh in her lifetime. Claimed by some Biblical scholars to have been the princess who drew Moses from the water (Exodus 2:5-10) 1473-1458
Amenhotep II Claimed as pharaoh of the Exodus according to the early date theory. 1425-1400
Thutmose IV - 1400-1388
Amenhotep III - 1388-1352
Amenhotep IV (Akhenaten) Founder of the brief Amarna Period, a monotheistic religion based upon the sun disk (Aten). 1352-1334
Smenkhkare Possible coregent with Akhenaten. 1334-1333
Neferneferuaten - 1335-1333
Tutankhaten/Tutankhamun Son or grandson of Akhenaten; left fabulous treasure to be found by archaeologist Howard Carter in 1922. 1333-1324
Kheperkheprure Ay - 1324-1320
Horemheb Former General and advisor to Tutankhamun. Obliterated images of the Amarna Period, and set the conditions for the Nineteenth Dynasty. 1320-1292
Ninteenth Dynasty (1295-1186 B.C.)
Pharaoh Details Dates
Ramesses I - 1292-1290
Seti I Conqueror of Libyans and other nations/Grand work projects. Claimed as the pharaoh of the oppression according to the late date theory. 1290-1279
Ramesses II The pharaoh of the Exodus, according to the late date theory. Claimed as the biblical pharoah Shishak by David Rohl. Fought the Hittites at the Battle of Kadesh in 1275 BC. 1279-1213
Merneptah His stele contains the first known reference to the Israelites. Considered by some to be the pharaoh of the Exodus 1213-1203
Amenemses - 1202–1199 (?)
Seti II - 1203-1197
Merneptah Siptah - 1197 (?)-1191
Tausret Female ruler. 1191-1190
Twentieth Dynasty (1185-1070 B.C.)
Pharaoh Details Dates
Setnakhte - 1186-1183
Ramesses III Fought an invasion of the Sea Peoples 1183-1152
Ramesses IV - 1152-1146
Ramesses V - 1146-1142
Ramesses VI - 1142-1134
Ramesses VII - 1134-1126
Ramesses VIII - 1126-1124
Ramesses IX - 1124-1106
Ramesses X - 1106-1102
Ramesses XI - 1102-1069
Third Intermediate Period
Twenty-First Dynasty (ruled from Tanis; claimed all of Egypt but rule was weak. 1069-945 B.C.)
Pharaoh Details Dates
Nesbanebdjed I (or Smendes I) - 1069-1043
Amenemnisu - 1043-1039
Psusennes I - 1039-991
Amenemope - 993-984
Osorkon the Elder (or Osochor) - Osochor 984-978
Siamun - 978-959
Psusennes II - 959-945
Twenty-Second Dynasty (Libyans, ruling 945-720 B.C.)
Pharaoh Details Dates
Shoshenq I Claimed to be the Biblical Shishak 945-924
Osorkon I - 924-889
Shoshenq II - 890-890/889
Takelot I - 889-874
Harsiese - 875-862
Osorkon II - 874-834
Shoshenq III - 834-795
Shoshenq IV - 795-782
Pami - 782-776
Shoshenq V - 776-740
Osorkon IV - 740-720
Twenty-Third Dynasty (Libyans, ruling from Leontopolis, 836-720 B.C.)
Pharaoh Details Dates
Takelot II Founder of the 23rd Dynasty 837-813
Pedubast Seized Thebes during a rebellion against Takelot II 826-801
Iuput I - 812-811
Shoshenq VI Successor to Pedubast 801-795
Osorkon III Son of Takelot II; proclaimed king after recovering Thebes 795-767
Takelot III - 773-765
Rudamun - 765-762
Iuput II - 762-728
Twenty-Fourth Dynasty (Rival dynasty, ruling from the Delta, 732-720 B.C.)
Pharaoh Details Dates
Tefnakhte - 732-725
Bakenrenef (Bocchoris) - 725-720
Late Period
Twenty-Fifth Dynasty (Nubians, ruling 732-656 B.C.)
Name Comments Dates
Piye King of Nubia for 20 years prior to conquering Egypt, where he ruled for four additional years 752-721
Shabaka - 721-707
Shebitku - 707-690
Taharqa - 690-664
Tantamani - 664-653
Twenty-Sixth Dynasty (Native Egyptians (Saites), ruling 672-525 B.C.)
Pharaoh Details Dates
Necho I - 672-664
Psamtik I - 664-610
Necho II Fought against Babylon and King Josiah of Judah, who was killed in battle at Megiddo (2 Kings 23:29, 2 Chronicles 35:20-24) 610-595
Psamtik II - 595-589
Wahibre - 589-570
Ahmose II - 570-526
Psammetichus III - 526-525 BC
Twenty-Seventh Dynasty (Persians who conquered Egypt and absorbed it into their empire, ruling 525-404 B.C.)
Pharaoh Details Dates
Cambyses II - 525-521
Smerdis - 522-521
Darius I the Great - 521-486 BC
Xerxes I the Great - 486-465 BC
Artabanus the Hyrcanian - 465-464 BC
Artaxerxes I - 464-424
Xerxes II claimant to the throne 424-423 BC
Sogdianus claimant to the throne 424-423 BC
Darius II - 424-404 BC
Twenty-Eighth Dynasty (Six-year rule by a single pharaoh, 525-404 B.C.)
Pharaoh Details Dates
Amyrtaeus Descendant of Twenty-Sixth Dynasty Saite pharaohs; led a successful revolt against the Persians 404-398 BC
Twenty-Ninth Dynasty (398-380 B.C.)
Name Comments Dates
Nefaarud I Also known as Nepherites 398 – 393 BC
Psammuthes - 393 BC
Hakor (Achoris) - 393-380
Nefaarud II - 380 BC
Thirtieth Dynasty (Last native Egyptian rule, 380-343 B.C.)
Pharaoh Details Dates
Nectanebo I (Nekhtnebef) - 380-362 BC
Teos - 362-360 BC
Nectanebo II - 360-343 BC
Thirty-First Dynasty (Restored Persian rule, 380-343 B.C.)
Pharaoh Details Dates
Artaxerxes III Re-conquered Egypt for the Persian Empire 343-338
Artaxerxes IV Arses Ruled from Lower Egypt only 338-336 BC
Khababash Leader of a Nubian revolt in Upper Egypt 338-335 BC
Darius III Codomannus Queled revolt in Upper Egypt and returned it Persian control, 335 BC 336-332 BC
Argead Dynasty (Conquest by Macedonian Greeks; 332-309 B.C.)
King Details Dates
Alexander III of Macedon (Alexander the Great) Conquered the Persian Empire; ushured in the Hellenistic Age 332-323 BC
Philip III Arrhidaeus Feeble-minded half-brother of Alexander III 323-317 BC
Alexander IV Son of Alexander III and Roxana 317-309 BC
Ptolemaic Dynasty (Second Greek dynasty, 305-30 B.C.)
Pharaoh Details Dates
Ptolemy I Soter One of Alexander III's generals; Abdicated in 285 BC 305-285 BC
Berenice I Wife of Ptolemy I ?-285 BC
Ptolemy II Philadelphos - 288-246 BC
Arsinoe I Wife of Ptolemy II 284-274 BC
Arsinoe II Wife of Ptolemy II 277-270 BC
Ptolemy III Euergetes I - 246-222 BC
Berenice II Wife of Ptolemy III 244-222
Ptolemy IV Philopator - 222-204 BC
Arsinoe III Wife of Ptolemy IV 220-204 BC
Ptolemy V Epiphanes - 204-180
Cleopatra I Wife of Ptolemy V, co-regent with Ptolemy VI during his minority 193-176 BC
Ptolemy VI Philometor - 180-164 BC
Cleopatra II Wife of Ptolemy VI 173-164
Ptolemy VIII Euergetes II Proclaimed king by Alexandrians in 170 BC; ruled jointly with Ptolemy VI Philometor and Cleopatra II (169 to 164) 171-163
Ptolemy VI Philometor Second rule; restored Egypt from Ptolemy VIII in 163 BC 163-145
Cleopatra II Married Ptolemy VIII; led revolt against her husband in 131 BC; became sole ruler of Egypt. 163-127 BC
Ptolemy VII Neos Philopator Ruled under regency of his mother Cleopatra II 144-144
Ptolemy VIII Euergetes II Second rule 145-131
Cleopatra III Second wife of Ptolemy VIII 142-131 BC
Ptolemy Memphitis Proclaimed king by Cleopatra II; killed by Ptolemy VIII 131
Ptolemy VIII Euergetes II Second rule 127-116
Cleopatra III Second rule; restored with Ptolemy VIII; later co-regent with Ptolemy IX and X. 127-107 BC
Cleopatra II Reconciled with Ptolemy VIII; co-ruled with Cleopatra III and Ptolemy until 116. 124-116
Ptolemy IX Soter II Died 80 BC 116-110
Cleopatra IV Shortly married to Ptolemy IX, removed by Cleopatra III 116-115 BC
Ptolemy X Alexander I Died 88 BC 110-109 BC
Ptolemy IX Soter II Second rule 109-107 BC
Ptolemy X Alexander I Second rule 107-88 BC
Ptolemy IX Soter II Second rule 88-81 BC
Berenice III Forced to marry Ptolemy XI; murdered 19 days later on his orders 81-80
Ptolemy XI Alexander II Set on throne by Sulla; ruled for 80 days before being hung by citizens for killing Berenice III 80 BC
Ptolemy XII Neos Dionysos (Auletes) Son of Ptolemy IX; died 51 BC 80-58 BC
Cleopatra V Tryphaena Wife of Ptolemy XII, mother of Berenice IV ?-57 BC
Cleopatra VI Daughter of Ptolemy XII ?-58 BC
Berenice IV Daughter of Ptolemy XII 58-55 BC
Ptolemy XII Neos Dionysos Second rule; reigned briefly with daughter Cleopatra VII before his death 55-51
Cleopatra VII The Cleopatra of legend; last ruler of Egypt before Roman conquest 51-30
Ptolemy XIII Brother of Cleopatra VII 51-47 BC
Arsinoe IV Opposed Cleopatra VII 48-47
Ptolemy XIV Younger brother of Cleopatra VII and Ptolemy XIII 47-44 BC
Ptolemy XV Caesarion Young son of Cleopatra VII by Julius Caesar; killed on orders of Octavian (future Roman emperor Augustus) 44-30

See also

References

  1. ↑ http://www.egyptologyonline.com/pharaoh's_crowns.htm
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