Difference between revisions of "Personality"

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*[https://blogs.scientificamerican.com/beautiful-minds/which-personality-traits-are-most-predictive-of-well-being/# Which Personality Traits Are Most Predictive of Well-Being?], by Scott Barry Kaufman, Scientific American website, January 21, 2017
 
*[https://blogs.scientificamerican.com/beautiful-minds/which-personality-traits-are-most-predictive-of-well-being/# Which Personality Traits Are Most Predictive of Well-Being?], by Scott Barry Kaufman, Scientific American website, January 21, 2017
 
*[https://www.verywellmind.com/what-is-personality-2795416 How Personality Impacts Our Daily Lives] by Kendra Cherry, MSEd
 
*[https://www.verywellmind.com/what-is-personality-2795416 How Personality Impacts Our Daily Lives] by Kendra Cherry, MSEd
 +
*[https://kslnewsradio.com/2073310/understanding-your-personality-can-improve-your-relationships/ Understanding your personality can improve your relationships]
  
 
==References==
 
==References==

Revision as of 08:36, April 25, 2024

Splitting personality into two
“[T]he ‘positive’ conception of freedom as self-mastery, with its suggestion of a man divided against himself, has in fact, and as a matter of history, of doctrine and of practice, lent itself more easily to this splitting of personality into two: the transcendent, dominant controller, and the empirical bundle of desires and passions to be disciplined and brought to heel. ... This demonstrates (if demonstration of so obvious a truth is needed) that conceptions of freedom directly derive from views of what constitutes a self, a person, a man. Enough manipulation of the definition of man, and freedom can be made to mean whatever the manipulator wishes.”
— Isaiah Berlin,[1]

Personality is the way people think, feel, and behave.[2]

Big Five personality traits

See also: Big Five personality traits

Basic Five Factor model

The Big Five personality traits (the basis for the five factor model) are the five traits psychologists use to describe an individual's personality. While other traits exist, these are thought to define a large part of individuality. Hans Eysenck initiated this concept, but only included two personality traits, extraversion and neuroticism.

List of Big 5 personality Traits

  • Conscientiousness - Self-discipline, efficiency, orderliness and dependable. Conscientiousness is positively correlated to a desire to perform a task well.
  • Extraversion - Assertive, energetic, and personable
  • Agreeableness - Understanding and cooperativeness
  • Neuroticism - Anxiety, vulnerability, and sensitivity
  • Openness - Creativity, imitativeness, and curiosity[3][4]

Brent W. Roberts and Daniel Mroczek and changes in the Big Five Personality traits and other personality changes. Other data the personality is changeable

See also: Neoroplasticity and the ability of individuals to change their personality

The psychologist Brent Roberts indicates that the data indicates that the Big Five Personality traits of conscientiousness and neuroticism are especially, significantly changeable in life and this is particularly true in people who are more emotionally unstable.[5]

  • Personality Trait Change in Adulthood. Current Directions in Psychological Science by Brent W. Roberts and Daniel Mroczek. 2008 Feb 1; 17(1): 31–35. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-8721.2008.00543.x

Neoroplasticity and the ability of individuals to change their personality

The human brain is the most complex physical entity in the universe.[6][7][8]

See also: Neoroplasticity and the ability of individuals to change their personality

According to the National Institute of Health, "Neuroplasticity, also known as neural plasticity or brain plasticity, is a process that involves adaptive structural and functional changes to the brain."[9]

An article on neuroplasticity further states:

“ Neuroplasticity is the brain’s capacity to continue growing and evolving in response to life experiences. Plasticity is the capacity to be shaped, molded, or altered; neuroplasticity, then, is the ability for the brain to adapt or change over time, by creating new neurons and building new networks.

Historically, scientists believed that the brain stopped growing after childhood. But current research shows that the brain is able to continue growing and changing throughout the lifespan, refining its architecture or shifting functions to different regions of the brain.

The importance of neuroplasticity can’t be overstated: It means that it is possible to change dysfunctional patterns of thinking and behaving and to develop new mindsets, new memories, new skills, and new abilities.[10]

”

UC Davis researchers indicate:

“ It has long been believed that people can’t change their personalities, which are largely stable and inherited. But a review of recent research in personality science points to the possibility that personality traits can change through persistent intervention and major life events.

Personality traits, identified as neuroticism, extraversion, openness to experience, agreeableness and conscientiousness, can predict a wide range of important outcomes such as health, happiness and income. Because of this, these traits might represent an important target for policy interventions designed to improve human welfare.

The research, published in the December issue of American Psychologist, is the product of the Personality Change Consortium, an international group of researchers committed to advancing understanding of personality change. The consortium was initiated by Wiebke Bleidorn and Christopher Hopwood, University of California, Davis, professors of psychology who are also co-authors of the latest paper, “The Policy Relevance of Personality Traits.” The paper has 13 other co-authors.[11]

”

The article How to Become a New Person Through Neuroplasticity states:

“ In Atomic Habits, James Clear expands on this idea and suggests that changing your habits requires not only changing your thought patterns, but your underlying beliefs about yourself. If you want to change yourself to be more assertive, for example, but deep down you still believe you are a timid person, the changes you make toward being assertive will not last.)

According to Dispenza, when an emotion lasts more than a few hours, it becomes a mood. When it lasts more than a few days, it becomes a temperament. When it lasts years, it becomes a personality trait. Replacing a negative personality trait with a positive one, then, requires changing the emotions that eventually build to that trait.[12]

”

Some of the key ways an individual can change their personality is through improving:[13][14]

  • Listening skills
  • Expanding one's interests
  • Empathy and increasing praise of others
  • Self-confidence
  • Communication skills
  • Positive/constructive thinking ability
  • Level of integrity
  • Assertiveness skills
  • Stepping out of one's comfort zone
  • Creativity and intellectual curiosity
  • Journaling to increase self-awareness
  • Teamwork skills though team activities and social networking
  • Level of feedback from others (Mentors, coaching and asking others for feedback such as church members and clergy)

Personality disorders

See also: Personality disorder

Drama masks

Histrionic personality disorder (HPD) is a mental health condition marked by unstable emotions, a distorted self-image and an overwhelming desire to be noticed. People with HPD often behave dramatically or inappropriately to get attention.[15]

About 9% of the population has at least one personality disorder.[16]

• Paranoid personality disorder is a pattern of distrust and suspiciousness such that others' motives are interpreted as malevolent.
• Schizoid personality disorder is a pattern of detachment from social relationships and a restricted range of emotional expression.
• Schizotypal personality disorder is a pattern of acute discomfort in close relationships, cognitive or perceptual distortions, and eccentricities of behavior.
• Antisocial personality disorder is a pattern of disregard for, and violation of, the rights of others.
• Borderline personality disorder is a pattern of instability in interpersonal relationships, self-image, and affects, and marked impulsivity.
• Histrionic personality disorder is a pattern of excessive emotionality and attention seeking.
• Narcissistic personality disorder is a pattern of grandiosity, need for admiration, and lack of empathy.
• Avoidant personality disorder is a pattern of social inhibition, feelings of inadequacy, and hypersensitivity to negative evaluation.
• Dependent personality disorder is a pattern of submissive and clinging behavior related to an excessive need to be taken care of.
• Obsessive-compulsive personality disorder is a pattern of preoccupation with orderliness, perfectionism, and control." [ibid.]

Individuals with more than one personality disorder

According to the American Psychiatry Association: "Technically, according to DSM-5*, a person can receive more than one personality disorder diagnosis. People who are diagnosed with a personality disorder most often qualify for more than one diagnosis. A person with a severe personality disorder might meet the criteria for four, five or even more disorders! In practice, clinicians usually recognize that meeting more criteria for personality disorders means more severe disorder."[17]

Anthony D. Smith LMHC indicates:

“ It's no secret that some personality disorders (PDO) have significant similarities. The Narcissistic and Antisocial share a lack of empathy and tendency for rage; Borderlines and Dependents have profound fears of abandonment and clingy behavior; the Schizoid and Avoidant are socially anxious and unassertive.

Despite the glaring similarities, careful differential diagnosis can yield one "pure" personality disorder. However, it's most common that patients exhibit a mixed presentation (APA, 2013) such as Antisocial with some Paranoid PDO characteristics, or in fact meet full criteria for two or more PDOs (e.g., Grant et al., 2005; Millon, 2011; Skewes et al., 2015).

Readers familiar with PDOs may notice that the above examples are both intra-cluster and inter-cluster (see below regarding personality disorder organization). Indeed, the PDO cluster boundaries are permeable. Grant (2005) noted that this is common, with both inter- and intra-cluster PDO combinations being "... pervasive in the general U.S. population."

Personality Disorder Organization Generally, personality disorders are categorized under three different umbrellas, or themes, and the collection of disorders under each umbrella is called a cluster. They are arranged in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) as follows:

  • Cluster A are PDOs with a semi-psychotic theme. These include the Paranoid, Schizotypal, and Schizoid.
  • Cluster B are PDOs with a common theme of dramatic behavior/entitlement/moodiness/poor impulse control. This includes the Antisocial, Borderline, Histrionic, and Narcissistic.
  • Cluster C are PDOs with an anxious-depressed common theme. Here we find the Avoidant, Dependent, and Obsessive-Compulsive/Perfectionistic.[18]
 ”

Personality disorders and their relationship to increased marital problems and divorce

See also: Personality disorders and divorce and Psychological and sociological research about individuals with multiple divorces

The abstract for the journal article Personality Disorder Symptoms Are Differentially Related to Divorce Frequency states:

"Divorce is associated with a multitude of outcomes related to health and well-being. Data from a representative community sample (N = 1,241) of St. Louis residents (ages 55–64) were used to examine associations between personality pathology and divorce in late midlife. Symptoms of the 10 DSM–IV personality disorders were assessed with the Structured Interview for DSM–IV Personality and the Multisource Assessment of Personality Pathology (both self and informant versions). Multiple regression analyses showed Paranoia and Histrionic personality disorder symptoms to be consistently and positively associated with number of divorces across all three sources of personality assessment. Conversely, Avoidant personality disorder symptoms were negatively associated with number of divorces. The present paper provides new information about the relationship between divorce and personality pathology at a developmental stage that is understudied in both domains."[19]

See also:

Toxic personality traits

See also: Toxic personality traits

According to WebMD.com:

“ If you know someone who’s difficult and causes a lot of conflict in your life, you may be dealing with a toxic person. These people can create lots of stress and unpleasantness for you and others, not to mention emotional or even physical pain.

A toxic person is anyone whose behavior adds negativity and upset to your life. Many times, people who are toxic are dealing with their own stresses and traumas. To do this, they act in ways that don’t present them in the best light and usually upset others along the way.

Toxicity in people isn’t considered a mental disorder. But there could be underlying mental problems that cause someone to act in toxic ways, including a personality disorder.[20]

”

Symptoms of a toxic person

Narcissistic rage is an outburst of intense anger or silence that can happen to someone with narcissistic personality disorder.[21]

Some of the characteristics of psychopaths are being angry, rash, impulsive, and oppositional (among others).[22]

Reduced empathy, often seen in psychopathy, increases the prevalence of goal-directed aggression.[23] Psychopaths have a greater risk of suffering from irritability/reactive aggression.[24] Both decreased empathy and increased anger are associated with maladaptive aggression.[25]

Symptoms of a toxic person are:[26][27][28][29]

1. Inconsistent behavior

2. They always need your attention

3. They are narcissistic

4. There is always drama. According to WebMD.com: "Toxic people thrive in dramatic situations. They inflame emotions and create conflict. They love stirring the pot to see what happens. People are often toxic because they're not interested in being stable and healthy in relationships."[30]

5. They lack empathy and are mean.

6. They don’t respect your boundaries

7. The are controlling

8. They manipulate others for what they want

9. They’ll make you prove yourself to them

10. They never apologise.

11. They’ll bring irrelevant detail into a conversation as a means of distraction and avoidance

12. They exaggerate. For example, they may frequently use the term "You always" or "You never"

13. They are dishonest

14. They are denialists

15. They abuse substances

Dark Triad personality traits

See also: Dark Triad personality traits

According to the psychological theory of the Dark Triad personality type, the three Dark Triad personality subtypes are subclinical narcissism, Machiavellianism and subclinical psychopath.[31][32][33]

"The “Dark Triad” personality traits are a toxic amalgamation of various negative traits and behaviors, such as they are domineering, violent, volatile, manipulative, remorseless, cynical, deceitful, etc."[34]

Health.com states concerning people with dark triad traits and one of the best ways to deal with them: "...people with dark triad personality traits may be able to change, but the likelihood of that happening is "minuscule," noted Hokemeyer. "The personality traits that make up a dark triad are deeply ingrained in their psyche and highly resistant to any sort of challenge that would manifest a change. The best strategy is to move away from them as quickly as possible."[35]

The dark triad personality traits and their various sub-traits.
Narcissists don't learn from their mistakes because they don't think they make any.[36]

Atheism and personhood

See also: Atheism and personhood

Under a naturalistic, atheist worldview, human beings a collection of atoms that are merely the outcome of an accidental collection of atoms.

In a naturalistic, atheistic worldview, the universe is merely the outcome of an accidental arrangement of atoms and eventually all the suns in the universe will eventually burn out (see: Atheism, agnosticism and pessimism). And unlike Bible believing Christians, there are atheists who actually assert the universe popped into existence from nothing (see: Atheism and the origin of the universe). For instance, the atheist Stephen Hawking asserted: "Because there is a law such as gravity, the universe can and will create itself from nothing".[37]

Atheism and consciousness

See: Atheism and consciousness

Atheism and human worth

Atheism and the devaluing of human life

See also

External links

References

  1. ↑ Mark R. Levin. Rediscovering Americanism and the tyranny of progressivism. Treshold Edition, 152–3. ISBN 978-1-4767-7308-7. 
  2. ↑ Great Ideas in Personality
  3. ↑ https://www.verywell.com/the-big-five-personality-dimensions-2795422
  4. ↑ https://www.mentalhelp.net/articles/big-five-personality-traits
  5. ↑ Brent Roberts: Continuity and Change in Personality, Conscientiousness, and Narcissism - video
  6. ↑ The Human Body: God's Masterpiece
  7. ↑ The Enigmatic Human Brain by Wallace G. Smith
  8. ↑ The Most Complex Structure, Creation Moments
  9. ↑ Neuroplasticity
  10. ↑ Neuroplasticity
  11. ↑ Can you change your personality?
  12. ↑ How to Become a New Person Through Neuroplasticity
  13. ↑ 9 Tips to improve your personality, Personality Labs website]
  14. ↑ Activities for personality development: 15 ways to grow by By Erin Eatough, PhD
  15. ↑ Histrionic Personality Disorder, Cleveland Clinic
  16. ↑ Histrionic Personality Disorder, National Library of Medicine
  17. ↑ Expert Q&A: Personality Disorders, American Psychiatry Association
  18. ↑ Can a Person Have More Than One Personality Disorder? by Anthony D. Smith
  19. ↑ Personality Disorder Symptoms Are Differentially Related to Divorce Frequency by Krystle L., Disney, Yana Weinstein, and Thomas F. Oltmanns, Journal of Family Psychology. 2012 Dec; 26(6): 959–965.doi: 10.1037/a0030446
  20. ↑ Signs of a Toxic Person, WebMD.com
  21. ↑ What Is Narcissistic Rage, and What’s the Best Way to Deal with It?, Healthline.com
  22. ↑ What Everyone Should Understand About the Dark Triad, Psychology Today website, 2022
  23. ↑ Traits of empathy and anger: implications for psychopathy and other disorders associated with aggression, Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, v.373(1744); 2018 Apr 19
  24. ↑ Traits of empathy and anger: implications for psychopathy and other disorders associated with aggression, Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, v.373(1744); 2018 Apr 19
  25. ↑ Traits of empathy and anger: implications for psychopathy and other disorders associated with aggression, Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, v.373(1744); 2018 Apr 19
  26. ↑ Signs of a Toxic Person, WebMD.com
  27. ↑ Do’s and Don’ts for Dealing with Toxic Behavior, Healthline.com
  28. ↑ Toxic People: 12 Things They Do and How to Deal with Them by the psychologist Karen Young
  29. ↑ What to Know About People with Toxic Traits, PsychCentral.com
  30. ↑ Signs of a Toxic Person, WebMD.com
  31. ↑ Rethinking aversive personality: Decomposing the Dark Triad traits into their common core and unique flavors, Journal of Personality. 2022 Oct 18. doi: 10.1111/jopy.12785. Online ahead of print.
  32. ↑ The Dark Triad of personality: Narcissism, Machiavellianism, and psychopathy, Journal of Research in Personality Volume 36, Issue 6, December 2002, Pages 556-563
  33. ↑ Dark triad - psychology, Encylopedia Britannica
  34. ↑ How to Identify And Deal With a “Dark Triad” Personality
  35. ↑ What Is the Dark Triad and Why Are People With These Traits So Dangerous?, Health.com, 2022
  36. ↑ Narcissists don't learn from their mistakes because they don't think they make any, Eurasia Review, 2020
  37. ↑ Hawking atheopathy by Jonathan Sarfati
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