Difference between revisions of "World History Study Guide from 1648"

 

 

{| class="wikitable sortable"

|[[Age of Exploration]]

|(1450-1650) a time period when European nation-states (mainly England, France, Portugal and Spain) explored distant lands, including the American continents

|American Revolution  

|a revolution against the British in the American Colonies beginning in 1776 with the American Declaration of Independence, caused by over-taxation by England; the Patriots won with the help of the French, and the Treaty of Paris (1783) ended this war

|[[balance of power]]

|first established by Europeon nations after the final defeat of Napoleon: alliances called the Concert of Europe required nations to assist each other in order to defeat any one nation that became too powerful and started invading others

|[[Bastille Day]]

|(July 14, 1789) when French peasants invaded the huge Bastille prison in Paris, freeing political prisoners. This started the Great Fear, with riots breaking out every day and peasants burning wealthy homes

|[[Big Bang]]

|a scientific theory, initially ridiculed before being accepted by many physicists, that the universe had a unique creation rather than having existed forever

|[[Niels Bohr]]

|a Danish physicist in the early 1900s who discovered the atomic structure and helped develop quantum mechanics

|[[Georges Danton|Georges Jacques Danton]]

|(1759–1794) a Jacobin during the French Revolution who joined and fully supported it until he saw the reign of terror and started to change his mind; then he was executed

|a miniature, highly maneuverable, lightweight ship developed by the Portuguese, which was often used to carry cargo

|[[Charles Darwin]]

|(1809-1882) English naturalist who proposed the theory of evolution: that all species had evolved into complex forms of life over millions of years through the process of "natural selection," or "survival of the fittest"

|[[Charles Dickens]]

|(1812-1870) Greatest English novelist of the Victorian period, who sympathized with the poor and invented colorful characters like "Scrooge"

|(1451-1506) Italian explorer funded by Spain to sail in four voyages across the Atlantic ocean in search for a trade route to India; he discovered the "New World" by reaching the Caribbean

|[[David Ricardo]]

|(1772-1823) a classical British economist who advocated the advantages of more trade between nations

|[[David Livingstone]]

|Scotsman who explored central Africa in the late 1860s to find the source of the Nile

|[[Albert Einstein]]

|(1879-1955) physicist best known for his work on the theory of relativity.

|an imperialistic nation-state based in the British isles off the western coast of Europe; ir established the largest non-contiguous empire in history in the late 1800s but is much weaker than the U.S. today

|[[Expressionism]]

|style of art that arose in the 20th century, using distorted forms and bold colors

|[[Forbidden City]]

|imperial palace located in Beijing, China, which was used by twenty-four emperors during the Ming and Qing dynasties; the public was kept out for 500 years

|[[Great Depression]]

|a worldwide economic crisis in the 1930s when poverty struck most of the world

|[[imperialism]]

|the practice of one strong nation controlling another weaker nation, territory, or a group of people; types of imperialism (from strongest to weakest) are: colonization, protectorates, spheres of influence, and economic

|[[Impressionism]]

|a type of painting that didn't focus on detail, but on the feeling and impressions

|[[The Enlightenment]]

|a philosophical movement in Europe in the 1700s that challenged traditional views and preferred reason over faith; thinkers included Rousseau, Voltaire, Hume, Kant, Jefferson, Locke, and Diderot.

|[[James Stuart]]

|cousin of Queen Elizabeth who took over the English throne as James I and authorized the King James Version of the Bible; unlike Queen Elizabeth, King James I argued often with Parliament

|[[jazz]]

|music originating in New Orleans in the early 1900s, developing varied and complex styles; it consists of intricate, propulsive rhythms, polyphonic ensemble playing, improvisatory, virtuosic solos, melodic freedom, and a harmonic idiom.

|[[John Locke]]

|(1632-1704) English philosopher during the Enlightenment who created the idea of a "social contract" between the people and their government, which became the philosophical basis of rebellion in England and the American Revolution when people felt that government had broken this contract

|[[Louisiana Purchase]]

|land sold by Napoleon to the U.S. for a low price in 1803, stretching from Lousiana to the Northwest

|[[Voltaire]]

|(1694-1778) French philosopher prominent in the Enlightment, favoring '''''absolute''''' freedom and supporting ideas that led to French Revolution

|[[nation-state]]

|(beginning in the 1400s) a single country comprised of people unified in language and culture, such as England, France, Spain and, much later, Germany

|[[Marie Antoinette]]

|wife of Louis XVI during the French Revolution, who reportedly said, "Let them eat cake!" upon hearing of the shortage of bread

|[[monarch]]

|A person who reigns over a kingdom or empire. He may be above the law (''absolute monarch'') or subject to it (''constitutional monarchy''). The position is generally inherited

|Louis XIV

|(ruled 1643-1715) an absolute (all-powerful) monarch of France who said, “L’etat c’est moi!” (“I am the state”)

|divine right of kings

|belief they were given power by God and responsible to God alone, which lasted until religious conflict in England in the 1600s and the French Revolution in the late 1700s

|Philip II

|(reigned 1556-1598) King of Spain who was the great-grandson of Isabella and Ferdinand; he kept Spain Catholic, and viewed Elizabeth I of England as his main rival, but his mighty Spanish Armada was crushed by a quicker English fleet in 1588. 

|William of Orange

|(1579) led the Netherlands in a revolt against their Spanish masters; this (along with the defeat of the Spanish Armada by the British) weakened Spanish power

|Mustafa Kemal Atatürk

|(1923) created the modern state of Turkey, with a combination of military rule and an elected Parliament; also converted the Arabic language to a modern, Latin-style alphabet

|[[opium]]

|a harmful, addictive drug that the British sent in large amounts to China, which was a cause of the great Taiping Rebellion.

|An economic system that private companies own all capital goods and sell them at a competitive price.  This system is almost always successful until excessive government prevails.

|The trade of plants and animals from America to Europe; Europe to America. This was put into action some time after Columbus discovered America in 1492.

|(1473-1543) a Polish Catholic scientist who started the "Scientific Revolution" with his discovery that the Earth revolves around the Sun, and published his discovery in a book at the end of this life ("On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres")

|[[Hernando Cortes]]

|aided by superior weapons and horses, he led the Spanish conquest of Mexico in 1519 and conquered the Aztec empire, capturing the Aztec ruler known as Montezuma; Cortex burned the Aztec capital Tenochtitlan and built Mexico City in its place

|Francisco Pizzaro

|also aided by the use of horses and superior weapons, he led the Spanish conquest of Peru, eventually killing their emperor, Atahualpa; Pizzaro destroyed the ancient Peruvian city of Cuzco, and replaced with the city of Lima. While in Peru, Pizzaro also discovered the greatest silver mine in the Americas.

|-

|beginning in 1503: Spanish system whereby a Spanish soldier (or colonist) received a section of land from the king along with the Indians or South American residents, who would then work the land for the soldier similar to slavery.

|Peasant-turned-monk that was the only person who could heal Czar Nicholas II's son from his hemophilia.

|1497-1498: a British explorer (who had been born in Genoa, Italy, like Columbus) who discovered Newfoundland and the New England coast, so that land became the property of England

|More of a philosophy than a religion, Neo-Confucianism is a combination of Confucianism and Buddhism, and was the primary practice of the Chinese nation in the 1600's.

|American engineer and inventor who created the first commerical steamboat service in 1807.

|(1826-1866) an influential German mathematician who made lasting contributions to differential geometry and analysis, some of which provided a foundation 40 years later for the theory of general relativity in physics.

|[[Congress of Vienna]]

|1815: convention of European nations proposing a balance of powers among the rival nations to ensure than no single nation could threaten the others as Napolean had just done

|[[Concert of Europe]]

|established during the Congress of Vienna; alliances between the nations requiring assistance of each other if war broke out, protecting against any revolutions or invasion; adopted changes including the legitimacy of monarchies and growing nationalism in Europe

|(1787) the oldest working constitution in the world, which established a masterful design for government

|Cotton is a natural fiber used in clothing. It comes from the seed of the cotton plant. People have grown cotton since 3000 B.C. and traded it for other goods.

|(1776) an American statement of "inalienable" (God-given) rights, and asserting a right of the people break their "social contract" with a ruler (a king) when he violates those rights, such as the right to life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness

|(1729-1797) a conservative Irish statesman in the British parliament who sided with the American colonies in the period leading up to the American Revolution, coined the phrase "salutary neglect" to support economic growth in the colonies, and criticized the French Revolution when most others were praising it

|(1788) Brilliant essays encouraging ratification of the U.S. Constitution, written mostly by Alexander Hamilton and James Madison

|(1724-1804) a leading German philosopher, Kant felt that behavior is moral only if it would work as a rule if everyone did it (e.g., littering is immoral for one person to do it, because it wouldn't work if everyone did it); Kant's book "A Critique of Pure Reason" criticized the use of pure reason to determine morality

|technology-driven changes in society that began about 1760 in England and later in other countries, characterized chiefly by the replacement of hand tools with power-driven machines, as the power loom and the steam engine, and a shift from farming to factories for many workers

|(1831-1879)British physicist. Maxwell is ranked as the foremost physical scientist of the 19th century. His greatest achievement was the synthesis of the contributions of Faraday, Gauss, and Ampère into a single coherent electromagnetic theory. Of his several academic appointments the most important was the post of professor of experimental physics at Cambridge. He made contributions of fundamental importance to many branches of physics. The maxwell, a unit of magnetic flux, was named in his honor.

|1685-1750 German composer famous for Fugues, Inventions, English Suites and Passion according to St. Matthew.

|1822–95,French chemist and bacteriologist who founded microbiology invented pasteurization, and discovered vaccinations for anthrax, rabies, and chicken cholera.

|Louis XVI was the king of France from 1774 to October 1792. On August tenth during the French Revolution he was arrested. He was tried and found guilt of high treason. He was then executed by the guillotine on 21 January 1793.

|Helped to break the isolation of Japan by sailing into Edo harbor and helped the Treaty of Kanagawa to be signed in 1854.

|[[slavery]]

|the state or condition of being a slave; a civil relationship whereby one person has absolute power over another and controls his life, liberty, and fortune

|Realism

|the doctrine that universals have a real objective existence

|Steamboat

|A steamboat is a waterborne ship powered by a steam engine. Historically, the steam was produced by burning coal (or less often, wood), although modern steamboats tend to use more portable fuels such as diesel gasoline.

|The decrease in a firm's long-run average costs as the size of its production increases.

|Early 1700's during the industrial revolution in England.. Wealthy farmers bought land from small farmers, benefiting from economies of scale in farming huge tracts of land.

|(1723-1790) a Scottish political economist who wrote a book with his idea about how the "invisible hand" of capitalism will create wealth and prosperity, in the "Wealth of Nations" (1776)

|Factors of production

|(1599-1658) Was an English soldier, statesman, and leader of the Puritan revolution.

|(1558-1603) was known as the "Virgin Queen" of England and her 45-year reign was the “Elizabethan Age”; Virginia was named in her honor

|(1802-1885) Is considered one of the greatest Romanticist poets. He was a French man who wrote the classics Cromwell (1827), The Hunchback of Notre Dame of Paris (1831) and Les Miserables (1862).

|(1758-1794) a French Jacobin who was most responsible for reign of terror; under the influence of the work of Rousseau, Robespierre unbendingly murdered moderates and all opponents, and was eventually killed by the guillotine himself in 1794.

|The French Revolution started in 1789 with the storm of the Bastille prison. The Revolution included the capture and beheading of King Louis XVI, and the Reign of Terror by Maximilien de Robespierre which ended in 1794 with Robespierre's death.

|Prince Henry the Navigator

|founded the School of Navigation in Portugal in 1419, to train sailors to explore the West African coast with a goal of eventually finding sea routes to India

|Bartholomew Diaz

|a Portuguese navigator who sailed around the southern tip of Africa (the Cape of Good Hope) in 1487 to establish a sea route to India

|[[Ferdinand and Isabella]]

|Ferdinand and Isabella were the king and queen of Spain in the late fifteenth century A.D. They were patrons of Christopher Columbus. After reconquering the small Moorish Kingdom of Granada, they established the Spanish Inquisition (1478) and expelled the Jews and Muslims from Spain in 1492.

|William and Mary

|William III (1650-1702 A.D.) was the king of England, Scotland, and Ireland from 1682 to 1702 A.D..They both founded the college of William and Mary in 1693. He ruled along with Queen Mary II (1662-1694 A.D.) until she died. William continued to rule until his death in 1702.

|Reconquista

|(AD 722-1492) Was the regaining by Christians of Spain and Portugal, which had been under Muslim control.

|Treaty of Tordesillas

|1494: established an 1100-mile long "Line of Demarcation," giving one side to Portugal and the other side to Spain for controlling the New World (Western Hemisphere)

|Line of Demarcation

|a north-to-south line giving Portugal trading rights in India, China, the East Indies, East Brazil and the Spanish Americas, and giving Spain control of the remaining, vast majority of the Americas.  

|Ferdinand Magellan

|1519-1522: led the first successful voyage to go around the world, going around the southern tip of South America.  Magellan himself was killed by Philippine natives prior to completing the last leg of the journey.

|Results of Magellan's voyage

|Spain gained control of many South American territories, including Peru; Spain also obtained control over the Philippines in the Far East.

|[[Otto von Bismarck]]

|(1815-1898) Was the minister president of Prussia (1862-71), and the first chancellor of the German Empire (1871-90). Known as the "Iron Chancellor," he was a very skilled statesman and diplomat who unified Germany as a nation in the 1860s and arranged for wars against other nations (first against Denmark, then against Austria and finally against France) in order to help unify the German people against outside enemies. 

|Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte (20 April 1808 – 9 January 1873) was the President of the French Second Republic and as Napoleon III, the ruler of the Second French Empire.  

|(1804-1814/1815) Was the empire of Napoleon I of France, and was a dominant power of most of continental Europe during the early 19th century.

|The term "United Kingdom" refers to the combination of "Great Britain" and "Northern Ireland" which is part of the island of Ireland.

| A social movement in England that rioted and protested against the changes of the Industrial Revolution.

|(1770-1827) revolutionized instrumental music and took it to new heights never thought possible. Beethoven became totally deaf at the age of forty. He wrote most of his best music while he was total deaf.

|A nation-state in Europe that was ruled by a monarch until the French Revolution.

|a very militaristic nation-state in Europe in part of the area where Germany is today

|Corsica

|The Communist Manifesto

|Written by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels in 1848. It inspired citizens across the world to partake in revolutions against seemingly unjust behavior.It lays the foundation for Marxist thinking, teaching that class struggles are the origin of all progress in society.       

|Also known as Sun Yat-sen, he was the leader of the Kuomintang or nationalist Party that overthrew the Qing Dynasty of China. He also became the first leader of the former Republic of China.

|Divine Right of  Kings

|European doctrine that held that the authority of kings came from God.

|A declaration of rights made by the representatives of the people of Virginia on June 7, 1776 written by George Mason.This later influenced the writting of the Declaration of Independance.

|[[Utilitarianism]]

|proposed by Englishmen Jeremy Bentham and advocated by John Stuart Mill (1806-1873), this non-Christian concept prefers overall "utility" (overall benefits minus costs) rather than individual justice.  Tossing two people overboard in a lifeboat in order to save the other ten is an example.

|(1806-1873) British philosopher and last of the English classical economists; proponent of utilitarianism and also advocated the development of labor unions and farm cooperatives, as well as emancipation by women

|[[Laissez-faire]]

|Approach in economics in which transactions between private parties are free from state and government intervention

|George Frederick Handel was a German composer, resident in England, and noted particularly for his oratorios, including the Messiah

|1732--1809, Austrian composer who played a major part in establishing the classical forms of the symphony and the string quartet.

|1756--91, Austrian composer. A child prodigy and prolific genius, his works include operas, such as The Marriage of Figaro (1786), Don Giovanni (1787), and The Magic Flute (1791), symphonies, concertos for piano, violin, clarinet, and French horn, string quartets and quintets, sonatas, songs, and Masses, such as the unfinished Requiem (1791).

|Beethoven

|1770--1827, German composer, who greatly extended the form and scope of symphonic and chamber music, bridging the classical and romantic traditions. His works include nine symphonies, 32 piano sonatas, 16 string quartets, five piano concertos, a violin concerto, two masses, the opera Fidelio (1805), and choral music.

|[[Nazi]]

|a member of the National Socialist German Workers' party of Germany, which in 1933, under Adolf Hitler, seized political control of the country, suppressing all opposition and establishing a dictatorship over all cultural, economic, and political activities of the people, and promulgated belief in the supremacy of Hitler as Führer, aggressive anti-Semitism, the natural supremacy of the German people, and the establishment of Germany by superior force as a dominant world power. The party was officially abolished in 1945 at the conclusion of World War II.

|Gregor Mendel

|Father of Modern Genetics. As an Augustinian monk, Mendel studied Pea inheritance and interpreted his results to shape genetics till this day with his laws of Segregation and Independent assortment.

|Sigmund Freud

|Father of Modern Psychiatry. Arguably a pseudoscientist, with heavy focus on Ego and Eros. Famous for invention of the "Oedipus Complex" which is arguably a reflection of his troubled personal life.

|Classical Economics

|Mostly 19th century economics but also including 18th century Adam Smith, arguing for less government restriction on society.

|[[Charles Spurgeon]]

|Charles Spurgeon was a Minister in England who taught that faith without works is dead and that people should try to help the poor.

|Otto von Bismarck started the Franco-Prussian War. He had an idea that if he enticed the French to attack Prussia that the German tribes around him would band together to defeat the opposition. The War lasted only six weeks.

|In Italy, a prominent nationalist, Giuseppe Mazzini, began to argue strongly for the unification of Italy as one nation. He formed the “Brotherhood of Young Italy” in 1831.

|Belgium King Leopold II

|Leopold II (9 April 1835 – 17 December 1909) was the second king of the Belgians. He is chiefly remembered for being the founder and sole owner of the Congo Free state.

|[[Manfred von Richtofen]]

|Better known as the "Red Baron" was (and still is) the most well known, and possibly the most admired dogfighting ace of all time.

At the end of his life, he had an impressive 80 kills. He was shot down, by an unknown person near the end of World War I, in 1918

|Dual Alliance

|1879: Germany (led by Bismarck) with Austria-Hungary as a way of protecting those countries against possible aggression by France

|Triple Alliance

|Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy; formed in 1882 to protect against French attacks; later became the Central Powers after Italy left and the Ottoman Empire and Bulgaria joined

|Triple Entente

|Great Britain, Russia, France; formed in 1907 against the Triple Alliance; later became the Allied Powers after Italy and Japan joined

|Treaty of Versailles

|1919 Imposed limits on the size of the German army and its use of weapons and required Germany to pay reparations of $33 billion over a 30-year period; also took away some of its colonies and territories

|Vladimir Ilyich Lenin

|1870-1924 Leader of the Communist Party who overthrew the Russian government; became leader of the Bolsheviks and ruled the Soviet Union, imposing a system of Marxism-Leninism which remained until the 1990s; also arranged for peace with Germany to end Russia's support of the Allies in the war in 1918

|Bolsheviks

|After 1903, the more extreme Marxist group, as opposed to the Mensheviks, who wanted a sooner violent revolution; led by Lenin

|quantum mechanics

|this breakthrough in physics in the early 20th century, used today by electronic technology: there is an underlying uncertainty in subatomic particles, such that they have probabilities of being in different places at the same time until they are observed

|[[First Battle of Marne]]

|From September 6-12, 1914, the First Battle of Marne was a key conflict which halted the German efforts to capture France. This forced the Germans to fight a two front war. The French losses were horrific, 250,000. The German losses were similar.

|[[Gallipoli Campaign]]

|Allied forces landed on the Turkish peninsula of Gallipoli in April 1915. The allies were not prepared for the terrain or there opponent. Nine months after the landing the allies had to retreat. They suffered 46,000 deaths among 250,000 casualties.

|[[Battle of Verdun]]

|The French and the Germans fought perhaps one of the most demanding battles in history at the Battle of Verdun. The Germans initiated the battle by attacking the French city of Verdun. The battle lasted for ten months and at least 220,000 soldiers died and 480,000 were wounded in this struggle.

|[[Battle of the Somme]]

|This battle started with the British and French meeting a the Somme River to begin an attack on the Germans to distract them from Verdun. The Allies bombed the Germans lines then sent 200,000 troops to storm them. The Germans were prepared for the attack and the losses were great. The British lost 20,000 men and had 40,000 wounded. The British and the French lost nearly 750,000 men.

|[[Third Battle of Ypres]]

|The British hid 19 huge land mines under the German lines in southeast Ypres, Belgium over a 18 month period. The British detonated the mines and charged the lines in July 1917. The British plan worked for the beginning stages but soon failed because they did not pursue the Germans quick enough. Soon it rained the wettest fall season in years and the allies were literally stuck in the mud.

|[[Communist League]]

|Was the first Marxist international organization. It was founded originally as the League of the Just by German workers in Paris in 1834.  

|[[Karl Marx]]

|(1818-1883) German philosopher who, in 1848 with F. Engels, wrote The Communist Manifesto. He predicted that the working class would overthrow the wealthy in a capitalistic society and that private property should be eliminated.

|[[Friedrich Engels]]

|(1820-1895) German Philosopher whose father was a very wealthy industrialist. He wrote, with K. Marx, The Communist Manifesto. He supported Marx financially while Marx wrote Das Kapital.

|[[Robert Owen]]

|(1771-1858) Welsh industrialist and philosopher, he was a leading supporter of the "Utopian Socialism” and he introduced better working conditions to his own cotton mills in Scotland.

|[[Jeremy Bentham]]

|(1748-1832) Was a philosopher and lawyer who believed in individual and economic freedom.

|[[Charles Fourier]]

|(1772-1837) In France, was the leader of the utopian socialists.  He also believed that industrialism was a passing phase, and wanted to elevate the status of manual laborers.

|[[St. Helena]]

|A British island used as a place of exile, the most notable prisoner was Napoleon.

|Romanticism

|(1770-1870) a movement in poetry and the arts (including music) that emphasized individualism and the right to be different, reflecting an emphasis on thoughts and feelings, which coincided with numerous real revolutions like the French Revolution

|Neoclassicism

|(1760-1850) paintings that emphasized clear linear design, using classical themes as subject matter

|[[Johannes Kepler]]  

|(1571-1630) a German Protestant scientist who built on Copernicus's work and discovered that planets orbited the sun in ellipses rather than circular orbits.

|[[Galileo]]

|(1564-1642) a Catholic Italian astronomer, a contemporary of Kepler, who improved the design of the telescope but was punished by the Church for publishing Copernicus's theory and saying the Church approved it; the Church then banned Galileo's book ("Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief Systems of the World - Ptolemaic and Copernican," published in 1532)

|mercantilism

|an economic system whereby a mother country (e.g., England) accumulates gold by exporting more goods than it imported, and by using her colonies (e.g., the America colonies) to ship it raw materials that could be manufactured and exported to other peoples

|William Blackstone

|(1723-1780) the leading legal authority on English law, upon which American law is based; wrote the book ''The Rights of Englishmen'', in which he described the source of the rights of the people

|Charles-Louis Baron de Montesquieu

|(1689-1755) a Frenchman who proposed the concept of separation of powers, and checks and balances, in government, which inspired key parts of the U.S. Constitutio; wrote a book, ''The Spirit of the Laws'', that explained essential aspects of good government

|Denis Diderot

|(1713-1784) a French writer during the Enlightenment who edited an encyclopedia of scientific and social knowledge known simply as ''Encyclopedia'' (in French: ''Encyclopédie'')

|Jean Jacques Rousseau

|(1712-1778) a Swiss-born political philosopher who criticized private property and laid the groundwork for future [[communist]] writers such as [[Karl Marx]]; Rousseau declared that government's goal should be to provide freedom, equality and justice, but this led to the French Revolution and hostility to churches

|Gottfried [[Leibniz]]

|(1646-1716) a German Lutheran mathematician and philosopher who developed calculus independent of Isaac Newton, and whose Christian-based philosophy was opposed by Voltaire. It was Leibniz, not Newton, who first published the notation for the integral: <math>\int_a^b f(x)dx</math>

|Treaty of Westphalia

|(1648) ended the Thirty Years' War in Europe, leaving a weaker Germany and the Holy Roman Empire, as well as Austria and Spain. Catholic France had sided with the winning Protestants in order to oppose the Holy Roman Empire, and France emerged strengthened and more unified as a result.

|Thirty Years’ War

|(1618-1648) a religious conflict in Germany brought by Bohemian Protestants resisting against Hapsburg Catholics who were suppressing religious freedom; this war also engulfed Spain, Holland, Denmark, France, Switzerland and The Holy Roman Empire in the conflict, before the Protestants (and Catholic France) won

|Decline of the Holy Roman Empire

|weakened by the Ottoman Muslims, France, the Reformation, the growth of nation-states, and how the Italian and German cultures grew apart

|Zulus

| A tribe of the Mthethwa African kingdoms of the late 1800's, and their most famous leader was Shaka. They were wiped out by the British in 1879.

|locomotive

|developed in the early 1800s; it allowed man for the first time in history to travel faster than on horseback

|King James Bible

|(1611) the magnificant English translation of the Bible, authorized by King James, which had a positive influence on the development of the English language itself

|Jamestown settlement

|(1607) the first successful English settlement in the New World, in what is now Virginia

|Vasco da Gama

|the first explorer to reach India by sailing eastward around Africa, between 1497 and 1499, with the help of the powerful monsoon winds.  This established trade with India under the Portuguese King Manuel.

|[[ The Central powers]]

|The enemies of the Allies in WWI, and they were Austria-Hungary, Germany, Bulgaria, and the Ottoman empire.

|[[The Allies]]

| The Allies in WWI were Britain (her colonies), France, Russia, Italy, Japan, and in 1917, the United States, and in WWII the Allies were Britain, America, France, and Russia.

| The Axis were the enemies of the Allies in WWII, and they were Nazi Germany, Italy (at the start of the war), and Japan.

|Siege of Vienna

|1529: Christians Europeans defeated the Muslim Ottoman Turks 

|Battle of Lepanto

|1571: Christian Europeans defeated Muslim forces

|9/11/1683, Gates of Vienna

|an alliance of Christian armies, led by the Polish King Jan III Sobieski, defeated a massive Muslim army

|Seven Years’ War

|(1756-1763) France, Russia, Sweden, Poland and Austria were allied against Britain and Prussia, for control of Silesia, a region of Eastern Europe that is mostly part of Poland today.  Britain and France also fought in North America (called the French & Indian War here).  Britain won the war due to the genius of William Pitt ("Pittsburgh" is named after him), gaining Canada and India as a result; France was humiliated, leading to the French Revolution decades later.

|Columbian Exchange

|plants and animals were brought from colonial America to Europe and vice-versa; Columbus brought from Europe to America wheat, melons, onions, grapes, sugar cane and horses. America had new fruits and vegetables, the white potato, peanuts, pumpkins, squash and chili peppers, which were then exported from America back to Europe.

|slave trade

|1455-1800s: slave trade ended by a provision in the U.S. Constitution in North America, and slavery itself by the American Civil War (1861-1865); the slave trade was ended by England by Christian reformers Christian reformers William Wilberforce and John Wesley; slavery continued in Brazil until 1888

|Andreas Vesalius

|(1514-64) a Renaissance physician who advanced the understanding of anatomy for physicians

|William Harvey

|(1578–1657) an English physician who first understood the circulation of blood in the body

|[[Rene Descartes]]

|(1596-1650) a French mathematician and philosopher who discovered analytical geometry and defined existence by, “I think, therefore I am.”

|[[Francis Bacon]]

|(1561–1626) an English philosopher/scientist who promoted research based on experimentation

|Ivan IV “the Terrible”

|(reigned 1547-1584) first czar of Russia, who executed many innocent people; Ivan was succeeded by his son Feodor, whose repeated failures led Russia into a “Time of Troubles.” 

|(1541-1614) a painter, architect and sculptor best known for his paintings of saints and martyrs, and his painting of a storm over a Spanish town (“A View of Toledo”)

|(1740-1748) a broad conflict among many European nations, with the result that Prussia defeated Austria to win the territory of Silesia

|(April 24-30, 1916) Irishmen seeking independence from Britain captured key locations in Dublin and proclaimed an Irish Republic; British suppressed this and executed its leaders.

|Bloody Sunday

|(1972) Irish held a peaceful march for freedom in Derry, Northern Ireland, but British soldiers responded by shooting and killing some of them, including children; the British never punished those responsible and several rock music songs commemorate the tragedy

|September 11, 2001) 19 Muslims, most from Saudi Arabia, hijacked American airplanes and flew one into each tower of the World Trade Center, a third into the Pentagon, and a fourth crashed in Pennsylvania as the passengers attempted to retake control of the plane from the terrorists.

|steady increased from 0% of the world when Jesus was born, to about 33% of the world today.

|the opposite of “nationalism”; “globalism” views the world as one political unit, as one massive village. 

|The Four Tigers

|the prosperous Pacific Rim nations of [[South Korea]], [[Taiwan]], [[Singapore]] and [[Hong Kong]] (Hong Kong is now part of communist China but is allowed to remain free until at least the middle of the 21st century)

|General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT)

|(1947) western nations promoted free trade by first freezing tariffs (taxes on goods sent between nations), and later began reducing the tariffs

|World Trade Organization (WTO)

|(1995) most nations agreed to “free trade” and also established international courts for deciding trade disputes among nations

|North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA)

|(1994) established free trade between Mexico, the United States, and Canada, and created international courts to resolve trade disputes

|people becoming obsessed with buying more than what is healthy or necessary, with brand names (like Nike) becoming more familiar than important things like the Bible

|The Cold War took place in the mid 1900's between the U.S., its allies and the Soviet Union. The war didn't actually involve battles and no bullets were fired or bombs dropped. It mostly included espionage and tense moments where each side was waiting for the other to fire their missiles.

|[[Communism]]

|A powerful system of government, beginning in Russia, which states everyone must have the same amount of wealth. The forceful idea of communism creates an unequal, superficial worth for all.

|[[Enigma]]

|The Enigma was a cipher used by the Axis in WWII. The German Enigma was thought at the time to be unbreakable until a 27 year old polish mathematician cracked it in 1937.

|[[Enola Gay]]

|A Boeing B-29 Superfortress piloted by Colonel Paul Tibbets that on August 6, 1945 dropped "Little Boy", the first atom bomb, on the Japanese city Hiroshima.

|Fascists believe that all actions should be done for the good of the state. Fascism is a totalitarian economic and political ideology that came to dominate the social and political systems of Italy under Benito Mussolini and Germany under Adolf Hitler.

|When the Japanese refused to surrender after experiencing the first atom bomb, this 10,213 pound atom bomb was dropped and detonated on the Japanese city Nagasaki. Its blast yeilded 21 kilotons of TNT or 75 million sticks of dynamite. It was the second atom bomb to be used in war.

|1914-1918: later known as World War I, this was one of the deadliest wars in world history based on trench warfare; the Allies defeated the Central Powers and imposed terms of peace that were so unreasonable they led to World War II

|the first year and a half of World War I (1914-15) during which there were terrible casualties without either side gaining the upper hand. 

 

|Brutal, Russian dictator who murdered millions of people, destroyed many religious gatherings, and worst of all, persuaded all schools to be taught to love the wicked idea of Communism.

|When given the green light by U.S. president Harry S. Truman, the 9,700 pound atom bomb called "Little Boy" was dropped from 31,000 feet and detonated at an altitude of 1,968 feet over the Japanese city Hiroshima. It was the first atom bomb to be used in war.

|Deadliest conflict began on July, 28, 1914 mainly in Europe and the Middle East. World War I was between the Central Powers and Allies, but ended with the collapse of the Central Powers in November 1918.

|World War II began in the 1930's when Germany invaded Poland. It lasted until 1945 when the Allied powers defeated the Axis powers and forced them to surrender.

|Allied code-breaking effort; said by General Eisenhower to have been decisive to their victory over Germany

|Dec. 7, 1941 Japanese launched a surprise attack on US navy fleet in Hawaii; Congress declared war on Japan and entered WWII

|[[Korematsu v. United States]]

|1944 Case involving the forcing of Japanese Americans to move into interment camps during WWII; the Court sided with the government, ruling that the exclusion order was constitutional

|the effect when one nation fell to communism, then its neighboring nations became more likely to fall to communism too

|August 1964: in response to mysterious gunshots fired at an American ship in the Gulf of Tonkin near North Vietnam, Congress authorized sending troops; Congress never formally declared war on North Vietnam, and this Resolution became the substitute

|Vietnamization

|U.S. President Nixon’s policy for slowly withdrawing American troops from South Vietnam, hoping that the South Vietnamese would do more themselves in fighting communism.

|ruled Cambodia in 1975-1979 as the leader of the Khmer Rouge government; he abolished private property, money and religion, and caused many deaths; the U.S. was blamed for once supporting him as a counterweight to nearby communist Vietnam