Changes

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|[[United Kingdom]]

|[[United Kingdom]]

|the combination of "Great Britain" and "Northern Ireland," which is part of the island of Ireland.

|the combination of "Great Britain" and "Northern Ireland." (Northern Ireland is on the island of Ireland, but is not part of the country of Ireland.)

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|[[Luddites]]

|[[Luddites]]

|a social movement in England that rioted and protested against the changes of the Industrial Revolution

|a social movement in England that rioted and protested against the changes caused by the Industrial Revolution

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|[[Ludwig van Beethoven]]

|[[Ludwig van Beethoven]]

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|Prussia

|Prussia

|a very militaristic nation-state in Europe in part of the area where Germany is today

|a very militaristic nation-state in Europe, in the area where Germany is located today

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|''The Communist Manifesto''

|''The Communist Manifesto''

|written by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels in 1848, teaching that class struggles are the origin of all progress in society and urging people to start revolutions to establish communism; Russia did so in 1917, and others since then

|written by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels in 1848, teaching that class struggles are the origin of all progress in society and urging people to start revolutions to establish communism; Russia did so in 1917, and China and other nations have since then

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|Sun Yixian

|Sun Yixian

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|[[Jeremy Bentham]]

|[[Jeremy Bentham]]

|(1748-1832) Was a philosopher and lawyer who believed in individual and economic freedom.  

|(1748-1832) the person who invented "utilitarianism", which abandons morality and instead looks to see if the benefits of something outweigh its costs.  Under utilitarianism, punishing an innocent man is acceptable if it has greater benefits (such as discouraging crime).

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|Virginia Declaration of Rights

|Virginia Declaration of Rights

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|[[utilitarianism]]

|[[utilitarianism]]

|proposed by Englishman Jeremy Bentham and fine-tuned by John Stuart Mill (1806-1873), this non-Christian concept values overall "utility" (overall benefits minus costs) rather than individual justice as a method of determining morality and public policy.  Example: tossing two people overboard in a lifeboat in order to save the other ten.

|proposed by Englishman Jeremy Bentham and improved by John Stuart Mill (1806-1873), this non-Christian concept values overall "utility" (overall benefits minus costs) rather than individual justice as a method of determining morality and public policy.  Example: tossing two people overboard in a lifeboat in order to save the other ten.

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|[[John Stuart Mill]]

|[[John Stuart Mill]]