Difference between revisions of "Styles Bridges"

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|predecessor=Henry W. Keyes
 
|predecessor=Henry W. Keyes
 
|successor=Maurice J. Murphy, Jr.
 
|successor=Maurice J. Murphy, Jr.
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|office2=Chairman of the<br>
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|office2=Chairman of the Senate<br>Republican Policy Committee
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Senate Republican Policy Committee
 
 
|term_start2=January 3, 1955
 
|term_start2=January 3, 1955
 
|term_end2=November 26, 1961
 
|term_end2=November 26, 1961
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|predecessor3=Kenneth McKellar
 
|predecessor3=Kenneth McKellar
 
|successor3=[[Walter F. George]]
 
|successor3=[[Walter F. George]]
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|office4=Leader of the Senate Republican Conference
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|office4=Leader of the Senate<br>Republican Conference
 
|term_start4=January 3, 1949
 
|term_start4=January 3, 1949
 
|term_end4=November 29, 1951
 
|term_end4=November 29, 1951
 
|predecessor4=Kenneth S. Wherry
 
|predecessor4=Kenneth S. Wherry
 
|successor4=[[Robert A. Taft]]
 
|successor4=[[Robert A. Taft]]
−
|office5=Chairman of the<br>Senate Appropriations Committee
+
|office5=Chairman of the Senate<br>Appropriations Committee
 
|term_start5=January 3, 1953
 
|term_start5=January 3, 1953
 
|term_end5=January 3, 1955
 
|term_end5=January 3, 1955
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==Background==
 
==Background==
−
Bridges was born in West Pembroke in Washington County in southeastern [[Maine]], the son of the former Alina Roxanna Fisher and Earle Leopold Bridges. He attended public schools in Maine and attended until 1918 the University of Maine at Orono. Afterwards, he held a variety of jobs, including teaching, [[newspaper]] editing, business, and government. For a year, he was an instructor at Sanderson Academy in Ashfield, [[Massachusetts]]. He was a member of the extension staff of the [[University of New Hampshire]] at Durham from 1921 until 1922. He was the secretary of the New Hampshire [[Farm Bureau]] Federation from 1922 until 1923, and he edited the ''Granite Monthly'' [[magazine]] from 1924 until 1926. Meanwhile, he worked in the financial services industry from 1924 until 1929 and served on the New Hampshire Public Service Commission from 1930 until 1934.<ref name=findagrave>{{cite web|url=https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/7146308/henry-styles-bridges|title=Henry Styles Bridges|publisher=findagrave.com|accessdate=March 3, 2021}}</ref>
+
Bridges was born in West Pembroke in Washington County in southeastern [[Maine]], the son of the former Alina Roxanna Fisher and Earle Leopold Bridges. He attended public schools in Maine and attended until 1918 the University of Maine at Orono. Afterwards, he held a variety of jobs, including teaching, [[newspaper]] editing, business, and government. For a year, he was an instructor at Sanderson Academy in Ashfield, [[Massachusetts]].
 +
 
 +
He was a member of the extension staff of the [[University of New Hampshire]] at Durham from 1921 until 1922. Bridges also was the Secretary of the New Hampshire [[Farm Bureau]] Federation from 1922 until 1923, and he edited the ''Granite Monthly'' [[magazine]] from 1924 until 1926. Meanwhile, he worked in the financial services industry from 1924 until 1929 and served on the New Hampshire Public Service Commission from 1930 until 1934.<ref name=findagrave>{{cite web|url=https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/7146308/henry-styles-bridges|title=Henry Styles Bridges|publisher=findagrave.com|accessdate=March 3, 2021}}</ref>
  
 
==Political career==
 
==Political career==
−
In 1934, Bridges was elected as the nation's youngest governor at that time and served a single two-year term prior to entering the U.S. Senate.<ref>[https://www.ourcampaigns.com/RaceDetail.html?RaceID=263001 NH Governor]. ''Our Campaigns''. Retrieved April 18, 2021.</ref> In 1937, he retired from the [[United States Army]] Reserve Corps, in which he had served as a [[lieutenant]] since 1925. In 1940, he attempted to win the Republican presidential nomination, which instead went on the sixth ballot by [[Moderate Republican]] [[Wendell Willkie]]. After losing the presidential nod, he obtained two delegates for the Republican vice-presidential nomination, which eventually went to another Moderate Republican, [[Charles McNary]] of [[Oregon]], who ran opposite Senator [[Harry Truman]].
+
In 1934, Bridges was elected as the nation's youngest governor at that time and served a single two-year term prior to entering the U.S. Senate.<ref>[https://www.ourcampaigns.com/RaceDetail.html?RaceID=263001 NH Governor]. ''Our Campaigns''. Retrieved April 18, 2021.</ref> During his tenure, he enacted relief measures to aid economically disadvantaged mothers and needy children and promoted a fair unemployment insurance bill.<ref>[https://www.nga.org/governor/henry-styles-bridges/ Gov. Henry Styles Bridges]. ''National Governors Association''. Retrieved August 23, 2021.</ref> Bridges also appointed the first woman to the state's judicial branch.
 +
 
 +
In 1937, he retired from the [[United States Army]] Reserve Corps, in which he had served as a [[Lieutenant]] since 1925. In 1940, he attempted to win the Republican presidential nomination, which instead went on the sixth ballot by [[Moderate Republican]] [[Wendell Willkie]]. After losing the presidential nod, he obtained two delegates for the Republican vice-presidential nomination, which eventually went to another Moderate Republican, [[Charles McNary]] of [[Oregon]], who ran opposite to then-senator [[Harry Truman]].
  
 
===U.S. Senate===
 
===U.S. Senate===
−
Bridges was elected in 1946 to the United States Senate<ref>[https://www.ourcampaigns.com/RaceDetail.html?RaceID=124750 NH US Senate]. ''Our Campaigns''. Retrieved April 25, 2021.</ref> and reelected in 1942,<ref>[https://www.ourcampaigns.com/RaceDetail.html?RaceID=124749 NH US Senate]. ''Our Campaigns''. Retrieved April 18, 2021.</ref> 1948,<ref>[https://www.ourcampaigns.com/RaceDetail.html?RaceID=124748 NH US Senate]. ''Our Campaigns''. Retrieved April 18, 2021.</ref> 1954,<ref>[https://www.ourcampaigns.com/RaceDetail.html?RaceID=91486 NH US Senate]. ''Our Campaigns''. Retrieved April 18, 2021.</ref> and 1960,<ref>[https://www.ourcampaigns.com/RaceDetail.html?RaceID=60053 NH US Senate]. ''Our Campaigns''. Retrieved April 18, 2021.</ref> but he served less than a year of his final term because of his death from a heart attack.<ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/1961/11/27/archives/styles-bridges-is-dead-at-63-republicans-senior-senator.html Styles Bridges Is Dead at 63; Republicans' Senior Senator; Conservative Headed G.O.P. Policy Unit -- Governor of New Hampshire, '34-'36 Styles.Bridges Is Dead at 63; Senwr Repubhcan in Senate]. ''The New York Times''. Retrieved April 25, 2021.</ref> He became the highest-ranking Republican senator, serving as chairman of the Joint Committee on Foreign Economic Cooperation when the Republicans had control of the upper chamber. For a year, he was the [[Senate Minority Leader]]. In 1954, he was one of twenty-two mostly [[conservative]] senators, all Republicans, who voted against the [[censure]] of Senator [[Joseph McCarthy]] of [[Wisconsin]], who exposed [[communist]] infiltration of the U.S. government.<ref>Two references:
+
[[File:Henry Style Bridges 1939.png|thumb|left|210px|Bridges in 1939.]]
−
*U.S. Senate ''Congressional Record'', roll call vote on Senate Resolution 301, December 2, 1954.
+
Bridges was elected in 1946 to the United States Senate<ref>[https://www.ourcampaigns.com/RaceDetail.html?RaceID=124750 NH US Senate]. ''Our Campaigns''. Retrieved April 25, 2021.</ref> and reelected in 1942,<ref>[https://www.ourcampaigns.com/RaceDetail.html?RaceID=124749 NH US Senate]. ''Our Campaigns''. Retrieved April 18, 2021.</ref> 1948,<ref>[https://www.ourcampaigns.com/RaceDetail.html?RaceID=124748 NH US Senate]. ''Our Campaigns''. Retrieved April 18, 2021.</ref> 1954,<ref>[https://www.ourcampaigns.com/RaceDetail.html?RaceID=91486 NH US Senate]. ''Our Campaigns''. Retrieved April 18, 2021.</ref> and 1960,<ref>[https://www.ourcampaigns.com/RaceDetail.html?RaceID=60053 NH US Senate]. ''Our Campaigns''. Retrieved April 18, 2021.</ref> but he served less than a year of his final term because of his death from a heart attack.<ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/1961/11/27/archives/styles-bridges-is-dead-at-63-republicans-senior-senator.html Styles Bridges Is Dead at 63; Republicans' Senior Senator; Conservative Headed G.O.P. Policy Unit -- Governor of New Hampshire, '34-'36 Styles.Bridges Is Dead at 63; Senwr Repubhcan in Senate]. ''The New York Times''. Retrieved April 25, 2021.</ref> He became the highest-ranking Republican senator, serving as chairman of the Joint Committee on Foreign Economic Cooperation when the Republicans had control of the upper chamber. For a year, he was the [[Senate Minority Leader]].
−
*[https://www.govtrack.us/congress/votes/83-1954/s271 S. RES. 301. PASSAGE.]. ''GovTrack.us''. Retrieved April 25, 2021.</ref>
 
  
 
In 1937, Bridges was one of only sixteen senators to vote against the confirmation of [[Klansman]] [[Hugo Black]] to the [[United States Supreme Court]].<ref>[https://www.govtrack.us/congress/votes/75-1/s71 TO CONFIRM THE NOMINATION OF HUGO BLACK TO BE ASSOCIATE JUSTICE OF THE SUPREME COURT.]. ''GovTrack.us''. Retrieved August 3, 2021.</ref>
 
In 1937, Bridges was one of only sixteen senators to vote against the confirmation of [[Klansman]] [[Hugo Black]] to the [[United States Supreme Court]].<ref>[https://www.govtrack.us/congress/votes/75-1/s71 TO CONFIRM THE NOMINATION OF HUGO BLACK TO BE ASSOCIATE JUSTICE OF THE SUPREME COURT.]. ''GovTrack.us''. Retrieved August 3, 2021.</ref>
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Bridges broke his hip on December 31, 1941, and missed several months of the next Senate session.
 
Bridges broke his hip on December 31, 1941, and missed several months of the next Senate session.
  
−
Along with [[Bourke Hickenlooper]] of [[Iowa]], Bridges sought to bar Democrat [[segregation]]ist demagogue [[Theodore Bilbo]] from taking office in the wake of racist [[voter suppression]] during the 1946 Senate election in Mississippi.<ref>[https://www.senate.gov/about/origins-foundations/electing-appointing-senators/contested-senate-elections/126Theodore_Bilbo.htm The Election Case of Theodore G. Bilbo of Mississippi (1947)]. ''senate.gov''. Retrieved March 3, 2021.</ref> Bilbo, running for a third Senate term, openly threatened blacks in the [[Deep South]] state during the campaign and faced calls to be blocked from taking office. Ensuing gridlock was soon broken by [[Minority Leader]] [[Alben Barkley]], who announced that Bilbo would return to Mississippi to be treated for surgery. The virulent racist never returned, dying in August 1947.
+
During the 1945–46 congressional session, Bridges voted with the conservative side 91% of the time.<ref>FascinatingPolitics (July 31, 2020). [https://fascinatingpolitics.files.wordpress.com/2020/07/1945-46-civil-rights-converted.pdf 1945-46-civil-rights-converted.pdf]. ''Mad Politics: The Bizarre, Fascinating, and Unknown of American Political History''. Retrieved August 23, 2021.</ref>
 +
 
 +
====Efforts to bar racist demagogue Bilbo from re-entering Senate====
 +
Along with [[Bourke Hickenlooper]] of [[Iowa]], Bridges sought to bar Democrat [[segregation]]ist demagogue [[Theodore Bilbo]] from taking office in the wake of racist [[voter suppression]] during the 1946 Senate election in Mississippi;<ref>[https://www.senate.gov/about/origins-foundations/electing-appointing-senators/contested-senate-elections/126Theodore_Bilbo.htm The Election Case of Theodore G. Bilbo of Mississippi (1947)]. ''United States Senate''. Retrieved March 3, 2021.</ref> the two Republicans voted "nay" in a 3–2 party-line decision in a committee which, chaired by Louisiana segregationist [[Allen J. Ellender]], cleared the Mississippi racist.<ref>Fleegler, Robert L. [http://www.mississippihistory.org/sites/default/files/bilbo.pdf Theodore G. Bilbo and the Decline of Public Racism,  1938-1947]. ''Mississippi Historical Society''. Retrieved August 23, 2021.</ref> Bilbo, running for a third Senate term, openly threatened blacks in the [[Deep South]] state during the campaign and faced calls to be blocked from taking office. Ensuing gridlock was soon broken by [[Minority Leader]] [[Alben Barkley]], who announced that Bilbo would return to Mississippi to be treated for surgery. The virulent racist never returned, dying in August 1947.
 +
 
 +
====Civil rights, McCarthyism====
 +
He voted present on the [[Civil Rights Act of 1957]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.govtrack.us/congress/votes/85-1957/s75|title=HR. 6127: The Civil Rights Act of 1957|publisher=govtrack|date=August 7, 1957|accessdate=March 3, 2021}}</ref> though supported the 1960 version of the bill.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.govtrack.us/congress/votes/86-1960/s284|title=HR 8601: Passage of amended bill|date=April 8, 1960 |publisher=govtrack|accessdate=March 3, 2021}}</ref> Both measures, despite being gutted of their strong provisions in the U.S. Senate by Southern Democrats, were signed into law by [[President Dwight Eisenhower]].
  
−
He voted present on the [[Civil Rights Act of 1957]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.govtrack.us/congress/votes/85-1957/s75|title=HR. 6127: The Civil Rights Act of 1957|publisher=govtrack|date=August 7, 1957|accessdate=March 3, 2021}}</ref> though supported the 1960 version of the bill.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.govtrack.us/congress/votes/86-1960/s284|title=HR 8601: Passage of amended bill|date=April 8, 1960 |publisher=govtrack|accessdate=March 3, 2021}}</ref> Both measures were signed into law by [[President Dwight Eisenhower]].
+
In 1954, he was one of twenty-two mostly [[conservative]] senators, all Republicans, who voted against the [[censure]] of Senator [[Joseph McCarthy]] of [[Wisconsin]], who exposed [[communist]] infiltration of the U.S. government.<ref>Two references:
 +
*U.S. Senate ''Congressional Record'', roll call vote on Senate Resolution 301, December 2, 1954.
 +
*[https://www.govtrack.us/congress/votes/83-1954/s271 S. RES. 301. PASSAGE.]. ''GovTrack.us''. Retrieved April 25, 2021.</ref>
  
−
In 1954, Bridges and his allies, [[Joseph McCarthy]] and [[Herman Welker]] of [[Idaho]], were implicated in the [[blackmail]] of Democratic colleague [[Lester C. Hunt]] of [[Wyoming]], who like Bridges was a former governor of his state. Bridges threatened to expose Hunt's son as a [[homosexual]] who was found guilty of having solicited an undercover police officer. Following the threats of Bridges and Welker, Hunt resigned from the Senate but subsequently committed suicide in his Capitol office on June 19, 1954. Bridges' involvement in the blackmail much later caused ''The Boston Globe'' to reconsider the honors afforded to Bridges, including Interstate 93 from Concord to the [[Vermont]]  is named in his honor. Along that highway was the "Old Man of the Mountain," which many in the Granite State equated to Bridges.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bostonglobe.com/editorial/2012/12/29/new-hampshire-should-reassess-legacy-senator-styles-bridges/VM5ILWFhTDqsW80owDszPP/story.html|title=N.H. should reassess legacy of Senator Styles Bridges|publisher=''The Boston Globe''|date=December 29, 2012|accessdate=March 3, 2021}}</ref>
+
During the same year McCarthy was censured, Bridges, the Wisconsin senator, and [[Herman Welker]] of [[Idaho]], were implicated in the [[blackmail]] of [[Wyoming]] Democrat colleague [[Lester C. Hunt]], who like Bridges was a former governor of his state. Bridges threatened to expose Hunt's son as a [[homosexual]] who was found guilty of having solicited an undercover police officer. Following the threats of Bridges and Welker, Hunt resigned from the Senate but subsequently committed suicide in his Capitol office on June 19, 1954. Bridges' involvement in the blackmail much later caused ''The Boston Globe'' to reconsider the honors afforded to Bridges, including Interstate 93 from Concord to the [[Vermont]]  is named in his honor. Along that highway was the "Old Man of the Mountain," which many in the Granite State equated to Bridges.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bostonglobe.com/editorial/2012/12/29/new-hampshire-should-reassess-legacy-senator-styles-bridges/VM5ILWFhTDqsW80owDszPP/story.html|title=N.H. should reassess legacy of Senator Styles Bridges|publisher=''The Boston Globe''|date=December 29, 2012|accessdate=March 3, 2021}}</ref>
  
 
Bridges is interred along with his wives at Pine Grove Cemetery in East Concord, New Hampshire.<ref name=findagrave/>
 
Bridges is interred along with his wives at Pine Grove Cemetery in East Concord, New Hampshire.<ref name=findagrave/>
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*[[U.S. "Party-switch" myth]]
 
*[[U.S. "Party-switch" myth]]
 
*[[Norris Cotton]], former governor and U.S. senator from New Hampshire
 
*[[Norris Cotton]], former governor and U.S. senator from New Hampshire
 +
*[[Hugh A. Butler]], former U.S. senator from [[Nebraska]]
 
*[[Milward Simpson]], former governor and U.S. senator from [[Wyoming]]
 
*[[Milward Simpson]], former governor and U.S. senator from [[Wyoming]]
 
*[[William Purtell]], former U.S. senator from [[Connecticut]]
 
*[[William Purtell]], former U.S. senator from [[Connecticut]]
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[[Category:Conservatives]]
 
[[Category:Conservatives]]
 
[[Category:Anti-Communism]]
 
[[Category:Anti-Communism]]
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[[Category:Anti-establishment]]
 
[[Category:United States Political Scandals]]
 
[[Category:United States Political Scandals]]
 
[[Category:Civil Rights]]
 
[[Category:Civil Rights]]
 
[[Category:United States Army]]
 
[[Category:United States Army]]
 
[[Category:United States Veterans]]
 
[[Category:United States Veterans]]

Latest revision as of 01:25, August 24, 2021

Henry Styles Bridges

In office
January 3, 1937 – November 26, 1961
Preceded by Henry W. Keyes
Succeeded by Maurice J. Murphy, Jr.
Chairman of the Senate
Republican Policy Committee
In office
January 3, 1955 – November 26, 1961
Preceded by Homer S. Ferguson
Succeeded by Bourke B. Hickenlooper
In office
January 3, 1953 – January 3, 1955
Preceded by Kenneth McKellar
Succeeded by Walter F. George
Leader of the Senate
Republican Conference
In office
January 3, 1949 – November 29, 1951
Preceded by Kenneth S. Wherry
Succeeded by Robert A. Taft
Chairman of the Senate
Appropriations Committee
In office
January 3, 1947 – January 3, 1949
Preceded by Kenneth McKellar
Succeeded by Kenneth McKellar
In office
January 8, 1952 – January 3, 1953
Preceded by Kenneth Wherry
Succeeded by Lyndon B. Johnson
In office
January 3, 1935 – January 3, 1937
Preceded by John Gilbert Winant
Succeeded by Francis P. Murphy
Born September 9, 1898
West Pembroke, Maine, USA
Died November 26, 1961
(aged 63)
East Concord, New Hampshire
Resting place Pine Grove Cemetery in East Concord
Political party Republican
Spouse(s) (1) Sally Clement Bridges (married 1928–1938, her death)

(2) Doloris Thauwald Bridges (married 1944–1961, his death)

Alma mater University of Maine
at Orono (BA)
Military Service
Allegiance United States
Service/branch United States Army Reserve Corps
Years of service 1925–1937
Rank Lieutenant

Henry Styles Bridges (September 9, 1898 – November 26, 1961), known as Styles Bridges, was a Republican governor of New Hampshire from 1935 to 1937 and a United States Senator from 1937 until his death in office.

Background

Bridges was born in West Pembroke in Washington County in southeastern Maine, the son of the former Alina Roxanna Fisher and Earle Leopold Bridges. He attended public schools in Maine and attended until 1918 the University of Maine at Orono. Afterwards, he held a variety of jobs, including teaching, newspaper editing, business, and government. For a year, he was an instructor at Sanderson Academy in Ashfield, Massachusetts.

He was a member of the extension staff of the University of New Hampshire at Durham from 1921 until 1922. Bridges also was the Secretary of the New Hampshire Farm Bureau Federation from 1922 until 1923, and he edited the Granite Monthly magazine from 1924 until 1926. Meanwhile, he worked in the financial services industry from 1924 until 1929 and served on the New Hampshire Public Service Commission from 1930 until 1934.[1]

Political career

In 1934, Bridges was elected as the nation's youngest governor at that time and served a single two-year term prior to entering the U.S. Senate.[2] During his tenure, he enacted relief measures to aid economically disadvantaged mothers and needy children and promoted a fair unemployment insurance bill.[3] Bridges also appointed the first woman to the state's judicial branch.

In 1937, he retired from the United States Army Reserve Corps, in which he had served as a Lieutenant since 1925. In 1940, he attempted to win the Republican presidential nomination, which instead went on the sixth ballot by Moderate Republican Wendell Willkie. After losing the presidential nod, he obtained two delegates for the Republican vice-presidential nomination, which eventually went to another Moderate Republican, Charles McNary of Oregon, who ran opposite to then-senator Harry Truman.

U.S. Senate

Bridges in 1939.

Bridges was elected in 1946 to the United States Senate[4] and reelected in 1942,[5] 1948,[6] 1954,[7] and 1960,[8] but he served less than a year of his final term because of his death from a heart attack.[9] He became the highest-ranking Republican senator, serving as chairman of the Joint Committee on Foreign Economic Cooperation when the Republicans had control of the upper chamber. For a year, he was the Senate Minority Leader.

In 1937, Bridges was one of only sixteen senators to vote against the confirmation of Klansman Hugo Black to the United States Supreme Court.[10]

Bridges broke his hip on December 31, 1941, and missed several months of the next Senate session.

During the 1945–46 congressional session, Bridges voted with the conservative side 91% of the time.[11]

Efforts to bar racist demagogue Bilbo from re-entering Senate

Along with Bourke Hickenlooper of Iowa, Bridges sought to bar Democrat segregationist demagogue Theodore Bilbo from taking office in the wake of racist voter suppression during the 1946 Senate election in Mississippi;[12] the two Republicans voted "nay" in a 3–2 party-line decision in a committee which, chaired by Louisiana segregationist Allen J. Ellender, cleared the Mississippi racist.[13] Bilbo, running for a third Senate term, openly threatened blacks in the Deep South state during the campaign and faced calls to be blocked from taking office. Ensuing gridlock was soon broken by Minority Leader Alben Barkley, who announced that Bilbo would return to Mississippi to be treated for surgery. The virulent racist never returned, dying in August 1947.

Civil rights, McCarthyism

He voted present on the Civil Rights Act of 1957[14] though supported the 1960 version of the bill.[15] Both measures, despite being gutted of their strong provisions in the U.S. Senate by Southern Democrats, were signed into law by President Dwight Eisenhower.

In 1954, he was one of twenty-two mostly conservative senators, all Republicans, who voted against the censure of Senator Joseph McCarthy of Wisconsin, who exposed communist infiltration of the U.S. government.[16]

During the same year McCarthy was censured, Bridges, the Wisconsin senator, and Herman Welker of Idaho, were implicated in the blackmail of Wyoming Democrat colleague Lester C. Hunt, who like Bridges was a former governor of his state. Bridges threatened to expose Hunt's son as a homosexual who was found guilty of having solicited an undercover police officer. Following the threats of Bridges and Welker, Hunt resigned from the Senate but subsequently committed suicide in his Capitol office on June 19, 1954. Bridges' involvement in the blackmail much later caused The Boston Globe to reconsider the honors afforded to Bridges, including Interstate 93 from Concord to the Vermont is named in his honor. Along that highway was the "Old Man of the Mountain," which many in the Granite State equated to Bridges.[17]

Bridges is interred along with his wives at Pine Grove Cemetery in East Concord, New Hampshire.[1]

See also

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Henry Styles Bridges. findagrave.com. Retrieved on March 3, 2021.
  2. ↑ NH Governor. Our Campaigns. Retrieved April 18, 2021.
  3. ↑ Gov. Henry Styles Bridges. National Governors Association. Retrieved August 23, 2021.
  4. ↑ NH US Senate. Our Campaigns. Retrieved April 25, 2021.
  5. ↑ NH US Senate. Our Campaigns. Retrieved April 18, 2021.
  6. ↑ NH US Senate. Our Campaigns. Retrieved April 18, 2021.
  7. ↑ NH US Senate. Our Campaigns. Retrieved April 18, 2021.
  8. ↑ NH US Senate. Our Campaigns. Retrieved April 18, 2021.
  9. ↑ Styles Bridges Is Dead at 63; Republicans' Senior Senator; Conservative Headed G.O.P. Policy Unit -- Governor of New Hampshire, '34-'36 Styles.Bridges Is Dead at 63; Senwr Repubhcan in Senate. The New York Times. Retrieved April 25, 2021.
  10. ↑ TO CONFIRM THE NOMINATION OF HUGO BLACK TO BE ASSOCIATE JUSTICE OF THE SUPREME COURT.. GovTrack.us. Retrieved August 3, 2021.
  11. ↑ FascinatingPolitics (July 31, 2020). 1945-46-civil-rights-converted.pdf. Mad Politics: The Bizarre, Fascinating, and Unknown of American Political History. Retrieved August 23, 2021.
  12. ↑ The Election Case of Theodore G. Bilbo of Mississippi (1947). United States Senate. Retrieved March 3, 2021.
  13. ↑ Fleegler, Robert L. Theodore G. Bilbo and the Decline of Public Racism, 1938-1947. Mississippi Historical Society. Retrieved August 23, 2021.
  14. ↑ HR. 6127: The Civil Rights Act of 1957. govtrack (August 7, 1957). Retrieved on March 3, 2021.
  15. ↑ HR 8601: Passage of amended bill. govtrack (April 8, 1960). Retrieved on March 3, 2021.
  16. ↑ Two references:
    • U.S. Senate Congressional Record, roll call vote on Senate Resolution 301, December 2, 1954.
    • S. RES. 301. PASSAGE.. GovTrack.us. Retrieved April 25, 2021.
  17. ↑ N.H. should reassess legacy of Senator Styles Bridges. The Boston Globe (December 29, 2012). Retrieved on March 3, 2021.

External links

  • Profile at the Biographical Directory of the United States Congress
  • Profile at Britannica
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