Changes

==History==

==History==

Tipler has published his Omega Point Theory in a number of peer-reviewed scientific journals since 1986.<ref name="Tipler1986">Frank J. Tipler, [http://www.springerlink.com/content/vlj3180664373268/ "Cosmological Limits on Computation"], ''International Journal of Theoretical Physics'', Vol. 25, No. 6 (June 1986), pp. 617-661, {{doi|10.1007/BF00670475}}, {{bibcode|1986IJTP...25..617T}}. (First paper on the Omega Point Theory.)</ref><ref name="Tipler1987">Frank J. Tipler, [http://www.nature.com/doifinder/10.1038/325201c0 "Achieved spacetime infinity"], ''Nature'', Vol. 325, No. 6101 (January 15, 1987), pp. 201-202, {{doi|10.1038/325201c0}}, {{bibcode|1987Natur.325..201T}}.</ref><ref name="Tipler1988">Frank J. Tipler, [http://www.jstor.org/stable/192869 "The Anthropic Principle: A Primer for Philosophers"], ''PSA: Proceedings of the Biennial Meeting of the Philosophy of Science Association'', Vol. 1988, Volume Two: Symposia and Invited Papers (1988), pp. 27-48; published by University of Chicago Press on behalf of the Philosophy of Science Association.</ref><ref name="Tipler1989">Frank J. Tipler, [http://theophysics.chimehost.net/pdf/tipler-omega-point-as-eschaton.pdf "The Omega Point as ''Eschaton'': Answers to Pannenberg's Questions for Scientists"], ''Zygon: Journal of Religion & Science'', Vol. 24, Issue 2 (June 1989), pp. 217-253, {{doi|10.1111/j.1467-9744.1989.tb01112.x}}. [http://www.webcitation.org/5nY0aytpz Mirror link]. Republished as Chapter 7: "The Omega Point as ''Eschaton'': Answers to Pannenberg's Questions to Scientists" in Carol Rausch Albright and Joel Haugen (editors), ''Beginning with the End: God, Science, and Wolfhart Pannenberg'' (Chicago, Ill.: Open Court Publishing Company, 1997), pp. 156-194, ISBN 0812693256, {{lccn|97000114}}.</ref><ref name="Tipler1992">Frank J. Tipler, [http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6TVN-46YD4D5-12T&_user=10&_rdoc=1&_fmt=&_orig=search&_sort=d&_docanchor=&view=c&_acct=C000050221&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=10&md5=41358cdcea2b6a49f87ce3f8c2667600 "The ultimate fate of life in universes which undergo inflation"], ''Physics Letters B'', Vol. 286, Issues 1-2 (July 23, 1992), pp. 36-43, {{doi|10.1016/0370-2693(92)90155-W}}, {{bibcode|1992PhLB..286...36T}}.</ref><ref name="Tipler1993">Frank J. Tipler, [http://theophysics.110mb.com/pdf/tipler-constant-mean-curvature-foliation.pdf "A New Condition Implying the Existence of a Constant Mean Curvature Foliation"], {{bibcode|1993dgr2.conf..306T}}, in B. L. Hu and T. A. Jacobson (editors), ''Directions in General Relativity: Proceedings of the 1993 International Symposium, Maryland, Volume 2: Papers in Honor of Dieter Brill'' (Cambridge: [[Cambridge University Press]], 1993), pp. 306-315, ISBN 0521452678, {{bibcode|1993dgr2.conf.....H}}. [http://www.webcitation.org/5qbXJZiX5 Mirror link].</ref><ref name="Tipler1998">Frank J. Tipler, [http://theophysics.110mb.com/pdf/tipler-ultrarelativistic-rockets.pdf "Ultrarelativistic Rockets and the Ultimate Future of the Universe"], [http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/19990023204_1999021520.pdf ''NASA Breakthrough Propulsion Physics Workshop Proceedings''], [[NASA|National Aeronautics and Space Administration]], January 1999, pp. 111-119 ([http://www.webcitation.org/5nY13xRip mirror link]); an invited paper in the proceedings of a conference held at and sponsored by NASA Lewis Research Center, Cleveland, Ohio, August 12–14, 1998; {{doi|2060/19990023204}}. [http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?Ntk=DocumentID&Ntt=19990023204 Document ID: 19990023204]. Report Number: E-11429; NAS 1.55:208694; NASA/CP-1999-208694. [http://www.webcitation.org/5nwu4fT31 Mirror link].</ref><ref name="Tipler2001">Frank J. Tipler, [http://arxiv.org/abs/astro-ph/0104011 "The Ultimate Future of the Universe, Black Hole Event Horizon Topologies, Holography, and the Value of the Cosmological Constant"], {{arxiv|astro-ph/0104011}}, April 1, 2001. Published in J. Craig Wheeler and Hugo Martel (editors), [http://scitation.aip.org/dbt/dbt.jsp?KEY=APCPCS&Volume=586&Issue=1 ''Relativistic Astrophysics: 20th Texas Symposium, Austin, TX, 10-15 December 2000''] (Melville, N.Y.: American Institute of Physics, 2001), pp. 769-772, ISBN 0735400261, {{lccn|2001094694}}, which is [http://link.aip.org/link/?APCPCS/586/769/1 ''AIP Conference Proceedings'', Vol. 586 (October 15, 2001)], {{doi|10.1063/1.1419654}}, {{bibcode|2001AIPC..586.....W}}.</ref><ref name="Tipler2003"/><ref name="Tipler2005"/><ref name="Tipler2007">Frank J. Tipler, Jessica Graber, Matthew McGinley, Joshua Nichols-Barrer and Christopher Staecker, [http://arxiv.org/abs/gr-qc/0003082 "Closed Universes With Black Holes But No Event Horizons As a Solution to the Black Hole Information Problem"], {{arxiv|gr-qc/0003082}}, March 20, 2000. Published in ''Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society'', Vol. 379, Issue 2 (August 2007), pp. 629-640, {{doi|10.1111/j.1365-2966.2007.11895.x}}, {{bibcode|2007MNRAS.379..629T}}.</ref> The first book wherein the Omega Point Theory was described was 1986's ''The Anthropic Cosmological Principle'', written by astrophysicist John D. Barrow and Tipler, wherein they concluded the book by writing that<ref name="BarrowTipler1986a">John D. Barrow and Frank J. Tipler, "Foreword" by John A. Wheeler, ''The Anthropic Cosmological Principle'' (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1986), pp. 676-677, ISBN 0198519494, {{lccn|85004824}}, {{bibcode|1986acp..book.....B}}. [http://www.dhushara.com/book/quantcos/anth/anth.htm Excerpt from Chapter 1].</ref>

Tipler has published his Omega Point Theory in a number of peer-reviewed scientific journals since 1986.<ref name="Tipler1986">Frank J. Tipler, [http://www.springerlink.com/content/vlj3180664373268/ "Cosmological Limits on Computation"], ''International Journal of Theoretical Physics'', Vol. 25, No. 6 (June 1986), pp. 617-661, {{doi|10.1007/BF00670475}}, {{bibcode|1986IJTP...25..617T}}. (First paper on the Omega Point Theory.)</ref><ref name="Tipler1987">Frank J. Tipler, [http://www.nature.com/doifinder/10.1038/325201c0 "Achieved spacetime infinity"], ''Nature'', Vol. 325, No. 6101 (January 15, 1987), pp. 201-202, {{doi|10.1038/325201c0}}, {{bibcode|1987Natur.325..201T}}.</ref><ref name="Tipler1988">Frank J. Tipler, [http://www.jstor.org/stable/192869 "The Anthropic Principle: A Primer for Philosophers"], ''PSA: Proceedings of the Biennial Meeting of the Philosophy of Science Association'', Vol. 1988, Volume Two: Symposia and Invited Papers (1988), pp. 27-48; published by University of Chicago Press on behalf of the Philosophy of Science Association.</ref><ref name="Tipler1989">Frank J. Tipler, [http://theophysics.chimehost.net/pdf/tipler-omega-point-as-eschaton.pdf "The Omega Point as ''Eschaton'': Answers to Pannenberg's Questions for Scientists"], ''Zygon: Journal of Religion & Science'', Vol. 24, Issue 2 (June 1989), pp. 217-253, {{doi|10.1111/j.1467-9744.1989.tb01112.x}}. [http://www.webcitation.org/5nY0aytpz Mirror link]. Republished as Chapter 7: "The Omega Point as ''Eschaton'': Answers to Pannenberg's Questions to Scientists" in Carol Rausch Albright and Joel Haugen (editors), ''Beginning with the End: God, Science, and Wolfhart Pannenberg'' (Chicago, Ill.: Open Court Publishing Company, 1997), pp. 156-194, ISBN 0812693256, {{lccn|97000114}}.</ref><ref name="Tipler1992">Frank J. Tipler, [http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6TVN-46YD4D5-12T&_user=10&_rdoc=1&_fmt=&_orig=search&_sort=d&_docanchor=&view=c&_acct=C000050221&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=10&md5=41358cdcea2b6a49f87ce3f8c2667600 "The ultimate fate of life in universes which undergo inflation"], ''Physics Letters B'', Vol. 286, Issues 1-2 (July 23, 1992), pp. 36-43, {{doi|10.1016/0370-2693(92)90155-W}}, {{bibcode|1992PhLB..286...36T}}.</ref><ref name="Tipler1993">Frank J. Tipler, [http://theophysics.ifastnet.com/pdf/tipler-constant-mean-curvature-foliation.pdf "A New Condition Implying the Existence of a Constant Mean Curvature Foliation"], {{bibcode|1993dgr2.conf..306T}}, in B. L. Hu and T. A. Jacobson (editors), ''Directions in General Relativity: Proceedings of the 1993 International Symposium, Maryland, Volume 2: Papers in Honor of Dieter Brill'' (Cambridge: [[Cambridge University Press]], 1993), pp. 306-315, ISBN 0521452678, {{bibcode|1993dgr2.conf.....H}}. [http://www.webcitation.org/5qbXJZiX5 Mirror link].</ref><ref name="Tipler1998">Frank J. Tipler, [http://theophysics.ifastnet.com/pdf/tipler-ultrarelativistic-rockets.pdf "Ultrarelativistic Rockets and the Ultimate Future of the Universe"], [http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/19990023204_1999021520.pdf ''NASA Breakthrough Propulsion Physics Workshop Proceedings''], [[NASA|National Aeronautics and Space Administration]], January 1999, pp. 111-119 ([http://www.webcitation.org/5nY13xRip mirror link]); an invited paper in the proceedings of a conference held at and sponsored by NASA Lewis Research Center, Cleveland, Ohio, August 12–14, 1998; {{doi|2060/19990023204}}. [http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?Ntk=DocumentID&Ntt=19990023204 Document ID: 19990023204]. Report Number: E-11429; NAS 1.55:208694; NASA/CP-1999-208694. [http://www.webcitation.org/5nwu4fT31 Mirror link].</ref><ref name="Tipler2001">Frank J. Tipler, [http://arxiv.org/abs/astro-ph/0104011 "The Ultimate Future of the Universe, Black Hole Event Horizon Topologies, Holography, and the Value of the Cosmological Constant"], {{arxiv|astro-ph/0104011}}, April 1, 2001. Published in J. Craig Wheeler and Hugo Martel (editors), [http://scitation.aip.org/dbt/dbt.jsp?KEY=APCPCS&Volume=586&Issue=1 ''Relativistic Astrophysics: 20th Texas Symposium, Austin, TX, 10-15 December 2000''] (Melville, N.Y.: American Institute of Physics, 2001), pp. 769-772, ISBN 0735400261, {{lccn|2001094694}}, which is [http://link.aip.org/link/?APCPCS/586/769/1 ''AIP Conference Proceedings'', Vol. 586 (October 15, 2001)], {{doi|10.1063/1.1419654}}, {{bibcode|2001AIPC..586.....W}}.</ref><ref name="Tipler2003"/><ref name="Tipler2005"/><ref name="Tipler2007">Frank J. Tipler, Jessica Graber, Matthew McGinley, Joshua Nichols-Barrer and Christopher Staecker, [http://arxiv.org/abs/gr-qc/0003082 "Closed Universes With Black Holes But No Event Horizons As a Solution to the Black Hole Information Problem"], {{arxiv|gr-qc/0003082}}, March 20, 2000. Published in ''Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society'', Vol. 379, Issue 2 (August 2007), pp. 629-640, {{doi|10.1111/j.1365-2966.2007.11895.x}}, {{bibcode|2007MNRAS.379..629T}}.</ref> The first book wherein the Omega Point Theory was described was 1986's ''The Anthropic Cosmological Principle'', written by astrophysicist John D. Barrow and Tipler, wherein they concluded the book by writing that<ref name="BarrowTipler1986a">John D. Barrow and Frank J. Tipler, "Foreword" by John A. Wheeler, ''The Anthropic Cosmological Principle'' (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1986), pp. 676-677, ISBN 0198519494, {{lccn|85004824}}, {{bibcode|1986acp..book.....B}}. [http://www.dhushara.com/book/quantcos/anth/anth.htm Excerpt from Chapter 1].</ref>

<blockquote>if life evolves in all of the many universes in a quantum cosmology, and if life continues to exist in all of these universes, then ''all'' of these universes, which include ''all'' possible histories among them, will approach the Omega Point. At the instant the Omega Point is reached, life will have gained control of ''all'' matter and forces not only in a single universe, but in all universes whose existence is logically possible; life will have spread into ''all'' spatial regions in all universes which could logically exist, and will have stored an infinite amount of information, including ''all'' bits of knowledge which it is logically possible to know. And this is the end.</blockquote>

<blockquote>if life evolves in all of the many universes in a quantum cosmology, and if life continues to exist in all of these universes, then ''all'' of these universes, which include ''all'' possible histories among them, will approach the Omega Point. At the instant the Omega Point is reached, life will have gained control of ''all'' matter and forces not only in a single universe, but in all universes whose existence is logically possible; life will have spread into ''all'' spatial regions in all universes which could logically exist, and will have stored an infinite amount of information, including ''all'' bits of knowledge which it is logically possible to know. And this is the end.</blockquote>