Difference between revisions of "Gospel of Luke"

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[[File:Luke H. Virgin M.jpg|thumb|St. Luke handing the icon painted by him to the Mother of God]]
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[[File:Luke by roslin.jpg|thumbnail|right|300px|A niniature of Saint Luke by the Armenian manuscript illuminator Toros Roslin, 13th century.]]
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The '''Gospel of Luke''' is called "the most beautiful book ever written."<ref>''See, e.g.'', [[NRSV]] Study Bible at 1502.</ref> It is the first historian's account of the life of [[Jesus]], as written in perfect [[Greek]].<ref>The Gospel of Luke is the finest [[Greek]] among [[the Gospels]], while the [[Epistle to the Hebrews]] is the finest Greek in all of literature.</ref>  Luke "carefully investigated everything from the beginning" ({{bible ref|Luke|1|3}}), wanting to "write an orderly account" so that the recipient "Theophilus" (the entire world, as this name means "loved by [[God]]") would "know the certainty of the things" he had been taught. (Luke 1:3-4)  The author [[Luke]] was a [[Gentile]], as confirmed by [[Paul]] at [[Colossians]] 4:11,14.  The Gospel of Luke is the 3rd and longest [[the Gospel|Gospel]] (indeed, the longest book in the entire [[New Testament]]), placed after [[Gospel of Matthew|Matthew]] and [[Gospel of Mark|Mark]] and before the [[Gospel of John]].  [[Papyrus 4]] and [[Papyrus 75]] are two early surviving scrolls of this Gospel. Luke implies the existence of [[Gospels]] before his in {{bibleref|Luke|1|1-3}}: "Inasmuch as many have undertaken to compile a narrative of the things that have been accomplished among us ...."   
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The '''Gospel of Luke''' has been called "the most [[Aesthetics|beautiful]] book ever written" due to the excellence of its [[writing]], the [[Literature|literary]] [[genius]] of the author who uses several literary techniques in this [[gospel]] and the carefullness and reliability of its writer [[Luke]] the physician.<ref>''See, e.g.'', [[NRSV]] Study Bible at 1502.</ref><ref>[https://deeperriches.com/themes-more-luke/ Themes and More in Luke]</ref><ref>[https://enterthebible.org/courses/luke/lessons/theological-themes-in-luke#:~:text=Social%20Reversal,societies'%20ways%20of%20determining%20value. Theological Themes in Luke]</ref> It is the first [[history|historian]]'s account of the life of [[Jesus Christ]], as written in excellent [[Greek]].<ref>The Gospel of Luke is the finest [[Greek]] among [[the Gospels]], while the [[Epistle to the Hebrews]] is the finest Greek in all of literature.</ref><ref>[https://deeperriches.com/themes-more-luke/ Themes and More in Luke]</ref>  [[Luke]] "carefully investigated everything from the beginning" ({{bible ref|Luke|1|3}}), wanting to "write an orderly account" so that the recipient [[Theophilus]] (the entire world, as this name means "loved by [[God]]") would "know the certainty of the things" he had been taught. (Luke 1:3-4)   
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The author Luke was a [[Gentile]], as confirmed by [[Paul]] at [[Colossians]] 4:11,14.  The Gospel of Luke is the 3rd and longest [[the Gospel|Gospel]] (indeed, the longest book in the entire [[New Testament]]), placed after [[Gospel of Matthew|Matthew]] and [[Gospel of Mark|Mark]] and before the [[Gospel of John]].  [[Papyrus 4]] and [[Papyrus 75]] are two early surviving scrolls of this Gospel. Luke implies the existence of [[Gospels]] before his in {{bibleref|Luke|1|1-3}}: "Inasmuch as many have undertaken to compile a narrative of the things that have been accomplished among us ...."   
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[[Theology|Theological]] themes of the Gospel of Luke are: Jesus Christ is the promised [[Messiah]] King of the [[Old Testament]]; Jesus as the [[Son of God]] and Son of Man; Jesus' reliance on God and his frequent [[prayer]]; the [[kingdom of God]] is for the [[Humility|humble]], the [[repentance|repentant]] [[sin]]ner, the poor, the outcast, and the outsider; [[God]]'s [[salvation]]; the Jewish Messiah is not only for the [[Jew]]s, but for the Gentiles as well; the role of the [[Holy Spirit]] in connection to Jesus’ coming and his public ministry; the Messiah King was rejected by the ones He came to save and [[Christian persecution|Christians must be willing to suffer persecution]] and rejection as they follow the example of Christ; and the [[ascension of Christ]].<ref>[https://deeperriches.com/themes-more-luke/ Themes and More in Luke]</ref><ref>[https://enterthebible.org/courses/luke/lessons/theological-themes-in-luke#:~:text=Social%20Reversal,societies'%20ways%20of%20determining%20value. Theological Themes in Luke]</ref>
  
 
Unique to the Gospel of Luke are:
 
Unique to the Gospel of Luke are:
  
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*The beautiful, emotion-inducing parables of the [[Prodigal Son|prodigal son]], the [[Good Samaritan|good Samaritan]], and the rich man and Lazarus ({{bible ref|Luke|16|19-31}});
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*The beautiful, emotion-inducing [[parable]]s of the [[Prodigal Son|prodigal son]], the [[Good Samaritan|good Samaritan]], and the rich man and Lazarus ({{bible ref|Luke|16|19-31}});
 
*The most controversial [[parable]] in the [[Bible]]: the [[Parable of the Dishonest Manager]], {{bibleref|Luke|16|1-13}}, and the parable of the fig tree;
 
*The most controversial [[parable]] in the [[Bible]]: the [[Parable of the Dishonest Manager]], {{bibleref|Luke|16|1-13}}, and the parable of the fig tree;
 
*The encounter with disciples on the [[road to Emmaus]], whose "eyes were kept from recognizing him";<ref>Luke 24:13-35.</ref>
 
*The encounter with disciples on the [[road to Emmaus]], whose "eyes were kept from recognizing him";<ref>Luke 24:13-35.</ref>
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*This Gospel and the [[Gospel of John]] praise the [[Samaritan]]s the most;
 
*This Gospel and the [[Gospel of John]] praise the [[Samaritan]]s the most;
 
*Details about the lineage and birth of Jesus; and
 
*Details about the lineage and birth of Jesus; and
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*"From everyone who has been given much, much will be demanded; and to whom they entrusted much, of him they will ask all the more." - {{bibleref|Luke|12|48|version=NASB}}
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*"From everyone who has been given much, much will be demanded; and to whom they entrusted much, of him they will ask all the more." - {{bibleref|Luke|12|48|version=NASB}}; and
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*Luke's special emphasis on the availability of the full [[forgiveness]] of our sins.
  
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The witnesses to [[Jesus]] on the road to Emmaus were not any of [[the Apostles]] or [[Mark]], and thus only the historian (Luke) could describe that encounter.
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The witnesses to Jesus on the road to Emmaus were not any of [[the Apostles]] or [[Mark]], and thus only the historian (Luke) could describe that encounter.
  
 
Luke was probably inspired by the [[Epistles to the Hebrews]], which is perhaps the best-written Greek work in all of history, and which some of Luke's writings (especially parts of the [[Acts of the Apostles]]) appear to imitate in style and word choice.  Luke is considered one of the [[synoptic gospels]] and Luke is generally considered to have borrowed from Mark as one of his sources, as did Matthew.  It is unknown if Matthew or Luke borrowed from each other or which came first; some material is common to Matthew and Luke but not found in Mark.
 
Luke was probably inspired by the [[Epistles to the Hebrews]], which is perhaps the best-written Greek work in all of history, and which some of Luke's writings (especially parts of the [[Acts of the Apostles]]) appear to imitate in style and word choice.  Luke is considered one of the [[synoptic gospels]] and Luke is generally considered to have borrowed from Mark as one of his sources, as did Matthew.  It is unknown if Matthew or Luke borrowed from each other or which came first; some material is common to Matthew and Luke but not found in Mark.
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==Authorship==
 
==Authorship==
 
[[Image:Gospel of Luke in Arab.gif|thumb|This tenth-century Egyptian codex was donated to Pope Eugenius IV by the Coptic delegates at the Council of Ferrara-Florence. Translated from a Coptic original, it is one of the earliest Arabic versions of any part of the New Testament, none of which can be dated before the late eighth or ninth centuries.]]
 
[[Image:Gospel of Luke in Arab.gif|thumb|This tenth-century Egyptian codex was donated to Pope Eugenius IV by the Coptic delegates at the Council of Ferrara-Florence. Translated from a Coptic original, it is one of the earliest Arabic versions of any part of the New Testament, none of which can be dated before the late eighth or ninth centuries.]]
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'''The Gospel of Luke''' does not name its author, but as a companion volume to the [[book of Acts]], it can be inferred by the use of "we" when describing part of Paul's journeys that the author traveled with [[Paul]] and [[Luke]], the doctor, becomes the most likely candidate.  The extremely sophisticated Greek of Luke also argues for a man who was very educated as does his attention to detail and the medical language in use matches that of other ancient Greek doctors.  The ancient church father [[Irenaeus]] ascribed the work to Luke as does the Muratorian Canon.  It is also mentioned by Clemente of Alexandria.
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'''The Gospel of Luke''' does not name its author, but as a companion volume to the [[book of Acts]], it can be inferred by the use of "we" when describing part of the [[Saint Paul|Apostle Paul]]'s journeys that the author traveled with [[Paul]] and [[Luke]], the doctor, becomes the most likely candidate.  The extremely sophisticated Greek of Luke also argues for a man who was very educated as does his attention to detail and the medical language in use matches that of other ancient Greek doctors.  The ancient church father [[Irenaeus]] ascribed the work to Luke as does the Muratorian Canon.  It is also mentioned by Clemente of Alexandria.
  
 
==Place of Writing==
 
==Place of Writing==
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Based on the descriptions of places in Palestine, it is generally assumed that the reader was unfamiliar with that land.  It's not known where Luke was written, but it is assumed it is outside of [[Palestine]] and to an audience that is non-Jewish.
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Based on the descriptions of places in [[Palestine]], it is generally assumed that the reader was unfamiliar with that land.  It's not known where Luke was written, but it is assumed it is outside of Palestine and to an audience that is non-Jewish.
  
 
==Date==
 
==Date==
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*[[Luke and the Census]]
 
*[[Luke and the Census]]
 
*[[Gospel of Luke (Translated)]]
 
*[[Gospel of Luke (Translated)]]
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== External links ==
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*[https://www.biblestudytools.com/esv/luke/ Gospel of Luke], BibleStudyTools.com
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*[https://bibleproject.com/guides/book-of-luke/ The Book of Luke], Bible Project
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*[https://www.gotquestions.org/Gospel-of-Luke.html Summary of the Gospel of Luke], [[Got Questions Ministries]]
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Videos:
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*[https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLbjmSS6LZDGrI3aUXiITsEB1EN7aPT_Ho Gospel of Luke - video playlist], Video playlist
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Movies:
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*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=R_ZhL5TqEBE FULL MOVIE: The Gospel of Luke]
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*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dYHBhaC9VMU&t=832s Jesus Film according to Luke's Gospel - English HD]
  
 
== References ==
 
== References ==

Revision as of 15:09, June 17, 2025

A niniature of Saint Luke by the Armenian manuscript illuminator Toros Roslin, 13th century.

The Gospel of Luke has been called "the most beautiful book ever written" due to the excellence of its writing, the literary genius of the author who uses several literary techniques in this gospel and the carefullness and reliability of its writer Luke the physician.[1][2][3] It is the first historian's account of the life of Jesus Christ, as written in excellent Greek.[4][5] Luke "carefully investigated everything from the beginning" (Luke 1:3 ), wanting to "write an orderly account" so that the recipient Theophilus (the entire world, as this name means "loved by God") would "know the certainty of the things" he had been taught. (Luke 1:3-4)

The author Luke was a Gentile, as confirmed by Paul at Colossians 4:11,14. The Gospel of Luke is the 3rd and longest Gospel (indeed, the longest book in the entire New Testament), placed after Matthew and Mark and before the Gospel of John. Papyrus 4 and Papyrus 75 are two early surviving scrolls of this Gospel. Luke implies the existence of Gospels before his in Luke 1:1-3 : "Inasmuch as many have undertaken to compile a narrative of the things that have been accomplished among us ...."

Theological themes of the Gospel of Luke are: Jesus Christ is the promised Messiah King of the Old Testament; Jesus as the Son of God and Son of Man; Jesus' reliance on God and his frequent prayer; the kingdom of God is for the humble, the repentant sinner, the poor, the outcast, and the outsider; God's salvation; the Jewish Messiah is not only for the Jews, but for the Gentiles as well; the role of the Holy Spirit in connection to Jesus’ coming and his public ministry; the Messiah King was rejected by the ones He came to save and Christians must be willing to suffer persecution and rejection as they follow the example of Christ; and the ascension of Christ.[6][7]

Unique to the Gospel of Luke are:

The witnesses to Jesus on the road to Emmaus were not any of the Apostles or Mark, and thus only the historian (Luke) could describe that encounter.

Luke was probably inspired by the Epistles to the Hebrews, which is perhaps the best-written Greek work in all of history, and which some of Luke's writings (especially parts of the Acts of the Apostles) appear to imitate in style and word choice. Luke is considered one of the synoptic gospels and Luke is generally considered to have borrowed from Mark as one of his sources, as did Matthew. It is unknown if Matthew or Luke borrowed from each other or which came first; some material is common to Matthew and Luke but not found in Mark.

Authorship

This tenth-century Egyptian codex was donated to Pope Eugenius IV by the Coptic delegates at the Council of Ferrara-Florence. Translated from a Coptic original, it is one of the earliest Arabic versions of any part of the New Testament, none of which can be dated before the late eighth or ninth centuries.

The Gospel of Luke does not name its author, but as a companion volume to the book of Acts, it can be inferred by the use of "we" when describing part of the Apostle Paul's journeys that the author traveled with Paul and Luke, the doctor, becomes the most likely candidate. The extremely sophisticated Greek of Luke also argues for a man who was very educated as does his attention to detail and the medical language in use matches that of other ancient Greek doctors. The ancient church father Irenaeus ascribed the work to Luke as does the Muratorian Canon. It is also mentioned by Clemente of Alexandria.

Place of Writing

Based on the descriptions of places in Palestine, it is generally assumed that the reader was unfamiliar with that land. It's not known where Luke was written, but it is assumed it is outside of Palestine and to an audience that is non-Jewish.

Date

The Gospel of Luke is generally believed to have been written in the A.D. 70's or 80's, but it is also possible it was written in the late 50's or early 60's based upon the abrupt ending in Acts. Columbia University researchers estimate a date of authorship of A.D. 85 (plus or minus five or ten years), when Roman Emperor Domitian reigned.[9]

The arguments for an earlier date include the following:

  • Why wouldn't Luke have continued the history in Acts if he had written it later?
  • Why wouldn't he have mentioned the martyrdom of Paul?
  • Why is there no mention of the fall of Jerusalem (which took place in 70 A.D.)?

See also

External links

Videos:

Movies:

References

  1. ↑ See, e.g., NRSV Study Bible at 1502.
  2. ↑ Themes and More in Luke
  3. ↑ Theological Themes in Luke
  4. ↑ The Gospel of Luke is the finest Greek among the Gospels, while the Epistle to the Hebrews is the finest Greek in all of literature.
  5. ↑ Themes and More in Luke
  6. ↑ Themes and More in Luke
  7. ↑ Theological Themes in Luke
  8. ↑ Luke 24:13-35.
  9. ↑ https://www.college.columbia.edu/core/node/1754#:~:text=The%20Gospel%20According%20to%20Luke,middle%20of%20the%20third%20century.
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