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[[File:Woman with red hair-tribune.com.jpg|thumb|Woman with red hair]]

[[File:Erin_Morris-_Up_on_High_Ground.jpg|thumb|Woman with red hair]]

[[File:Red Haired Man.jpg|thumb|Man with red hair and beard]]

[[File:Red Haired Man.jpg|thumb|Man with red hair and beard]]

'''Red hair''' (or '''ginger hair''') occurs naturally in two percent of the overall planet earth, human population, appearing in higher percentages (two to six percent) among people of Northern or Northwestern European ancestry and lesser frequency in other human populations. So for the most part, gingers are a rare breed, far outnumbered by the yellow and brown haired members of the human species.

'''Red hair''' (or '''ginger hair''') occurs naturally in two percent of the overall planet earth, human population, appearing in higher percentages (two to six percent) among people of Northern or Northwestern European ancestry and lesser frequency in other human populations. So for the most part, gingers are a rare breed, far outnumbered by the yellow and brown haired members of the human species.

Cultural reactions to red hair have varied from ridicule to admiration with many common stereotypes in existence regarding redheads. Since 1510 the term redhead (originally redd hede) has been in use on earth.

Cultural reactions to red hair have varied from ridicule to admiration with many common stereotypes in existence regarding redheads. Since 1510 the term redhead (originally redd hede) has been in use on earth.

==Genetic Mutation==

==Genetic Mutation==

[[File:Crystal-Strawberry-blonde-lighter-red-hair-tribune-com.jpg|thumb|Woman with strawberry blond red hair and lighter eye color]]

[[File:Crystal-Strawberry-blonde-lighter-red_hair-tribune_com.jpg|thumb|Woman with strawberry blond red hair and lighter eye color]]

Science is clear that being redheaded isn't the same as being a blonde or a brunette. That's because our ginger baes are different on a genetic level, which may be why it's so hard to fake, at least convincingly. In fact, gingers specifically have a mutation on their MC1R gene, according to the National Institutes of Health.  

Science is clear that being redheaded isn't the same as being a blonde or a brunette. That's because our ginger baes are different on a genetic level, which may be why it's so hard to fake, at least convincingly. In fact, gingers specifically have a mutation on their MC1R gene, according to the National Institutes of Health.  

Redheads really do have a special set of attributes that their blonde and brunette counterparts don't. The following are scientific facts that make their hair so crimson and their skin so pale.

Redheads really do have a special set of attributes that their blonde and brunette counterparts don't. The following are scientific facts that make their hair so crimson and their skin so pale.

The mutation on their MC1R gene increases the amount of the red pigment (phaeomelanin) that gingers have, and decreases the amount of the darker pigment (eumelanin) they produce. That's what causes redheads to have fairer skin, freckles, pale colored eyes and, of course, red hair. That's also why redheads have to be careful in the sun, as they're more sensitive to sunlight due to the lack of eumelanin.

The mutation on their MC1R gene increases the amount of the red pigment (phaeomelanin) that gingers have, and decreases the amount of the darker pigment (eumelanin) they produce. That's what causes redheads to have fairer skin, freckles, pale colored eyes and, of course, red hair. That's also why redheads have to be careful in the sun, as they're more sensitive to sunlight due to the lack of eumelanin.

== Auburn hair==

== Auburn hair==

[[File:Rachel-Auburn-Hair-tribune.com.jpg|thumb|left|An [[American]] girl with Freckles, and a darker shade of red, known as [[auburn hair]]]]

[[File:Rachel-Auburn-Hair-tribune_com.jpg|thumb|left|An [[American]] girl with freckles, and a darker shade of red, known as "auburn hair"]]

Auburn hair is commonly described as being a rich deep red shade or a reddish brown in color or dark ginger.

Auburn hair is commonly described as being a rich deep red shade or a reddish brown in color or dark ginger.

Auburn hair is a variety of red hair. Auburn hair ranges in shades from medium to dark. It can be found with a wide array of skin tones and eye colors, but as is the case with most red hair, it is commonly associated with light skin features. The chemical pigments that cause the coloration of auburn hair are frequently pheomelanin with high levels of eumelanin; however, the auburn hair is due to a mutated melanocortin 1 receptor gene in the people of Northwestern European descent and by a mutated TYRP1 gene in the Austronesians, both genes that reduce the melanin production of the hair cells.

Auburn hair is a variety of red hair. Auburn hair ranges in shades from medium to dark. It can be found with a wide array of skin tones and eye colors, but as is the case with most red hair, it is commonly associated with light skin features. The chemical pigments that cause the coloration of auburn hair are frequently pheomelanin with high levels of eumelanin; however, the auburn hair is due to a mutated melanocortin 1 receptor gene in the people of Northwestern European descent and by a mutated TYRP1 gene in the Austronesians, both genes that reduce the melanin production of the hair cells.

"Auburn" can be used to describe many shades of reddish hair with similar definitions or hues. It is often conflated in popular usage with Titian hair. While Titian hair is a brownish shade of red hair, auburn hair is specifically defined as including the actual color red. Most definitions of Titian hair describe it as a brownish-orange color,[2][3] but some describe it as being reddish.[4] This is in reference to red hair itself, not the color red.

"Auburn" can be used to describe many shades of reddish hair with similar definitions or hues. It is often conflated in popular usage with Titian hair. In comparison, titian is a tint of red hair, most commonly described as brownish-orange, while auburn hair is a brownish shade of red hair, specifically defined as encompassing the actual color red. Most definitions of Titian hair describe it as a brownish-orange color, but some describe it as being reddish. This is in reference to red hair itself, not the color red. The term originates from Tiziano Vecellio (Titian), c1488–1576, an Italian painter, perhaps the most important painter of the Renaissance in Venice, Italy who would often depict women with red hair of this description. Titian has been used as a hair color term in the United States as early as the 1800s, when women were commonly using henna to dye their hair a Titian color.

Auburn encompasses the color maroon, but so too do chestnut and burgundy. In contrast with the two, auburn is more red in color, while chestnut is more brown, and burgundy is more purple; chestnut hair is also often referred to as "chestnut-brown".

Auburn encompasses the deep color maroon, which is a chestnut red color, and Merlot, which is a touch lighter and a bit redder than burgundy. In contrast with the two colors, auburn is more red in color, while chestnut is more brown, and burgundy is more purple; chestnut hair is also commonly referred to as "chestnut-brown".

The word "auburn" comes from the Old French word alborne, which meant blond, coming from Latin word alburnus ("off-white"). The first recorded use of auburn in English was in 1430.[5][6] The word was sometimes corrupted into abram, for example in early (pre-1685) folios of Coriolanus, Thomas Kyd's Soliman and Perseda (1588) and Thomas Middleton's Blurt, Master Constable (1601).

The word "auburn" comes from the Old French word alborne, which meant blond, coming from Latin word alburnus ("off-white"). Additionally from Medieval Latin alburnus whitish. The first recorded use of auburn in English was in 1430. The word was sometimes corrupted into abram, for example in early (pre-1685) folios of Coriolanus, Thomas Kyd's Soliman and Perseda (1588) and Thomas Middleton's Blurt, Master Constable (1601).

Auburn hair is common among people of northern and western European descent, as well as North Africans,[8] but it is rare elsewhere. Auburn hair occurs most frequently in Scandinavia (Denmark, Norway and Sweden), Britain, Ireland, continental Germanic Europe (Germany, Austria, the Netherlands, Belgium, and Luxembourg), France and northern Iberia, Poland, and Russia. This hair color is less common farther south and southeast, but can occur somewhat regularly in Southern Europe (more so in Spain, and to some extent Portugal and Italy). It can also be found in other parts of the world colonized by genetically European people, such as North America, South America, Australia, New Zealand, South Africa, Siberia, etc.

Auburn hair is quite prevalent among people of western and northern European descent, in addition to North Africans, but it is relatively rare elsewhere. Those who naturally possess the shade of Auburn red hair make up just 1-2 percent of the population. Auburn hair occurs most frequently in Scandinavia (Denmark, Norway and Sweden), Britain, Ireland, continental Germanic Europe (Germany, Austria, the Netherlands, Belgium, and Luxembourg), France and northern Iberia, Poland, and Russia. This hair color is less common farther south and southeast, but can occur somewhat regularly in Southern Europe (more so in Spain, and to some extent Portugal and Italy). It can also be found in other parts of the world colonized by genetically European people, such as North America, South America, Australia, New Zealand, South Africa, Siberia, etc.

Auburn is sometimes seen among the indigenous people of Taiwan (Formosa), but it is absent in the later Han Chinese immigrants. It is more common among the Formosan aborigines than among the white people of Northwestern European descent; however, with them it is not due to the mutated MC1R gene but to the mutated TYRP1 gene, both of which reduce melanin production.

Auburn is sometimes seen among the indigenous people of Taiwan (Formosa), but it is absent in the later Han Chinese immigrants. It is more common among the Formosan aborigines than among the white people of Northwestern European descent; however, with them it is not due to the mutated MC1R gene but to the mutated TYRP1 gene, both of which reduce melanin production.

== Geographic distribution ==

== Geographic distribution ==

=== Modern ===

=== Modern ===

==== Northern and Western Europe ====

==== Northern and Western Europe ====

Red hair is most commonly found at the Northern and Western fringes of [[Europe]]; it is centered on populations in the [[British Isles]]. Redheads are commonly associated with the Celtic nations.

Redheads have very fair skin, almost always lighter than non-redheads. This is an advantage in northern latitudes and very rainy countries, where sunlight is sparse. Red hair is most commonly found at the Northern and Western fringes of [[Europe]]; it is centered on populations in the [[British Isles]]. Redheads are commonly associated with the Celtic nations.

Celts' red hair could be attributed to the cloudy weather. The experts believe that the gloomy climate in [[Scotland]] prompted a deliberate genetic adaptation. Essentially, this means that red hair helps to take advantage of sunny days and allows the body to absorb more [[vitamin]] D.

Celts' red hair could be attributed to the cloudy weather. The experts believe that the gloomy climate in [[Scotland]] prompted a deliberate genetic adaptation. Essentially, this means that red hair helps to take advantage of sunny days and allows the body to absorb more [[vitamin]] D.

[[Ireland]] has the highest number of red-haired people per capita in the world with the percentage of those with red hair at around 10 percent.

[[Ireland]] has the highest number of people with red hair per capita on the earth with the percentage of those with red hair at around 10 percent.

[[Great Britain]] also has a high percentage of people with red hair. In [[Scotland]] around 6 percent of the population has red hair; with the highest concentration of red head carriers in the world found in [[Edinburgh]], making it the ''red-head capital of the world''. In 1907, the largest ever study of hair color in Scotland, which analyzed over 500,000 people, found the percentage of Scots with red hair to be 5.3%. A 1956 study of hair color among [[British Army]] recruits also found high levels of red hair in [[Wales]] and in the [[Anglo-Scottish border counties of England.

[[Great Britain]] also has a high percentage of people with red hair. In [[Scotland]] around 6 percent of the population has red hair; with the highest concentration of red head carriers in the world found in [[Edinburgh]], making it the ''red-head capital of the world''. In 1907, the largest ever study of hair color in Scotland, which analyzed over 500,000 people, found the percentage of Scots with red hair to be 5.3 percent. A 1956 study of hair color among [[British Army]] recruits also found high levels of red hair in [[Wales]] and in the Anglo-Scottish border counties of England.

==== Eastern and Southern Europe ====

==== Eastern and Southern Europe ====

In [[Italy]], red hair is found at a frequency of 0.57% of the total population, without variation in frequency across the different regions of the country. In Sardinia, red hair is found at a frequency of 0.24% of the population. [[Victorian era]] ethnographers considered the Udmurt people of the [[Volga]] Region in Russia to be "the most red-headed men in the world". The Volga region still has one of the highest percentages of redheaded people.

In the country of [[Italy]], red hair is found at a frequency of less than 1 percent (0.57 percent) of the total country population, without variation in frequency across the different regions of the country. In the country of Sardinia, red hair is found at a frequency of approximately less than a quarter of 1 percent (0.24 percent) of the population. [[Victorian era]] ethnographers considered the Udmurt people of the [[Volga]] Region in Russia to be "the most red-headed men in the world". The Volga region still has one of the highest percentages of redheaded people.

Red hair is also found amongst the [[Ashkenazi]] Jewish populations. In 1903, 5.6% of Polish Jews had red hair. Other studies have found that 3.69% of Jewish women overall were found to have red hair, but around 10.9% of all Jewish men have red beards. Before the 20th century, in European culture, red hair was often seen as a stereotypically Jewish trait: during the [[Spanish Inquisition]], all those with red hair were identified as Jewish. In Italy, red hair was associated with Italian Jews, and [[Judas Iscariot]] was traditionally depicted as red-haired in Italian and Spanish art. Judas Iscariot was also described by William Shakespeare to have Red hair as well. The practice is comparable to the Renaissance portrayal of Jews with red hair, which was, at the time, regarded as a negative trait and which may have been used to correlate Judas Iscariot with contemporary Jews. The [[stereotype]] that red hair is Jewish remains in parts of Eastern Europe and Russia.

Red hair is also found amongst the [[Ashkenazi]] Jewish populations. In 1903, 5.6% of Polish Jews had red hair. Other studies have found that 3.69% of Jewish women overall were found to have red hair, but around 10.9% of all Jewish men have red beards. Before the 20th century, in European culture, red hair was often seen as a stereotypically Jewish trait: during the [[Spanish Inquisition]], all those with red hair were identified as Jewish. In Italy, red hair was associated with Italian Jews, and [[Judas Iscariot]] was traditionally depicted as red-haired in Italian and Spanish art. Judas Iscariot was also described by William Shakespeare to have Red hair as well. The practice is comparable to the Renaissance portrayal of Jews with red hair, which was, at the time, regarded as a negative trait and which may have been used to correlate Judas Iscariot with contemporary Jews. The [[stereotype]] that red hair is Jewish remains in parts of Eastern Europe and Russia.

==== North Africa and Mediterranean ====

==== North Africa and Mediterranean ====

=== Religious and mythological traditions ===

=== Religious and mythological traditions ===

[[File:Mariya Magdalena.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Mary Magdalene]] is commonly portrayed with long red hair, as in [[Mary Magdalene (Sandys)|this 1859 painting]] by [[Anthony Frederick Augustus Sandys]]]]

[[File:Mariya Magdalena.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Mary Magdalene]] is commonly portrayed with long red hair, as in Mary Magdalene (Sandys) this 1859 painting by Anthony Frederick Augustus Sandys]]

In ancient Egypt red hair was associated with the deity Set and [[Ramesses II]] had it.  

In ancient Egypt red hair was associated with the deity Set and [[Ramesses II]] had it.  

In the ''[[Iliad]]'', [[Achilles]]' hair is described as usually translated as blonde, or golden but sometimes as red or tawny. His son Neoptolemus also bears the name Pyrrhus, a possible reference to his own red hair.

In the ''[[Iliad]]'', [[Achilles]]' hair is described as usually translated as blonde, or golden but sometimes as red or tawny. His son Neoptolemus also bears the name Pyrrhus, a possible reference to his own red hair.