Difference between revisions of "Gospel of Matthew"
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The '''Gospel of Matthew''' is the first book in the [[New Testament]]. Perhaps due to its placement as first, and its completeness, it is the most popular of [[the Gospels]]. It tells the story of the life of [[Jesus]] as conveyed by [[Matthew]], a former tax collector and one of Jesus' [[disciples]]. Several of the parables recounted in this Gospel rely on [[economics|economic]] principles. The Gospel of Matthew includes 97% of the [[Gospel of Mark]], plus significant additions including post-[[Resurrection]] gatherings of [[the Apostles]] (chapter 28), more of Jesus's teachings (which are evenly interspersed among the material copied from Mark), and more background at the beginning (chapters 1 and 2).<ref>https://andynaselli.com/matthew-and-mark (showing graphically where Matthew inserted his own new material)</ref> As the most factually complete gospel by an eyewitness, it is ordered first among the four. It is the Gospel of Matthew that expressly mentions [[Bethlehem]] as the birthplace of Jesus.<ref>https://news.yahoo.com/jesus-really-born-bethlehem-why-200945326.html</ref> | The '''Gospel of Matthew''' is the first book in the [[New Testament]]. Perhaps due to its placement as first, and its completeness, it is the most popular of [[the Gospels]]. It tells the story of the life of [[Jesus]] as conveyed by [[Matthew]], a former tax collector and one of Jesus' [[disciples]]. Several of the parables recounted in this Gospel rely on [[economics|economic]] principles. The Gospel of Matthew includes 97% of the [[Gospel of Mark]], plus significant additions including post-[[Resurrection]] gatherings of [[the Apostles]] (chapter 28), more of Jesus's teachings (which are evenly interspersed among the material copied from Mark), and more background at the beginning (chapters 1 and 2).<ref>https://andynaselli.com/matthew-and-mark (showing graphically where Matthew inserted his own new material)</ref> As the most factually complete gospel by an eyewitness, it is ordered first among the four. It is the Gospel of Matthew that expressly mentions [[Bethlehem]] as the birthplace of Jesus.<ref>https://news.yahoo.com/jesus-really-born-bethlehem-why-200945326.html</ref> | ||
| − | The Gospel of Matthew is one of the [[synoptic gospels]], meaning that it is written in a narrative style and has similarities to the Gospels of [[Gospel of Mark|Mark]] and [[Gospel of Luke|Luke]]. The three share a common structure which shows an interrelationship. It is generally believed today that the shorter, simpler [[Gospel of Mark]] came first, and then Matthew and Luke benefited from having seen that gospel before completing their own. But church tradition held that Matthew came first and some still support that sequence. There is reference by the church fathers to a Gospel of Matthew originally being written in [[Aramaic]], perhaps based on a theory that Jesus taught in Aramaic rather than Greek. But no Aramaic original for the Gospel of Matthew has ever been found, so it appears likely it was initially written in Greek which an educated former tax collector could surely have done. | + | The Gospel of Matthew is one of the [[synoptic gospels]], meaning that it is written in a narrative style and has similarities to the Gospels of [[Gospel of Mark|Mark]] and [[Gospel of Luke|Luke]]. The three share a common structure which shows an interrelationship. It is generally believed today that the shorter, simpler [[Gospel of Mark]] came first, and then Matthew and Luke benefited from having seen that gospel before completing their own. But church tradition held that Matthew came first and some still support that sequence. There is a reference by the church fathers to a Gospel of Matthew originally being written in [[Aramaic]], perhaps based on a theory that Jesus taught in Aramaic rather than Greek. But no Aramaic original for the Gospel of Matthew has ever been found, so it appears likely it was initially written in Greek which an educated former tax collector could surely have done. |
The '''Gospel of Matthew''' ends with the [[Great Commission]], commanding those of Christian [[faith]] to baptize and evangelize all the peoples of the world: "And Jesus came and spoke to them, saying, "All power is given unto Me in heaven and in earth. Go ye therefore, and teach all nations, baptizing them in the name of the Father, and of the Son, and of the Holy Ghost: Teaching them to observe all things whatsoever I have commanded you: and, lo, I am with you always, even unto the end of the world. Amen."<ref>{{bibleref|Matthew|28|18-20}} ([[KJV]]).</ref> The Gospel of Matthew also has a strong statement about the power of [[faith]]: Jesus "said to them, “Because of your little faith. For truly, I say to you, if you have faith like a grain of mustard seed, you will say to this mountain, ‘Move from here to there,’ and it will move, and nothing will be impossible for you.”<ref>{{bibleref|Matthew|17|20}} ([[ESV]]).</ref> | The '''Gospel of Matthew''' ends with the [[Great Commission]], commanding those of Christian [[faith]] to baptize and evangelize all the peoples of the world: "And Jesus came and spoke to them, saying, "All power is given unto Me in heaven and in earth. Go ye therefore, and teach all nations, baptizing them in the name of the Father, and of the Son, and of the Holy Ghost: Teaching them to observe all things whatsoever I have commanded you: and, lo, I am with you always, even unto the end of the world. Amen."<ref>{{bibleref|Matthew|28|18-20}} ([[KJV]]).</ref> The Gospel of Matthew also has a strong statement about the power of [[faith]]: Jesus "said to them, “Because of your little faith. For truly, I say to you, if you have faith like a grain of mustard seed, you will say to this mountain, ‘Move from here to there,’ and it will move, and nothing will be impossible for you.”<ref>{{bibleref|Matthew|17|20}} ([[ESV]]).</ref> | ||
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==Authenticity== | ==Authenticity== | ||
| − | The C.E. summarizes: "About the middle of the third century, the Gospel of Matthew was received by the whole Christian Church as a Divinely inspired document, and consequently as canonical. The testimony of Origen ("In Matt.", quoted by Eusebius, Church History III.25.4), of Eusebius (op. cit., III, xxiv, 5; xxv, 1), and of St. Jerome ("De Viris Ill.", iii, "Prolog. in Matt.,") are explicit in this respect. It might be added that this Gospel is found in the most ancient versions: Old Latin, Syriac, and Egyptian. Finally, it stands at the head of the Books of the New Testament in the Canon of the Council of Laodicea (363) and in that of St. Athanasius (326-73), and very probably it was in the last part of the Muratorian Canon. Furthermore, the canonicity of the Gospel of St. Matthew is accepted by the entire Christian world." <ref> Catholic Encyclopedia, Gospel of St. Matthew. https://www.newadvent.org/cathen/10057a.htm</ref> | + | The C.E. summarizes: "About the middle of the third century, the Gospel of Matthew was received by the whole Christian Church as a Divinely inspired document, and consequently as canonical. The testimony of Origen ("In Matt.", quoted by Eusebius, Church History III.25.4), of Eusebius (op. cit., III, xxiv, 5; xxv, 1), and of St. Jerome ("De Viris Ill.", iii, "Prolog. in Matt.,") are explicit in this respect. It might be added that this Gospel is found in the most ancient versions: Old Latin, Syriac, and Egyptian. Finally, it stands at the head of the Books of the New Testament in the Canon of the Council of Laodicea (363) and in that of St. Athanasius (326-73), and very probably it was in the last part of the Muratorian Canon. Furthermore, the canonicity of the Gospel of St. Matthew is accepted by the entire Christian world."<ref> Catholic Encyclopedia, Gospel of St. Matthew. https://www.newadvent.org/cathen/10057a.htm</ref> |
==Audience and Purpose== | ==Audience and Purpose== | ||
Matthew writes to [[Jew]]s, for the purpose of showing that Jesus is the [[Messiah]] who has come according to the Old Testament. | Matthew writes to [[Jew]]s, for the purpose of showing that Jesus is the [[Messiah]] who has come according to the Old Testament. | ||
| − | In his attempt to convince Jews that Jesus was the Messiah, the first chapter traces the lineage of Jesus starting with [[Abraham]] (the father of the Jewish nation) through Joseph (Luke's lineage traces from Mary back through Abraham to Adam), he frequently uses Jewish terminology, and quotes the [[Old Testament]] (especially in regards to fulfillment of prophecy) no fewer than 65 times<ref> Gospel of St. Matthew, Introduction. Henry, Fr. Basil. https://stlukeanniston.org/files/Gospel-of-St.-Matthew---Introduction.pdf</ref> | + | In his attempt to convince Jews that Jesus was the Messiah, the first chapter traces the lineage of Jesus starting with [[Abraham]] (the father of the Jewish nation) through Joseph (Luke's lineage traces from Mary back through Abraham to Adam), he frequently uses Jewish terminology, and quotes the [[Old Testament]] (especially in regards to fulfillment of prophecy) no fewer than 65 times,<ref> Gospel of St. Matthew, Introduction. Henry, Fr. Basil. https://stlukeanniston.org/files/Gospel-of-St.-Matthew---Introduction.pdf</ref> including nine additional proof texts that the other Gospels do not. Matthew is also known for the use of sermons, such as the [[Sermon on the Mount]], which contribute to Matthew's size (it is the second longest of the Gospels behind only the [[Gospel of Luke]]). |
The Gospel of Matthew contains many parables based on [[economic]] principles, such as the parable of talents to illustrate [[opportunity cost]]s. {{bible ref|Matthew|25|14-30}} It was not until 1911 that economists taught the same principle. ''See'' [[Biblical scientific foreknowledge]]. | The Gospel of Matthew contains many parables based on [[economic]] principles, such as the parable of talents to illustrate [[opportunity cost]]s. {{bible ref|Matthew|25|14-30}} It was not until 1911 that economists taught the same principle. ''See'' [[Biblical scientific foreknowledge]]. | ||
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==Date== | ==Date== | ||
| − | There are different thoughts on when it was written. If Mark | + | There are different thoughts on when it was written. If Mark had been written first, then the Gospel of Matthew must necessarily have been written afterward. |
| − | Scholars estimate that Matthew wrote his gospel in | + | Scholars estimate that Matthew wrote his gospel in the late 50s or early 60s AD. Church father Irenaeus commented that “Matthew also issued a written Gospel among the Hebrews in their own dialect, while Peter and Paul were preaching at [[Rome]], and laying the foundations of the Church.”<ref>https://biblearchaeologyreport.com/2019/02/15/the-earliest-new-testament-manuscripts/</ref> The deaths of Peter and Paul in Rome are well-document: AD 64 or 67 (Peter) and AD May or June 68 (Paul). |
| − | Some believe that based on the Jewish character of Matthew, | + | Some believe that, based on the Jewish character of Matthew, it must have been written when the church was still mostly Jewish, and so they believe it was written in AD 50 or so and was the first gospel subsequently drawn upon by Mark and Luke. |
==See also== | ==See also== | ||
Latest revision as of 04:58, May 14, 2024
The Gospel of Matthew is the first book in the New Testament. Perhaps due to its placement as first, and its completeness, it is the most popular of the Gospels. It tells the story of the life of Jesus as conveyed by Matthew, a former tax collector and one of Jesus' disciples. Several of the parables recounted in this Gospel rely on economic principles. The Gospel of Matthew includes 97% of the Gospel of Mark, plus significant additions including post-Resurrection gatherings of the Apostles (chapter 28), more of Jesus's teachings (which are evenly interspersed among the material copied from Mark), and more background at the beginning (chapters 1 and 2).[1] As the most factually complete gospel by an eyewitness, it is ordered first among the four. It is the Gospel of Matthew that expressly mentions Bethlehem as the birthplace of Jesus.[2]
The Gospel of Matthew is one of the synoptic gospels, meaning that it is written in a narrative style and has similarities to the Gospels of Mark and Luke. The three share a common structure which shows an interrelationship. It is generally believed today that the shorter, simpler Gospel of Mark came first, and then Matthew and Luke benefited from having seen that gospel before completing their own. But church tradition held that Matthew came first and some still support that sequence. There is a reference by the church fathers to a Gospel of Matthew originally being written in Aramaic, perhaps based on a theory that Jesus taught in Aramaic rather than Greek. But no Aramaic original for the Gospel of Matthew has ever been found, so it appears likely it was initially written in Greek which an educated former tax collector could surely have done.
The Gospel of Matthew ends with the Great Commission, commanding those of Christian faith to baptize and evangelize all the peoples of the world: "And Jesus came and spoke to them, saying, "All power is given unto Me in heaven and in earth. Go ye therefore, and teach all nations, baptizing them in the name of the Father, and of the Son, and of the Holy Ghost: Teaching them to observe all things whatsoever I have commanded you: and, lo, I am with you always, even unto the end of the world. Amen."[3] The Gospel of Matthew also has a strong statement about the power of faith: Jesus "said to them, “Because of your little faith. For truly, I say to you, if you have faith like a grain of mustard seed, you will say to this mountain, ‘Move from here to there,’ and it will move, and nothing will be impossible for you.”[4]
The Gospel of Matthew contains more provincialism than the other Gospels: only in the Gospel of Matthew is Jesus described as initially advising against entering a Samaritan village or mingling with Gentiles, at Matthew 10:5 , and only in this Gospel is Jesus quoted early in his ministry as saying, “I was sent only to the lost sheep of the house of Israel.” Matthew 15:24
Contents
Authorship
The Gospel of Matthew does not name its author, but the ancient church fathers were unanimous that the author was Jesus' disciple Matthew. Mark and Luke both use the name Levi, Matthew's other name, but the book of Matthew does not.
In the second century, the Church Father Saint Irenaeus records that St. Matthew wrote the First Gospel and that the Four Gospels were already universally accepted by the Christian Church as Inspired Scriptures: "We have learned from none others the plan of our salvation, than from those through whom the Gospel has come down to us, which they did at one time proclaim in public, and, at a later period, by the will of God, handed down to us in the Scriptures, to be the ground and pillar of our faith ... Matthew also issued a written Gospel among the Hebrews in their own dialect, while Peter and Paul were preaching at Rome, and laying the foundations of the Church. After their departure, Mark, the disciple and interpreter of Peter, did also hand down to us in writing what had been preached by Peter. Luke also, the companion of Paul, recorded in a book the Gospel preached by him. Afterwards, John, the disciple of the Lord, who also had leaned upon His breast, did himself publish a Gospel during his residence at Ephesus in Asia."[5] Saint Matthew the Apostle therefore wrote in the lifetime of Sts. Peter and Paul, and St. Mark shortly thereafter wrote his own Gospel based on the preaching of St. Peter.
Archbishop St. John Chrysostom of Constantinople gives an additional reason why Four Evangelists wrote, rather than just one. "5. And why can it have been, that when there were so many disciples, two write only from among the apostles, and two from among their followers? (For one that was a disciple of Paul [i.e. Luke], and another of Peter [i.e. Mark], together with Matthew and John, wrote the Gospels.) It was because they did nothing for vainglory, but all things for use. What then? Was not one evangelist sufficient to tell all? One indeed was sufficient; but if there be four that write, not at the same times, nor in the same places, neither after having met together, and conversed one with another, and then they speak all things as it were out of one mouth, this becomes a very great demonstration of the truth."[6] This is in accord with the ancient Biblical principle that "at the mouth of two witnesses, or at the mouth of three witnesses, shall the matter be established" (Deut 19:15).
The Church Father Saint Jerome wrote: "Matthew, also called Levi, apostle and aforetimes publican, composed a gospel of Christ at first published in Judea in Hebrew for the sake of those of the circumcision who believed, but this was afterwards translated into Greek, though by what author is uncertain. The Hebrew itself has been preserved until the present day in the library at Cæsarea which Pamphilus so diligently gathered. I have also had the opportunity of having the volume described to me by the Nazarenes of Berœa, a city of Syria, who use it. In this it is to be noted that wherever the Evangelist, whether on his own account or in the person of our Lord the Saviour quotes the testimony of the Old Testament he does not follow the authority of the translators of the Septuagint but the Hebrew. Wherefore these two forms exist Out of Egypt have I called my son, and for he shall be called a Nazarene."[7]
Authenticity
The C.E. summarizes: "About the middle of the third century, the Gospel of Matthew was received by the whole Christian Church as a Divinely inspired document, and consequently as canonical. The testimony of Origen ("In Matt.", quoted by Eusebius, Church History III.25.4), of Eusebius (op. cit., III, xxiv, 5; xxv, 1), and of St. Jerome ("De Viris Ill.", iii, "Prolog. in Matt.,") are explicit in this respect. It might be added that this Gospel is found in the most ancient versions: Old Latin, Syriac, and Egyptian. Finally, it stands at the head of the Books of the New Testament in the Canon of the Council of Laodicea (363) and in that of St. Athanasius (326-73), and very probably it was in the last part of the Muratorian Canon. Furthermore, the canonicity of the Gospel of St. Matthew is accepted by the entire Christian world."[8]
Audience and Purpose
Matthew writes to Jews, for the purpose of showing that Jesus is the Messiah who has come according to the Old Testament.
In his attempt to convince Jews that Jesus was the Messiah, the first chapter traces the lineage of Jesus starting with Abraham (the father of the Jewish nation) through Joseph (Luke's lineage traces from Mary back through Abraham to Adam), he frequently uses Jewish terminology, and quotes the Old Testament (especially in regards to fulfillment of prophecy) no fewer than 65 times,[9] including nine additional proof texts that the other Gospels do not. Matthew is also known for the use of sermons, such as the Sermon on the Mount, which contribute to Matthew's size (it is the second longest of the Gospels behind only the Gospel of Luke).
The Gospel of Matthew contains many parables based on economic principles, such as the parable of talents to illustrate opportunity costs. Matthew 25:14-30 It was not until 1911 that economists taught the same principle. See Biblical scientific foreknowledge.
5 Discourses
There are 5 discourses in the Gospel of Matthew:
- the Sermon on the Mount
- the Discourse on Mission
- the Discourse containing Parables
- the Discourse on a new church
- the Discourse on the End Times.
Place of Writing
The Jewish theme would seem to suggest Palestine, although others have thought Antioch Syria, which was a strong base for the early church.
Date
There are different thoughts on when it was written. If Mark had been written first, then the Gospel of Matthew must necessarily have been written afterward.
Scholars estimate that Matthew wrote his gospel in the late 50s or early 60s AD. Church father Irenaeus commented that “Matthew also issued a written Gospel among the Hebrews in their own dialect, while Peter and Paul were preaching at Rome, and laying the foundations of the Church.”[10] The deaths of Peter and Paul in Rome are well-document: AD 64 or 67 (Peter) and AD May or June 68 (Paul).
Some believe that, based on the Jewish character of Matthew, it must have been written when the church was still mostly Jewish, and so they believe it was written in AD 50 or so and was the first gospel subsequently drawn upon by Mark and Luke.
See also
External links
References
- ↑ https://andynaselli.com/matthew-and-mark (showing graphically where Matthew inserted his own new material)
- ↑ https://news.yahoo.com/jesus-really-born-bethlehem-why-200945326.html
- ↑ Matthew 28:18-20 (KJV).
- ↑ Matthew 17:20 (ESV).
- ↑ Against Heresies, Book III, Chapter 1, Saint Irenaeus. http://www.newadvent.org/fathers/0103301.htm
- ↑ Homily 1 on Matthew, Saint John Chrysostom: https://www.newadvent.org/fathers/200101.htm
- ↑ De Viris Illustribus, 3:1 (On Illustrious Men), St. Jerome https://www.newadvent.org/fathers/2708.htm
- ↑ Catholic Encyclopedia, Gospel of St. Matthew. https://www.newadvent.org/cathen/10057a.htm
- ↑ Gospel of St. Matthew, Introduction. Henry, Fr. Basil. https://stlukeanniston.org/files/Gospel-of-St.-Matthew---Introduction.pdf
- ↑ https://biblearchaeologyreport.com/2019/02/15/the-earliest-new-testament-manuscripts/
