Difference between revisions of "Essay: Why exceedingly few people in the world endlessly obsess about the date of April 9, 2020"

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And when I look at the Minsk Agreements, former agreements and promises mentioned below, I see Russia/Ukraine/West breaking agreements/promises.  Also, as far as the Minsk Agreements, as can be seen below, Russia appears to be the biggest violaters of the Minsk Agreements, with Ukraine breaking the agreements also.
 
And when I look at the Minsk Agreements, former agreements and promises mentioned below, I see Russia/Ukraine/West breaking agreements/promises.  Also, as far as the Minsk Agreements, as can be seen below, Russia appears to be the biggest violaters of the Minsk Agreements, with Ukraine breaking the agreements also.
  
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'''Russia, West, Ukraine and the West all acting badly in terms of Minsk Agreements, agreements and promises:'''
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Russia, West, Ukraine and the West all acting badly in terms of Minsk Agreements, agreements and promises:
  
 
Russia acting badly:
 
Russia acting badly:

Latest revision as of 17:34, May 12, 2024

Question: Do you remember what you did on April 9, 2022? If not, you are not alone given the insignificance of the day in terms of negotiating an effective peace deal relative to the war in Ukraine.
Volodymyr Zelenskyy and Boris Johnson. Boris Johnson visited Ukraine on April 9, 2022.

Question: Do you remember what you did on April 9, 2022? If not, you are not alone given the insignificance of the day!

Previously, I wrote the essay Essay: The SPECIFIC MONTH OF APRIL 2022 was not a pivotal point in politics that will affect politics for 30 years which was in response to Mr. X. This essay is a quick takedown of the position that The SPECIFIC MONTH OF APRIL 2022 was a pivotal point in politics that will affect politics for 30 years.

Why the amazingly vast percentage of people in the world do not endlessly obsess about the date of April 9, 2020

In September of 2022 website Zerohedge.com published the article Western Allies Led By UK's Johnson Sabotaged Tentative Ukraine-Russia Peace Deal... In April which mentions Boris Johnson's April 9, 2023 visit to Ukraine.

The Zerohedge article Western Allies Led By UK's Johnson Sabotaged Tentative Ukraine-Russia Peace Deal... In April states:

“ Former official at the US National Security Council Fiona Hill has co-authored a lengthy essay recounting key moments in Russia's war and Western efforts to aid Ukraine thus far.

She let slip the following key confirmation in the Council on Foreign Relations (CFR)-run Foreign Affairs journal:

According to multiple former senior U.S. officials we spoke with, in April 2022, Russian and Ukrainian negotiators appeared to have tentatively agreed on the outlines of a negotiated interim settlement: Russia would withdraw to its position on February 23, when it controlled part of the Donbas region and all of Crimea, and in exchange, Ukraine would promise not to seek NATO membership and instead receive security guarantees from a number of countries. But as Russian Foreign Minister Sergey Lavrov stated in a July interview with his country’s state media, this compromise is no longer an option.

This disclosure and confirmation from the US side - that there was a tentative agreement on the table for Russia-Ukraine peace is a huge revelation, again which will likely go largely missing from popular mainstream media coverage.[1]

”

A few reasons why people do not endlessly obsess about the date of April 9, 2020.

1. Russian war crimes in Ukraine on April 9, 2020 and other dates.

On April 9, 2022, according to Ukrainian officials, two Russian missiles struck the train station in Kramatorsk, a city in eastern Ukraine's Donetsk oblast, as thousands of civilians were gathered Friday awaiting evacuation to safer regions of the country.[2] At least 52 civilians were killed.[3]

This was the very day that Boris Johnson was meeting with Ukrainian President Vladimir Zelenskyy about rejecting a tentative peace agreement which gave the outlines of a negotiated interim settlement.

Question: If the Russians were serious about peace, then why were they still raining down missiles on civilians? On April 9, 2022, Moscow made it very easy for Boris Johnson to convince Zelenskyy to reject a tentative peace deal with the Russian war criminals.

2. In order to have an effective and long-lasting peace deal, to the extent that is humanly possible, all the important stakeholders, decision makers and key influencers should be at the meeting or at least be nailed down in terms of having a disposable attitude to striking a deal.

Vladimir Putin is a former KGB agent.

See also: Vladimir Putin is a corrupt kleptocrat and an authoritarian

In October 2023, former German chancellor Gerhard Schröder explained to the Berliner Zeitung how the United States sabotaged Russia-Ukrainian peace negotiations at the outset of the NATO war in Ukraine:

“ At the peace negotiations in Istanbul in March 2022 with Rustem Umerov, the Ukrainians did not agree on peace because they were not allowed to. For everything they discussed, they first had to ask the Americans. I had two talks with Umerov, then a one-on-one meeting with Putin, and then with Putin's envoy. Umerov opened the conversation with greetings from Zelensky. As a compromise for Ukraine's security guarantees, the Austrian model or the 5+1 model was proposed. Umerow thought that was a good thing. He also showed willingness on the other points. He also said that Ukraine does not want NATO membership. He also said that Ukraine wants to reintroduce Russian in the Donbass. But in the end, nothing happened. My impression was that nothing could happen, because everything else was decided in Washington. That was fatal. Because the result will now be that Russia will be tied more closely to China, which the West should not want."[4] ”

From the article Possibility of talks between Zelenskyy and Putin came to a halt after Johnson’s visit - UP sources which quotes Ukrainska Pravda article about the April 9, 2022 meeting between the United Kingdom Prime Minister Boris Johnson and Ukrainian President Vladimir Zelenskyy:

“ "The Russian side…was actually ready for the Zelenskyy-Putin meeting.

But two things happened, after which a member of the Ukrainian delegation, Mykhailo Podoliak, had to openly admit that it was "not the time" for the meeting of the presidents.

The first thing was the revelation of the atrocities, rapes, murders, massacres, looting, indiscriminate bombings and hundreds and thousands of other war crimes committed by Russian troops in the temporarily occupied Ukrainian territories…

Only the latest news, only the facts, only the truth. Follow Ukrainska Pravda on Twitter!

The second "obstacle" to agreements with the Russians arrived in Kyiv on 9 April."

Details: According to Ukrainska Pravda sources close to Zelenskyy, the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom Boris Johnson, who appeared in the capital almost without warning, brought two simple messages.

The first is that Putin is a war criminal, he should be pressured, not negotiated with.

And the second is that even if Ukraine is ready to sign some agreements on guarantees with Putin, they are not.

Johnson’s position was that the collective West, which back in February had suggested Zelenskyy should surrender and flee, now felt that Putin was not really as powerful as they had previously imagined, and that here was a chance to "press him."

Three days after Johnson left for Britain, Putin went public and said talks with Ukraine "had turned into a dead end".[5]

”

Key point: Professor John Joseph Mearsheimer, who predicted the war in Ukraine many years before it happened, said about the time leading up to the war in Ukraine: "I think that the West believed, and here we are mainly talking about the United States, that if a war did break out between Ukraine and Russia, that the West plus Ukraine would win. That the Russians would be defeated. I believe we thought that was the case. If you look at the run-up to the war in early 2022 what's really striking to me that it was quite clear to me that war was at least a serious possibility. Yet the West and the United States more generally did virtually nothing to prevent the war. If anything, we egged the Russians on. And I find this hard to imagine. What was going on here? I believe that we believed that if a war broke out we had trained up the Ukrainians and armed the Ukrainians up enough that they would hold their own on the battlefield number one. And number two I think we thought that the magic weapon was sanctions. That we would finish the Russians off with sanctions. And the Ukrainians would end up defeating the Russians and then they would be in a position where we could admit them into NATO."

Also, keep in mind that Professor John Joseph Mearsheimer believes that the war in Ukraine will likely drag on for a long time.

Commentary on key point: In 2022, the United States had a tremendous amount of influence over Ukraine given that in the past the United States/NATO armed Ukraine and gave it training. So the whole notion that some tentatively negotiated peace deal between Russia in April 2022 would hold and not be interfered with by the USA is a fantasy because the foolish and corrupt Biden Administration (which is very anti-Russia/Putin) likely thought that Ukraine would win the war and that Ukraine would be admitted into NATO. Furthermore, Ukraine and Russia had poor relations before February 2022. In addition, there were a number of other very strong factors that were working against the tentative peace deal holding which I provide in the essay below.

President Joseph Biden against a hellscape background.

3. Corrupt people who have great antipathy towards each other often do not reach peace agreements and even if they do, they are often not long-lasting (For example, the nonaggression pact between Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union did not last long). So in cases such as these, it is all the more imperative to the extent that is humanly possible, to have all the important stakeholders, decision-makers and key influencers be at the meeting or at least be nailed down in terms of having a disposable attitude to striking a deal.

Joe Biden, his son Hunter Biden and several family members are corrupt and took bribes from other countries such as Ukraine, China, etc. Joe Biden and the current Democratic Party have drifted towards the left and now have an authoritarian streak and are currently using to law to harass/imprison political opponents (See: Biden/Harris attack on civil liberties).

Joe Biden is undiplomatic and began his presidency calling Vladimir Putin a killer. In WWII, FDR and the tyrant Joseph Stalin worked together to defeat the Nazis. Trump's more diplomatic position is that Putin may be a killer and the USA has not been so innocent in the past was a true statement (Trump on Putin: "we've got a lot of killers. You think our country's so innocent?").

Post Hillary Clinton's loss of the presidential election, which many Democrats blame on Russian interference in the 2016 election rather than Clinton's weakness as a candidate, the Democrats have been very anti-Russian.

Vladimir Putin is a corrupt kleptocrat and an authoritarian (And he is likely a killer. Please read the essay at Essay: Vladimir Putin is a corrupt kleptocrat and an authoritarian). Russia has a long history of corruption. Putin's corruption is not some surprising fact of history. See: Corruption in Russia: A Historical Perspective

Corrupt authoritarians such as Vladimir Putin are more likely to spark wars and to continue them as can be seen by the resources directly below:

Ukraine is a corrupt and authoritarian country (See: Is Ukraine a democracy?). And its leader Volodymyr Zelenskyy has an authoritarian streak. Ukraine is a cleft country and these type of countries are often powderkegs in terms of wars/conflicts igniting.

The UK/USA are allies and have a "special relationship". Boris Johnson was a corrupt politician and left his office due to a scandal (Below it is explained the role that Johnson played in terms of the war in Ukraine).

The reality is that it wasn't that hard for the USA/UK to scuttle this tentative peace agreement that gave the outlines of a negotiated interim settlement. If this were not the case, then Russia could have easily recovered the peace deal by sufficiently sweetening the deal. Events before Putin's February 2022 special operation in Ukraine (See the 8 points above. Also, see: The causes and consequences of the Ukraine war A lecture by John J. Mearsheimer) and Putin's special operation in Ukraine in February 2022 which got the war in Ukraine ball rolling in a big way were pivotal events and some weakly negotiated peace deal which was easily disrupted and lost was not pivotal.

Furthermore, the UK is not the big dog in the NATO alliance - the USA is. So I would argue that Johnson visited Ukraine in order to scuttle this tentative peace agreement at the Biden Administration's request. At a significant level, the war in Ukraine is a proxy war between the USA and Russia. And once this war in Ukraine got rolling in a big way in February of 2022, the Biden Administration wasn't interested in a quick resolution.

In other words, the horse was out of the barn and galloping towards a long war in February 2022 and a weakly negotiated tentative peace agreement that was easily thwarted was not significant. In the world of sales, competitors cannot easily pull a client from a firm that has very good relations with a client and provides excellent value. The same principle applies to international relations. Russia failed to establish excellent relations with its neighbor Ukraine before the war in Ukraine and so the tenative peace agreement that gave the outlines of a negotiated interim settlement was easily lost.

10 key points of additional analysis relative to Boris Johnson's visit to Ukraine in April of 2022

See: 10 key points of further analysis relative to Boris Johnson's visit to Ukraine in April of 2022

International agreements often fail to achieve their intended results

While international agreements certainly have their place and peace/peacemaking are always a good thing to pursue, research indicates that most international agreements fail to achieve their aims (International treaties have mostly failed to produce their intended effects, PNAS, August 1, 2022, 119 (32) e2122854119 https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2122854119). Given men's frequent cases of poor thinking/planning and the sinfulness of human nature, this is not entirely surprising.

Also, as far as the Russian/Ukrainian peace negotiations, agreements are only as good as the trustworthiness of the people signing them. And unfortunately, Russia/Putin/Biden Administration are all corrupt and shown HERE as can be seen in points #1, #2 and #3.

And when I look at the Minsk Agreements, former agreements and promises mentioned below, I see Russia/Ukraine/West breaking agreements/promises. Also, as far as the Minsk Agreements, as can be seen below, Russia appears to be the biggest violaters of the Minsk Agreements, with Ukraine breaking the agreements also.

Russia, West, Ukraine and the West all acting badly in terms of Minsk Agreements, agreements and promises:

Russia acting badly:

TUESDAY, JUNE 7, 2016, U.S. Senate, Committee on Foreign Relations: "Russia has acted contrary to the Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces Treaty, the New Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty, the Open Skies Treaty, and the Incidents at Sea Agreement. Russia has altered the human rights landscape within its own country, decreasing democracy and begging questions about the future of governance, not just in Moscow, but across the Federation. Moreover, Russia has joined the civil war in Syria and begun militarizing the Arctic."[6]

West and Ukraine acting badly:

An analogy

If a conductor briefly manages to slow a runaway train by turning on some breaks which likely cannot slow the train long and will soon give/burn out, the breaks are not a very good solution. The underlying causes of the train being a runaway train have to be solved. As long as there is plenty of fuel and a mighty train engine that is engaged, the towns on the train's route should prepare for a runaway train problem.

That super fragile and tentative peace deal was a break that quickly burned out. Putin should have never launched his special operation. That was like turning on a train's engine, making the conductor get off the train and then watch to see what happens!

And right now, the war in Ukraine is a runaway train. Professor John Joseph Mearsheimer agrees with me about the likely length of the war and believes the war in Ukraine will go on for some time.

For more reasons why exceedingly few people in the world endlessly obsess about the date of April 9, 2020, please read: Essay: The SPECIFIC MONTH OF APRIL 2022 was not a pivotal point in politics that will affect politics for 30 years.

How long do post WW2 wars last - some relevant statistics

Georgetown University's Center for Strategic and International Studies (CSIS) is a bipartisan, nonprofit policy research organization & think tank analyzing global issues.

The Center for Strategic and International Studies article How Does It End? What Past Wars Tell Us about How to Save Ukraine

“ Analyzing data compiled by the Uppsala Conflict Data Program (UCDP) on conflict termination since 1946, 26 percent of interstate wars like Ukraine end in less than 30 days and another 25 percent end in less than a year. Wars that end within a month last on average eight days, and 44 percent end in a ceasefire or peace agreement. Of wars that last over a month but less than a year, only 24 percent end in a ceasefire. When interstate wars last longer than a year, they extend to over a decade on average, resulting in sporadic clashes.[7] ”
Georgetown University

Georgetown University's Center for Strategic and International Studies indicates that most wars lasting over a year extend to over a decade on average, resulting in sporadic clashes.[8]

Why I have some empathy towards the Russian perspective

While I do believe that the notion that an aging and declining Europe and the much smaller population of Ukraine posed a serious military threat to Russia is laughable and that Putin didn't want a more prosperous Ukraine that would threaten the legitimacy of his corrupt and authoritarian regime, I don't think US/NATO should have disrupted the tentatively agreed on outlines of a negotiated interim settlement with Russia in April 2022. At the same, Putin's special military operation in February of 2020 was a big miscalculation that many people in the Kremlin appear to be unhappy about in terms of its consequences to Russia. It was also a bad decision of Ukraine to try to interfere with Eastern Ukrainians speaking Russian. Canada does a much better job in dealing with the province of French speakers in Quebec.

Russian defector reveals that a 'majority' of people inside the Kremlin are unhappy with the war in Ukraine

See also: Vladimir Putin is a corrupt kleptocrat and an authoritarian


The Grand Kremlin Palace is a building in the Moscow Kremlin.

The Moscow Kremlin is a fortified complex in the center of Moscow. The Moscow Kremlin now serves as the official residence of the Russian president and as a museum.

The bottom line is that Russia, Ukraine, USA/NATO all played a part as far as starting and continuing of the war in Ukraine. It is similar to when there is a multiple car crash and court cases decide proportionally what degree the various parties played a role in the car crash.

How long will the war in Ukraine last and what will its likely outcomes will be? A prediction on its outcomes

See: How long will the war in Ukraine last and what will its likely outcomes will be? A prediction on its outcomes

Vladimir Putin's miscalculation of launching his special military operation in Ukraine: How pivotal was it in affecting world history?

See also: February 2022 might prove to be a pivotal moment in the future of global politics

In my essays on the war in Ukraine, I state why the corrupt authoritarian Vladimir Putin's special military operation in February of 2022 turned out to be a miscalculation by Putin that turned into a runaway train of destruction that has adversely affected Ukraine, the world and Russia.

Jamie Dimon, CEO of JPMorgan, on October 13, 2023 stated: "The war in Ukraine compounded by last week’s attacks on Israel may have far-reaching impacts on energy and food markets, global trade, and geopolitical relationships…This may be the most dangerous time the world has seen in decades.[9]

Question: Are historical figures and the leaders of countries more influential than socioeconomic factors and technological factors when it comes to influencing history? In short, how much influence on history did Putin's miscalculation have on history?

The flag of France

The French historian Fernand Braudel was the most prominent member of the Annales School. Braudel's scholarship was centered on three main projects: The Mediterranean (1923–49, then 1949–66), Civilization and Capitalism (1955–79), and the unfinished Identity of France (1970–85). He was a member of the Annales School of French historiography and social history in the 1950s and 1960s. Braudel emphasized the role that large-scale socioeconomic factors have in the making of history.[10] He can also be considered one of the precursors of world-systems theory.[11]

  • Annales school of history: "Annales school, School of history. Established by Lucien Febvre (1878–1956) and Marc Bloch (1886–1944), its roots were in the journal Annales: économies, sociétés, civilisations, Febvre’s reconstituted version of a journal he had earlier formed with Marc Bloch. Under Fernand Braudel’s direction the Annales school promoted a new form of history, replacing the study of leaders with the lives of ordinary people and replacing examination of politics, diplomacy, and wars with inquiries into climate, demography, agriculture, commerce, technology, transportation, and communication, as well as social groups and mentalities. While aiming at a “total history,” it also yielded dazzling microstudies of villages and regions. Its international influence on historiography has been enormous."

The Amazon description of the book The Exponential Age: How Accelerating Technology is Transforming Business, Politics and Society:

“ A bold exploration and call-to-arms over the widening gap between AI, automation, and big data—and our ability to deal with its effects

We are living in the first exponential age.

High-tech innovations are created at dazzling speeds; technological forces we barely understand remake our homes and workplaces; centuries-old tenets of politics and economics are upturned by new technologies. It all points to a world that is getting faster at a dizzying pace.

Azeem Azhar, renowned technology analyst and host of the Exponential View podcast, offers a revelatory new model for understanding how technology is evolving so fast, and why it fundamentally alters the world. He roots his analysis in the idea of an “exponential gap” in which technological developments rapidly outpace our society’s ability to catch up. Azhar shows that this divide explains many problems of our time—from political polarization to ballooning inequality to unchecked corporate power. With stunning clarity of vision, he delves into how the exponential gap is a near-inevitable consequence of the rise of AI, automation, and other exponential technologies, like renewable energy, 3D printing, and synthetic biology, which loom over the horizon.

And he offers a set of policy solutions that can prevent the growing exponential gap from fragmenting, weakening, or even destroying our societies. The result is a wholly new way to think about technology, one that will transform our understanding of the economy, politics, and the future.[12]

”
Switzerland, Sweden, the United States, the United Kingdom and Singapore are the world’s most innovative economies in 2023, according to WIPO’s Global Innovation Index (GII), as a group of middle-income economies have emerged over the past decade as the fastest climbers of the ranking.[13][14][15]

Consider:

1. Ukraine is a cleft country. A cleft country is a nation with a fairly large and distinct cultural groupings as to have separated (e.g., Czechoslovakia or Yugoslavia), semi-separated (e.g., Sudan, Tanzania), or have a threat of separatism (e.g., Canada).[16] Cleft countries are often powderkegs that start wars and other conflicts.

2. China was headed for decline before the war in Ukraine due to socioeconomic factors. See: Skepticism about China remaining a global power

3. Russia was headed for decline before the war in Ukraine due to socioeconomic factors. See: Why I am not bullish on Russia's future

4. The United States was leading power in the world before the war in Ukraine and the United States will be the leading power in the world for the foreseeable future due to socioeconomic factors.

5. The United States is a leader in technology and innovation and this is largely due to socioeconomic factors. See: United States and innovation

The USA has many innovative people per capita (See: USA still patent Superpower – But China is catching up fast, 2020). The USA is one of the largest markets of the world and U.S. inventors receive nearly half of U.S. Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO) patents.[17]

Switzerland, Sweden, the United States, the United Kingdom and Singapore are the world’s most innovative economies in 2023, according to WIPO’s Global Innovation Index (GII), as a group of middle-income economies have emerged over the past decade as the fastest climbers of the ranking.[18][19][20]

On September 27, 2023, Yahoo Finance reported in their news article about the U.S. economy and artificial intelligence (AI): Those ‘bullish indicators’ include the opportunities remaining for those yet to reap the benefits of AI, a ‘renaissance’ for US manufacturing: "Those ‘bullish indicators’ include the opportunities remaining for those yet to reap the benefits of AI, a ‘renaissance’ for US manufacturing...".[21] According to Goldman Sachs, generative AI could increase global GDP by 7%.[22]

Russia's President Vladimir Putin, a frequent critic of the United States, admitted about American's openness, open-mindedness and creativity: "I like the creativity. Creativity when it comes to tackling your country's problems. They're openness. Openness and open-mindedness. Because it allows them to unleash the inner potential of their people. And because of that America has achieved such amazing results."[23]

Given the above, Putin's miscalculation as far as launching his special military operation in February of 2020 certainly could be far less influential than various socioeconomic factors at the time and various socioeconomic trends.

Russia getting pummeled in wars in Russian history that hyper Russophiles will not tell you about

See: Russia getting pummeled in wars in Russian history that hyper Russophiles will not tell you about

See also

More international relations essays

See also: User: Conservative's international relations essays

Vladimir Putin

See also: Vladimir Putin is a corrupt kleptocrat and an authoritarian

General

The United States

China

Russia

References

  1. ↑ Western Allies Led By UK's Johnson Sabotaged Tentative Ukraine-Russia Peace Deal... In April
  2. ↑ 10 things you need to know today: April 9, 2022, The Week website
  3. ↑ 10 things you need to know today: April 9, 2022, The Week website
  4. ↑ Interview with Gerhard Schröder: How the peace negotiations between Ukraine and Russia failed, Tomasz Kurianowicz and Moritz Eichhorn, Berliner Zeitung, 22.10.2023. https://www.berliner-zeitung.de/politik-gesellschaft/gerhard-schroeder-im-exklusiv-interview-was-merkel-2015-gemacht-hat-war-politisch-falsch-li.2151196
  5. ↑ Possibility of talks between Zelenskyy and Putin came to a halt after Johnson’s visit - UP sources
  6. ↑ RUSSIAN VIOLATIONS OF BORDERS, TREATIES, AND HUMAN RIGHTS
  7. ↑ How Does It End? What Past Wars Tell Us about How to Save Ukraine, 2022, Center for Strategic and International Studies website
  8. ↑ How Does It End? What Past Wars Tell Us about How to Save Ukraine, 2022, Center for Strategic and International Studies website
  9. ↑ JPMorgan Chase & Co. New Release, October 13, 2023
  10. ↑ i.e. Fernand Braudel, "The Mediterranean and the Mediterranean World in the Age of Philip II" (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1996)
  11. ↑ Caves, R. W. (2004). Encyclopedia of the City. Routledge, 54. 
  12. ↑ [https://www.amazon.com/Exponential-Age-Accelerating-Technology-Transforming/dp/1635769094 The Exponential Age: How Accelerating Technology is Transforming Business, Politics and Society
  13. ↑ The U.S. Is (Again) Among the World's Top Innovators, U.S. News and World Report, 2023
  14. ↑ Global Innovation Index 2023: Switzerland, Sweden and the U.S. lead the Global Innovation Ranking; Innovation Robust but Startup Funding Increasingly Uncertain
  15. ↑ World's Most Innovative Countries, Statista website, 2023
  16. ↑ Citizendium
  17. ↑ The State of U.S. Science and Engineering 2020
  18. ↑ The U.S. Is (Again) Among the World's Top Innovators, U.S. News and World Report, 2023
  19. ↑ Global Innovation Index 2023: Switzerland, Sweden and the U.S. lead the Global Innovation Ranking; Innovation Robust but Startup Funding Increasingly Uncertain
  20. ↑ World's Most Innovative Countries, Statista website, 2023
  21. ↑ Those ‘bullish indicators’ include the opportunities remaining for those yet to reap the benefits of AI, a ‘renaissance’ for US manufacturing, Yahoo Finance, September 27, 2023
  22. ↑ Generative AI could increase global GDP by 7%, Goldman Sachs
  23. ↑ Preview: Vladimir Putin reveals what he admires about America, CBS News, 2016
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