Difference between revisions of "Essay: High income countries are rarely authoritarian countries in our technological age driven by innovation"

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*[[Middle-income trap#India and the middle-income trap#India and the middle-income trap|India and the middle-income trap]]
 
*[[Middle-income trap#India and the middle-income trap#India and the middle-income trap|India and the middle-income trap]]
 
*[[Middle-income trap#Philippines is projected to move from a lower middle-income country to an upper middle-income country. Philippines and the middle-income trap|Philippines is projected to move from a lower middle-income country to an upper middle-income country. Philippines and the middle-income trap]]
 
*[[Middle-income trap#Philippines is projected to move from a lower middle-income country to an upper middle-income country. Philippines and the middle-income trap|Philippines is projected to move from a lower middle-income country to an upper middle-income country. Philippines and the middle-income trap]]
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== Map of labor productivity in the world by country ==
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[[File:Map of labor productivity around the world.png|thumbnail|1250px|center|Investopedia says about the importance of labor productivity to an economy, "Labor productivity is largely driven by investment in capital, technological progress, and human capital development. Labor productivity is directly linked to improved standards of living in the form of higher consumption."<ref>[https://www.investopedia.com/terms/l/labor-productivity.asp Labor Productivity: What It Is, How to Calculate & Improve It], Investopedia</ref>
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According the Yahoo Finance: "According to Yahoo Finance: "Efficiency in production, also coined as productivity, is one of the major driving forces behind economic resilience in a country... The United States has one of the strongest economies in the world. The country hosts some of the largest companies in the world, which contributes to the high GDP per capita in the country."<ref>[https://finance.yahoo.com/news/25-most-productive-countries-per-185738034.html 25 Most Productive Countries Per Capita], Yahoo Finance</ref> 
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As can be seen in the map above, the USA has one of the highest labor productivity rates in the world.<ref>[https://worldpopulationreview.com/country-rankings/most-productive-countries Most Productive Countries 2024]</ref>]]
  
 
== General international politics essays ==
 
== General international politics essays ==

Revision as of 18:47, May 12, 2024

Map of high income countries in 2024 (GNI per capita of $13,206 or more)[1]

Question: In today's economic environment, are high income countries rarely authoritarian countries?

The answer to this question is an unequivocal yes!

High income countries are rarely authoritarian countries

In 2024, with the exception of Saudi Arabia and United Arab Emirates, which have lots of oil, no authoritarian regime is a high income country (See: High income countries in 2024 and World Bank high income countries).

Research indicates that in the long-term, non-authoritarian countries are more likely to experience greater economic growth. See: Under Authoritarian Rule and Economic Growth, CORI Working Paper No. 2007-02

Article that supports the thesis that authoritarian are rarely authoritarian countries:

Authoritarian regimes are less stable which hurts economic growth

There is research indicating that economies disrupted by political turmoil/unrest grow at an average rate 2 percentage points slower than those that are untroubled, with a persistent lag in the growth rate of 1 to 2 percentage points in the succeeding year.[2][3]

The abstract for the University of California, San Diego 2018 research paper Threats and Political Instability in Authoritarian Regimes: A Dynamic Theoretical Analysis:

“ Non-democracies are seen as inherently unstable because of the high frequency of irregular and often-violent leadership turnovers. Our tractable stochastic game model investigates authoritarian stability and instability by portraying a world in which dictators are forced to tolerate threatening lieutenants because they are skillful at overcoming existential threats (shocks) to the regime. This unavoidable choice allows lieutenants to build up their own power bases, planting the seeds of various forms of authoritarian instability, including purges, coups, and civil war. Our model predicts, first and foremost, that changes in the frequency and severity of exogenous threats can have a profound impact on political stability. Contrary to research on the trade off between competence and loyalty, our model shows that when threats to the regime are existential and purges are an option, the dictator will always prefer to employ a competent lieutenant. Also, surprisingly, even with minimal institutional guarantees, we find that authoritarian regimes can be quite stable if the dictator and the lieutenant need each other for their unique skills in the face of major challenges. However, in accordance with the existing literature, credible institutions to ensure the welfare of ousted officials do, indeed, reduce the chance of internal conflict.[4] ”

Why has the West been so successful?

See also: Why has the West been so successful?

In the above map, the Western World regions of the world are colored light blue.

There are countries in Asia that have adopted much of Western values such as Japan, South Korea and the Philippines.

The above graphic comes from the video Why the West Won’t Collapse with Stephen Kotkin (Stephen Kotkin is an American historian, academic, and author.)

For more information, please see: Why has the West been so successful?


Asian Development Bank: The middle-income countries transition to high-income counties around the globe: Characteristics of graduation and slowdown

See also: Middle-income countries

Many Latin American middle-income countries haven't become high-income countries and have half the labor productivity of countries that are technological leaders.[5][6]

See also: Middle-income trap

Middle-income countries is the term which the World Bank defines as: "economies with a gross national income (GNI) per capita between $1,136 and $13,845 as of 2024. MICs consist of lower-middle-income countries and upper-middle-income countries, both of which are part of the income categories that the World Bank uses to classify economies for operational and analytical purposes,"[7] as measured in U.S. dollars.

The Asian Development Bank is an institution established in 1966 with 31 offices in the world designed to promote social and economic development in Asia. The Bank is headquartered in Manilla, Philippines.

The abstract for the Asian Development Bank 2015 paper entitled The Middle-Income Transition around the Globe: Characteristics of Graduation and Slowdown indicates:

“ The paper investigates the situation of middle-income economies around the world. Since 1965, only 18 economies with a population of more than 3 million and not dependent on oil exports have made the transition to being high-income. Many more have not been able to move beyond the middle-income stage. We conduct statistical tests of differences between two groups of economies across a range of growth and development variables. The results suggest that middle-income economies are particularly weak in the following areas: governance, infrastructure, savings and investment, inequality, and quality—but not quantity—of education. The findings are used to suggest whether the People’s Republic of China is successfully progressing through the middle-income stage or whether it may get caught in a middle-income trap.[8] ”

Innovation and countries going from middle-income countries to high-income countries

See also: Innovation

Below are articles on innovation and countries going from middle-income countries to high-income countries:

Middle-income trap

The middle-income country of China is endeavoring to become a high-income country.

See: Middle-income trap

See also: Middle-income trap and Innovation and Productivity

The middle-income trap refers to an economic situation where a middle-income country is failing to transform itself to a high-income economy due to its rising costs and declining competitiveness (Historically few countries successfully manage the transition from low to middle to high income).[9][10][11][12]

The Asia Society describes the middle-income trap thusly: "The “middle-income trap” is a theory of economic development in which wages in a country rise to the point that growth potential in export-driven low-skill manufacturing is exhausted before it attains the innovative capability needed to boost productivity and compete with developed countries in higher value-chain industries. Thus, there are few avenues for further growth — and wages stagnate."[13]

The 2023 Mint News article There is no easy escape from the middle-income trap indicates: "Graduating from middle income to developed world status is the greatest prize in development economics. Only a handful of East Asian and Central European countries have made the transition so far, along with a few fortunate resource-rich countries."[14]

Middle-income trap and various countries:

Map of labor productivity in the world by country

Investopedia says about the importance of labor productivity to an economy, "Labor productivity is largely driven by investment in capital, technological progress, and human capital development. Labor productivity is directly linked to improved standards of living in the form of higher consumption."[15]

According the Yahoo Finance: "According to Yahoo Finance: "Efficiency in production, also coined as productivity, is one of the major driving forces behind economic resilience in a country... The United States has one of the strongest economies in the world. The country hosts some of the largest companies in the world, which contributes to the high GDP per capita in the country."[16]

As can be seen in the map above, the USA has one of the highest labor productivity rates in the world.[17]

General international politics essays

The United States essays

The flag of the United States

China essays

The flag of China.

Russia essays

Vladimir Putin in a KGB uniform.

See also: Vladimir Putin is a corrupt kleptocrat and an authoritarian

References

  1. ↑ High income countries in 2024
  2. ↑ Institutions are catalysts for economic development and stability in Africa, The London School of Economics and Political Science website
  3. ↑ Coups Slow Economic Growth
  4. ↑ Threats and Political Instability in Authoritarian Regimes: A Dynamic Theoretical Analysis, University of California, San Diego 2018 research paper, 21st Century China Center Research Paper No. 2018-05
  5. ↑ Is economic growth in middle-income countries different from low-income countries? by Barry Eichengreen, Donghyun Park, and Kwanho Shin, Brookings Institute, September 25, 2017
  6. ↑ Is Southeast Asia falling into a Latin American style “middle-income trap”?, Cambridge Working Papers in Economics, CWPE 2267. Published 9 November 2022. Website www.econ.cam.ac.uk/cwpe
  7. ↑ Middle-Income Countries (MICs): Characteristics and Significance, Investopedia
  8. ↑ The Middle-Income Transition around the Globe: Characteristics of Graduation and Slowdown by Paul Vandenberg, Lilibeth Poot, and Jeffrey Miyamoto. Asian Development Bank. ADBI Working Paper Series. No. 519. March 2015
  9. ↑ Middle-Income Trap
  10. ↑ China May Be Running Out of Time To Escape the Middle-Income Trap, Asia Society, 2017
  11. ↑ Tracking the Middle-Income Trap: What is It, Who is in It, and Why? (Part 1), Asia Development Bank, 2012
  12. ↑ Tracking the Middle-Income Trap: What is It, Who is in It, and Why? (Part 2), Asia Development Bank, 2012
  13. ↑ China May Be Running Out of Time To Escape the Middle-Income Trap, Asia Society, 2017
  14. ↑ There is no easy escape from the middle-income trap, Mint News, 2023
  15. ↑ Labor Productivity: What It Is, How to Calculate & Improve It, Investopedia
  16. ↑ 25 Most Productive Countries Per Capita, Yahoo Finance
  17. ↑ Most Productive Countries 2024
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