U.S. "Party-switch" myth

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1980 presidential election by county; Republican nominee Ronald Reagan, who lost Georgia to Democrat incumbent Jimmy Carter by fifteen percentage points, only carried the Southern states of Alabama, Arkansas, Mississippi, South Carolina, and Tennessee by very narrow margins. A significant amount of the region continued to vote Democrat for years well after the passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1964.

The alleged U.S. "party switch" claim made by liberals[1] and progressives[2] over decades is a political hoax and conspiracy theory that attempts to smear the Republican Party. The narrative, which has been crafted with the help of Communists (who infiltrated the Democratic Party over the decades[3] and who are known to lie, deceive, and engage in historical revisionism for the sake of being contrarian[4]), typically assumes that the Democrat and Republican parties "switched sides" during the 1960s, where the Republican Party somehow became the party of "racists" and the Democrats suddenly becoming the "champions of civil rights."[5] Many reputable historians and political scientists such as Carol Swain (see this video) and political commentators such as Bob Parks[6][7] strongly agree that the parties did not switch sides,[5] as the Democrats only switched strategies with Communist help.

While many modern leftists will note the liberal policies promoted by the Republican establishment for a while during the 1900s that dissipated in the 1960s to promote their myth, it's important to note the conservative roots of the early foundations of the Republican Party, as mentioned below. Leftists also falsely[8] characterize President Dwight D. Eisenhower as a liberal Republican[9][10] when he tended to favor conservative policies.[11][12]

Some leftists including the extremist hate group Occupy Democrats imply that the current Republican Party models past racist Democrats in using racially charged baiting to maintain their voter base.[13] This is false, as patriotic conservative Republicans since the party's foundation have consistently advocated for the same pro-civil rights, pro-human rights, pro-free market, pro-business, pro-tariff, and nationalist principles as well as emphasizing on individual responsibility. Furthermore, these liberal charges ignore the fact that the modern-day Democratic Party treats black voters in the same respect it regarded poor Southern whites in the past.

Civil Rights Acts

See: Civil Rights Act of 1957 and Civil Rights Act of 1964

Civil Rights Act of 1957

Map of electoral votes in the 1968 United States presidential election
Sen. William F. Knowland (R–CA) ensured the Senate passage of the 1957 Civil Rights Act.

Liberals often point to Lyndon B. Johnson's so-called advocacy for civil rights to push the myth. This was despite the fact that Johnson worked to water down the 1957 Civil Rights Act, weakening it down by removing the stringent voting protection clauses[14] in addition to adding a jury trial amendment,[15] which then-senator John F. Kennedy, joining segregationists at the urging of Johnson, voted for.[16] The latter was to ensure that little to no progress on civil rights would be made in the South, as the jury would almost certainly acquit the defendant.[15] Segregationist Florida senator George Smathers also helped Johnson's scheme.[Citation Needed] It was afterwards that the legislation was passed, in which Johnson then supported in the final Senate floor vote.[17] It was reported that the Texas Democrat had referred to the legislation as the "n***** bill".[18]

A strong advocate of the Civil Rights Act of 1957 was Republican William Knowland of California, who was mostly conservative and an ardent anti-Communist[19][20] who voted against the censure of Joseph McCarthy.[21] Knowland voted against measures supported by the majority of Democrats to water down the bill[16][22] and ensured the legislation's passage in the Senate.[23][24][25]

Civil Rights Act of 1964

One of the most important aspects of perpetuating this myth is the faux talking point surrounding the response by Southern Dixiecrats to the passage of the 1964 Civil Rights Act.[26] The myth involves looking at a map of the 1960 Electoral map and comparing it to the 1964 Electoral map, all while ignoring the results of the 1968 Presidential Electoral map. Aided by leftist historians,[27] one is supposed to see the Democrats winning the South in 1960, losing it in 1964, and concluding that this must be where the "party switch" took place.

For this myth to hold, Republicans should have won the South in as large of numbers in 1968 as in 1964, though they didn't. In the United States presidential election of 1968, Republicans lost almost the entirety of the South. Democrat George Wallace, running on a third party ticket, took a bulk of the Deep South and Republicans even lost Texas to the Humphrey/Muskie ticket.

Additionally, as correctly noted by conservative intellectual Dinesh D'Souza, the passage of the Civil Rights Act had greater Republican support than it did Democrat support.[28]

BarryGoldwater.jpg Bourke B. Hickenlooper Senate portrait.jpg Norris Cotton high-resolution picture.jpg Milward Simpson of WY.jpg
Of the six Republican senators who voted against the final passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, Goldwater (left), Hickenlooper (second from left), Cotton (center from right), and Simpson (right) were principled conservatives/libertarians who adamantly supported civil rights for blacks but opposed sections of the bill that would increase the size and scope of the federal government, despite leftist whitewashing that especially attempts to smear the Arizona senator as "racist". All of them voted for other civil rights legislation though tended to favor such measures on the statewide level rather than on the federal level due to concerns of an expanding federal bureaucracy.

So if there may have been some Southerners upset that the Civil Rights Act passed while blaming Democrats along the way, they would not have chosen as their home the Republican Party, who were the Act's greatest supporters. Of the 171 Republicans in the House in 1964, 136 of them voted for it.[29] Of the 33 Republicans in the Senate, 27 of them voted for it.[30] This is 79 percent of House Republicans, and 82 percent of Senate Republicans. It's furthermore important to note that all three Republican senators opposing the 1964 bill who were also in office during the 1957 Civil Rights Act (Barry Goldwater (R–AZ), Bourke Hickenlooper (R–IA), and Norris Cotton (R–NH)) had voted in favor of the latter.[17] Most Northern Republican representatives (such as Harold Royce "H. R." Gross of Iowa) who voted against the 1964 Civil Rights Act had mixed records overall on civil rights (a number of them also supported the 1957 bill[31]), while the Southern Republicans who voted against civil rights legislation were beholden to their constituencies over their party's support for civil rights.

Democrat Sen. Albert Gore, Sr. fervently opposed the 1964 Civil Rights Act and unsuccessfully sought to weaken the bill.

On the Democrat side, 153 of 244 House and 46 of 67 Senate members voted yes. That is 63% of Democrat house members and 69% of Democrat Senate members. These numbers become even more bleak for the "party myth" idea when you compare the yes and no votes from Northern and Southern Democrats. Virtually every Southern Democrat voted against the Civil Rights Act, meaning that Southern voters had no reason to punish them. Additionally, while the bill was on the Senate floor it was the subject of filibustering from Southern Democrats for 57 days,[32] the longest filibuster in U.S. history. It was a Northern Republican, Everett Dirksen of Illinois, who broke the filibuster. Dirksen was a noted conservative, along with then-House Minority Leader Charles A. Halleck, a prominent member of the Conservative Coalition who was also an advocate for the legislation. The two became famous during the time, with the Congressional Leadership Statement then being known as "The Ev and Charlie Show".[33] Other conservative Republicans included Joseph W. Martin, a strong civil rights advocate from Massachusetts and leader of the coalition, though more moderate compared to Halleck; Leslie Arends; and Robert A. Taft.[34]

The modern-day Democratic Party is mostly shaped by the party leadership of Lyndon Johnson, who made it much more liberal. Realizing that segregationists getting their way would destroy the party on a national level, he flip-flopped as president from his past opposition to civil rights in publicly announcing his support for and signing the 1964 Civil Rights Act; this ensured that the Democratic Party's history of racism could be whitewashed via deceit.[35] Johnson, a racist who privately held a strong contempt for blacks, was purported by credible accounts to have once said:[18]

“ I'll have them n*****s voting Democratic for 200 years. ”

Goldwater, Hickenlooper, Cotton, Simpson, and Mechem

Barry Goldwater, known for having been a staunch leader of the conservative wing of the Republican Party during the 60s, is often falsely smeared by liberals as a "racist" for having voted against the 1964 Civil Rights Act. Among such, NPR has propagated mischaracterizations of the Arizona senator that have been refuted.[36] In contrast to whitewashing attempts by deceitful leftists, Goldwater was a strong proponent of civil rights, having voted in favor of the 1957 Civil Rights Act.[17] He had also been a member of the NAACP at the time, and his only opposition to the 1964 bill came from his objections to Titles II and VII on a constitutional basis in opposing excessive federal government powers,[37][38] stating:[39]

"It so happens that I am in agreement with the [anti-racial segregation] objectives of the Supreme Court as stated in the Brown decision. I am not prepared, however, to impose that judgment of mine on the people of Mississippi or South Carolina. . . . That is their business, not mine. I believe that the problem of race relations, like all social and cultural problems, is best handled by the people directly concerned . . . [and] should not be effected by engines of national power."

Note that this represents Goldwater's firm view that federal and state powers as directed by the Constitution and Bill of Rights should be firmly upheld; while liberals claim he was supposedly a "racist", he merely differed from others such as Everett Dirksen in his preferred approach to enacting civil rights.[39]

He asserted on the Senate floor on June 19, 1964:[37]

I am unalterably opposed to discrimination or segregation on the basis of race, color or creed, or on any other basis; not only my words, but more importantly my actions through the years have repeatedly demonstrated the sincerity of my feeling in this regard.

...

I repeat again: I am unalterably opposed to discrimination of any sort and I believe that though the problem is fundamentally one of the heart, some law can help—but not law that embodies features like these, provisions which fly in the face of the Constitution and which require for their effective execution the creation of a police state. And so, because I am unalterably opposed to any threats to our great system of government and the loss of our God‐given liberties, I shall vote “no” on this bill.

This vote will be reluctantly cast, because I had hoped to be able to vote “yea” on this measure as I have on the civil rights bills which have preceded it; but I cannot, in good conscience to the oath that I took when assuming office, cast my vote in the affirmative. With the exception of Titles II and VII, I could wholeheartedly support this bill; but with their inclusion, not measurably improved by the compromise version we have been working on, my vote must be “no.”

If my vote is misconstrued, let it be, and let me suffer its consequences. Just let me be judged in this by the real concern I have voiced here and not by words that others may speak or by what others may say about what I think.

Goldwater furthermore opposed and voted against an amendment introduced by Al Gore, Sr. (known as the Gore Amendment) to weaken the bill,[40][41] yet liberals attack the Arizona senator rather than Gore despite the latter's record in opposing civil rights.[42]

Senators Bourke Hickenlooper, Norris Cotton, and Milward Simpson voted against the final passage of the 1964 Civil Rights Act for the same reasons as Goldwater. They were also strong conservatives who believed that while civil rights legislation was a priority and a necessity, parts of the bill would cause federal government overreach.[43][44] Simpson previously had signed a civil rights bill as governor of Wyoming which outlawed segregation in the state.

Hickenlooper and Cotton had also voted in favor of invoking cloture to end the Southern filibuster on the 1964 Civil Rights Act.[45]

The other non-Southern Republican senator to vote against the final passage of the Act, Edwin L. Mechem of New Mexico, stated that his opposition was towards the public accommodations and fair employment sections, saying they

...could assure the greatest assault on property ownership and private enterprise in this country has known.[46]

John Tower/Ralph Yarborough

Some progressive historians including Kevin M. Kruse of Princeton University will note that the liberal Democrat U.S. senator Ralph Yarborough of Texas voted for the final passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 while his then-conservative[note 1] Republican colleague John G. Tower voted against it.[47] Kruse excludes any mention of the Gore Amendment; Yarborough voted for the amendment while Tower voted against it.[41]

According to the Congressional Record, Yarborough justified his stance on education-related grounds.[48] What should be importantly noted, however, were Tower's remarks:

“ ...the motion is merely another assault on title VI, which I believe is a good provision of the bill. I think that if we had en-acted a separate measure containing the provisions in title VI some time ago, we would not be asked to enact some of the other measures which we are asked to enact today. I believe that if people in the States and localities are going to accept Federal money and Federal support, they must not engage in any kind of discrimination which is contrary to Federal policy. Therefore I intend to vote against the motion of the Senator from Tennessee. ”

Southern strategy

For a more detailed treatment, see Southern strategy.

There are several myths surrounding the so called Southern strategy, most notably, out-of-context quotes taken from a taped interview with Lee Atwater. The full context of the interview thoroughly refutes liberal deceit that has been perpetuated by leftists.[49]

Inconsistencies

See also: Liberal logic

The myth of the parties "switching" is very inconsistent with actual U.S. history. The Republican Party only became much more right-wing during the 1910s, after Theodore Roosevelt and his Republican progressives at the time split with the Taft-supporting conservatives. The Democrat Party arguably (according to some) became much more left-wing during the 1930s during the New Deal coalition era. Progressives who brainwash youth in the modern-day education system, erase in history textbooks examples of certain racist liberals such as Hugo Black. They furthermore ignore the fact that many racist Democrats in the 30s were leftists who fervently supported the New Deal,[note 2] including Theodore Bilbo, Tom Connally, Claude Pepper,[note 3] Lister Hill, and John Sparkman. It should also be noted liberal Democrat Franklin D. Roosevelt's support came strongest from the Deep South in his election/re-election victories.

Anti-lynching legislation

See also: Anti-lynching law

Despite insistence by leftists that the Democrat opposition to civil rights legislation (including anti-lynching legislation) was exclusively from "conservative"/Southern Democrats, it's important to note that the Anti-Lynching Bill of 1937[50] passed the House with opposition from both the Southern bloc in addition to 15 Northern Democrats.[51] Of those who voted on the legislation by party, it got 96% support from Republicans and only 62% from Democrats.

In late July 1937, Senate Democrats successfully tabled an anti-lynching effort twice. On July 26, the Senate voted 41–34 to kill an anti-lynching amendment introduced by Royal S. Copeland of New York,[52][53] with the "Yeas" including future Supreme Court justice Hugo Black and future Vice President Alben Barkley. Over a dozen Northern Democrats voted with the Southern bloc to kill the amendment. 61% of Democrats voted in favor of tabling.

Five days later, the majority of Senate Democrats (66% of them) voted yet again to kill the amendment in a 46–39 vote.[54]

Democrat Theodore G. Bilbo was an extremely racist Democrat from Mississippi who blocked anti-lynching legislation and was an apologist for racial violence.

Racist New Deal leftists

The election of the deeply racist Democrat Woodrow Wilson (who had Southern roots) to the presidency in 1912 and re-election in 1916 led to a rise in Southern progressive Democrats who were internationalists/globalists.[55] They were opposed the isolationism and nationalism of many conservative Republicans, a fact that modern-day progressives have covered up to whitewash important details of U.S. history.

Future president Lyndon Johnson was first elected to the United States House of Representatives from Texas' 10th congressional district as a liberal New Dealer and an ardent supporter of then-president Franklin D. Roosevelt.[56] Johnson had opposed every civil rights measure in his first two decades in Congress,[57][58] even anti-lynching legislation.[59] In his 1948 Senate campaign against governor Coke R. Stevenson in the primary, he asserted in a speech:

I have voted AGAINST the so-called poll tax repeal bill; the poll tax should be repealed by those states which enacted them. I have voted against the so-called anti-lynching bill; the state can, and DOES, enforce the law against murder.

Mississippi Democrat senator Theodore Bilbo was an epitome of left-wing racism; he was a virulent, vitriolic demagogue who justified lynching and was a member of the Ku Klux Klan.[60] During his 1940 re-election bid, Bilbo called himself:[61]

Liberal segregationists (from left to right) Connally, George, Russell, and Pepper filibustering an anti-lynching bill in 1938; at the time the picture was taken, the four senators had already blocked the legislation for twenty days.
"...100 percent for Roosevelt ... and the New Deal."

After his re-election victory, President Franklin Roosevelt congratulated the vile segregationist as:[61][62]

"...a real friend of liberal government."

In late January 1938, southern senators Tom Connally, Richard Russell, Jr., Walter F. George, and Claude Pepper filibustered an anti-lynching bill to prevent it from passing in the Senate.[63][64][65] All four were pro-New Deal liberals/leftists; Connally was a pro-Roosevelt New Dealer, Wilsonian progressive and globalist;[66] Russell was mostly a New Dealer;[67] George voted for a number of New Deal programs;[68] Pepper was regarded as a longtime champion of liberal causes throughout his political career.

Even North Carolina Democrat senator Josiah Bailey, a member of the Conservative Coalition who co-wrote the Conservative Manifesto,[69] was a progressive and globalist.[70]

Hill political machine in Alabama

For several decades, the single-party Democrat politics of Alabama was dominated by the political machine of Lister Hill, a longtime segregationist senator from the state. According to the Encyclopedia of Alabama:[71]

“ From the New Deal of Franklin Roosevelt until the beginnings of the civil rights era, the Hill machine convinced Alabama's overwhelmingly white electorate to vote based on their economic needs; as a result, Alabama was often described as the most liberal state in the Deep South. ”

While Hill wasn't a demagogic agitator in the manner of race-baiters like George Wallace, he nonetheless consistently opposed civil rights legislation to appeal to the racism of many voters in his state in order to maintain political power.[71] Along with other prominent politicians from Alabama (including John Sparkman[72][73] and William B. Bankhead), he appealed to left-wing economics/big government policies which racist whites during the time backed.

"Conservative" Democrats

Richard Russell Jr.jpg Walter George of GA.jpg
Despite referred to erroneously by many leftists as a "conservative Democrats", segregationists Richard Russell, Jr. and Walter F. George mostly favored liberal policies as a U.S. senators.[67][68]

Some moderately liberal, progressive segregationist Democrats have been misleadingly labeled as "conservative Democrats" by modern-day leftists which whitewash their voting records. One example is Richard Russell, Jr.; despite some outlets including HISTORY[74] calling him a "conservative", Russell supported a number of liberal, big government policies.[67] While he was fiscally conservative in terms of budget and spending evident in his previous tenure as governor of Georgia,[75] Russell still backed the Tennessee Valley Authority, rural electrification programs, and other federal government programs, being the chief sponsor of the National School Lunch Act.

Segregationist Allen J. Ellender has also been labeled as a "conservative Democrat" despite having taken several liberal/progressive positions as a senator. Even a biographer who insists he was "essentially a conservative" admits the following:[76]

“ [Ellender] supported progressive legislation in areas such as education, public housing, censorship, and the separation of church and state. He was also one of the first senators to criticize his colleague Joseph McCarthy. ”

Ellender, an opponent of McCarthy's investigations of communist infiltration within the U.S. government, voted in favor of the censure against the Wisconsin Republican.[20][21] He also advocated closer relations with the Soviet Union, downplaying the threat of communism.[77]

Allen J. Ellender is often misleadingly labeled as a "conservative Democrat".

President Lyndon B. Johnson praised Ellender in 1964 and 1966 when signing into law federal government programs for having advocated their passage in Congress.[78][79]

Sen. Walter F. George of Georgia, like Russell, has been dubbed by some sources as a "conservative".[68] However, those sources admit that he mostly backed the New Deal during his tenure, only breaking from Roosevelt after 1937. George furthermore was an internationalist (globalist) on foreign policy like most establishment Democrats of his time whose rise to power stemmed from the presidency of racist progressive Woodrow Wilson.

Sen. Fritz Hollings held a moderate liberal/progressive record throughout his career.

Former West Virginia senator Robert Byrd, once an Exalted Cyclops of the Ku Klux Klan, has been labeled by some sources as a "conservative Democrat"[80] despite his more liberal positions[81][82] and the fact that he began his political career campaigning heavily as a New Dealer.[83][84] Even after professing to regret his racism, Byrd still used the n-word.[85] While a Klansman, he wrote to the notorious segregationist demagogue Theodore Gilmore Bilbo:

I shall never fight in the armed forces with a Negro by my side. Rather I should die a thousand times, and see Old Glory trampled in the dirt never to rise again than to see this beloved land of ours become degraded by race mongrels, a throwback to the blackest specimen from the wilds.

According to Bill Clinton at Byrd's funeral, the West Virginia Democrat merely "was a country boy" "trying to get elected."[86]

South Carolina lieutenant governor, governor, and U.S. senator Ernest "Fritz" Hollings has been described by some leftists as having been "conservative"; similar to Sen. Richard Russell, he was fiscally conservative though held a mostly liberal record on social issues.[87][88]

Southern history

Former Sen. James William Fulbright of Arkansas, a noted segregationist, represents many aspects of the modern-day Democratic Party beyond racism; favoring globalist policies, promoting anti-Zionism, and especially becoming increasingly liberal over time. His legacy received the praise of Bill Clinton.[89]

With respect to the 1960s and the era when the parties are rumored to have "switched sides" en masse, a review of the senators and governors at the time tells a completely different story.[90] Since the end of Reconstruction in 1874 and 1967, Arkansas had no Republican governors; in the 53 years after 1967, Republicans have only occupied the governorship for 17 years. In fact, since the founding of the GOP until 2020, Republicans have only occupied the governors office in Arkansas for 21 out of 152 years. During the 93 years of an unbroken string of Democrat governors from 1874 until 1967, Democrat terrorists committed at least 237 known lynchings.[91]

It should be noted that the Congressional districts representing eastern Tennessee and northwestern Arkansas, during the Democrat "Solid South" days, voted reliably Republican and have since before the Civil War; as examples, the two Congressional Districts of Tennessee representing eastern Tennessee have voted Republican in every Congressional election since before the Civil War (with the exception of the 1st District electing a Democrat twice in the 1870's; the 2nd District's voting record is unbroken). This is because both areas were mountainous and thus not suited to plantation farming and the accompanying Democrat slave power. The shift in party loyalty from Democrat to Republican within the rest of the South had no change on party loyalty in these areas; they remain solidly Republican.[7]

Voting record analysis

Below is are tables showing the votes of Southern Democrat senators and congressmen on the Civil Rights Act in addition to their political leaning. Many of those served for years both before and after the Act. Looking at the tables for the House and Senate respectively, only one Senator of twenty switched parties, doing so due to disenchantment toward the Democrats over racially-motivated Great Society programs and preference toward big government. The total of members of the U.S. House of Representatives follows a similar pattern. Of the ninety six Democrats who voted against the 1964 Civil Rights Act, only four of them ever switched parties. The other ninety two Democrats remained Democrats for the rest of their careers or their lives, or both. Moreover, where Democrats did have their terms in office come to an end, for any number of reasons, their successors were also largely Democrats.

It was not until the Republican Revolution of 1994 that for the first time in modern American History the Republicans held a majority of Southern congressional seats, a full three decades after the passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1964.[92] As the South became less racist, it became more Republican.[89]

  Southern Democrat senators  
State Name Vote[30] Political leaning First took office Left office Joined Republicans? Successor's party affiliation
Alabama Lister Hill Nay Liberal[71] January 11, 1938 January 3, 1969 Never Democrat
John Sparkman Nay Liberal[72][73] November 6, 1946 January 3, 1979 Never Democrat
Arkansas J. William Fulbright Nay Liberal[93] January 3, 1945 December 31, 1974 Never Democrat
John McClellan Nay January 3, 1943 November 28, 1977 Never Democrat
Florida Spessard Holland Nay September 25, 1946 January 3, 1971 Never Democrat
George Smathers Nay Moderate liberal[94] January 3, 1967 January 3, 1969 Never Democrat
Georgia Richard Russell, Jr. Nay Moderate liberal[67] January 12, 1933 January 21, 1971 Never Democrat
Herman Talmadge Nay Moderate[95] January 3, 1957 January 3, 1981 Never Republican
Louisiana Allen J. Ellender Nay Moderate liberal[76][77] January 3, 1937 July 27, 1972 Never Democrat
Russell Long Nay Moderate liberal[96] December 31, 1948 January 3, 1981 Never Democrat
Mississippi James Eastland Nay January 3, 1943 December 27, 1978 Never Republican
John Stennis Nay November 5, 1947 January 3, 1989 Never Republican
North Carolina Sam Ervin Nay Moderate liberal[97][98][99] June 5, 1954 December 31, 1974 Never Democrat
Benjamin Jordan Nay April 19, 1958 January 3, 1973 Never Republican
South Carolina Olin D. Johnston Nay Liberal[100] January 3, 1945 April 18, 1965 Never Democrat
Strom Thurmond Nay November 7, 1956 January 3, 2003 September 16, 1964 Republican
Tennessee Albert Gore, Sr. Nay Liberal[101] January 3, 1953 January 3, 1971 Never Republican
Herbert Walters Nay August 20, 1963 November 3, 1964 Never Democrat
Texas[note 4] Ralph Yarborough Yea Liberal[102] April 29, 1957 January 3, 1971 Never Democrat
Virginia Harry F. Byrd Nay Moderate conservative[103][104] March 4, 1933 November 10, 1965 Never Democrat[note 5]
Absalom Robertson Nay Moderate[105] November 6, 1946 December 30, 1966 Never Democrat
West Virginia Robert Byrd Nay Liberal[82][83][84] January 3, 1959 June 28, 2010 Never Democrat
Jennings Randolph Yea Moderate liberal[106][107] November 5, 1958 January 3, 1985 Never Democrat
  Southern Democrat congressmen  
State Name Vote[29] Political leaning First took office Left office Joined Republicans? Successor's party affiliation
Alabama George Andrews Nay March 14, 1944 December 25, 1971 Never Democrat
Carl Elliott Nay January 3, 1949 January 3, 1965 Never Republican
George Grant Nay June 14, 1938 January 3, 1965 Never Republican
George Huddleston, Jr. Nay January 3, 1955 1965 Never Republican
Robert E. Jones, Jr. Nay January 28, 1947 January 3, 1977 Never Democrat
Albert Rains Nay January 3, 1945 January 3, 1965 Never Democrat
Kenneth Roberts Nay January 3, 1951 January 3, 1965 Never Republican
Armistead Selden Nay January 3, 1953 January 3, 1969 1979 Democrat
Arkansas Ezekiel Gathings Nay January 3, 1939 January 3, 1969 Never Democrat
Wilbur Mills Nay January 3, 1939 January 3, 1977 Never Democrat
James Trimble Nay January 3, 1945 January 3, 1967 Never Republican
Oren Harris Nay January 3, 1941 February 3, 1966 Never Democrat
Florida Robert Sikes Nay January 3, 1941 January 3, 1979 Never Democrat
Charles E. Bennett Nay January 3, 1949 January 3, 1993 Never Republican
Claude Pepper Yea[note 3] Liberal[108] January 3, 1963 May 30, 1989 Never Republican
Dante Fascell Nay January 3, 1955 January 3, 1993 Never Democrat
Albert Herlong Nay January 3, 1949 January 3, 1969 1985 Democrat
Paul Rogers Nay January 3, 1955 January 3, 1979 Never Democrat
James A. Haley Nay January 3, 1953 January 3, 1977 Never Democrat (switched to Republican in 1984)
Billy Matthews Nay January 3, 1953 January 3, 1967 Never Republican
Don Fuqua Nay January 3, 1963 January 3, 1987 Never Democrat (switched to Republican in 1989)
Sam Gibbons Nay January 3, 1963 January 3, 1997 Never Democrat
Georgia George E. Hagan Nay January 3, 1961 January 3, 1973 Never Democrat
John L. Pilcher No vote February 4, 1953 January 3, 1965 Never Democrat
Elijah Forrester Nay January 3, 1951 January 3, 1965 Never Republican (since 1964)
John Flynt Nay Conservative[109] November 2, 1954 January 3, 1979 Never Republican
Charles Weltner Yea Moderate[110][111] January 3, 1963 January 3, 1967 Never Republican
Carl Vinson Nay November 3, 1914 January 3, 1965 Never Democrat
John Davis Nay January 3, 1961 January 3, 1975 Never Democrat
James Russell Tuten Nay January 3, 1963 January 3, 1967 Never Democrat
Philip Landrum Nay January 3, 1953 January 3, 1977 Never Democrat
Robert Stephens Nay January 3, 1961 January 3, 1977 Never Democrat
Louisiana Felix Edward Hébert No vote January 3, 1941 January 3, 1977 Never Democrat
Hale Boggs Nay Liberal[112][113][114] January 3, 1947 January 3, 1973 Never Democrat
Edwin Willis Nay January 3, 1949 January 3, 1969 Never Democrat
Joseph D. Waggonner Nay December 19, 1961 January 3, 1979 Never Democrat
Otto Passman Nay Moderate conservative[115] January 3, 1947 January 3, 1977 Never Democrat
James Hobson Morrison Nay Liberal[116] January 3, 1943 January 3, 1967 Never Democrat
Theo A. Thompson Nay January 3, 1953 July 1, 1965 Never Democrat
Gillis Long Nay Liberal[117] January 3, 1963 January 3, 1965 Never Democrat
Mississippi Thomas Abernethy Nay January 3, 1943 January 3, 1973 Never Democrat
Jamie Whitten Nay November 4, 1941 January 3, 1995 Never Republican
John Bell Williams Nay January 3, 1947 January 16, 1968 Never Democrat
William Arthur Winstead Nay January 3, 1943 January 3, 1965 Never Republican
William Colmer Nay March 4, 1933 January 3, 1973 Never Republican (since 1972)
North Carolina Herbert C. Bonner Nay November 5, 1940 November 7, 1965 Never Democrat
Lawrence Fountain Nay January 3, 1953 January 3, 1983 Never Democrat
David Henderson Nay January 3, 1961 January 3, 1977 Never Democrat
Harold Cooley Nay July 7, 1934 December 30, 1966 Never Republican
Ralph Scott Nay January 3, 1957 January 3, 1967 Never Democrat
Horace Kornegay Nay January 3, 1961 January 3, 1969 Never Democrat
Alton A. Lennon Nay January 3, 1957 January 3, 1973 Never Democrat
Basil L. Whitener Nay January 3, 1957 January 3, 1969 Never Republican
Roy Arthur Taylor Nay June 25, 1960 January 3, 1977 Never Democrat
South Carolina Lucius Mendel Rivers Nay January 3, 1941 December 28, 1970 Never Democrat
Albert Watson Nay January 3, 1963 January 3, 1971[note 6] June 15, 1965 Republican (since 1962)
William Dorn Nay January 3, 1951 December 31, 1974 Never Democrat
Robert Ashmore Nay June 2, 1953 January 3, 1969 Never Democrat
John McMillan Nay January 3, 1939 January 3, 1973 Never Republican (since early 1960s)
Tennessee Joseph L. Evins Nay January 3, 1947 January 3, 1977 Never Democrat
Richard Fulton Yea January 3, 1963 August 14, 1975 Never Democrat
Ross Bass Yea January 3, 1955 November 3, 1964 Never Democrat
Thomas J. Murray Nay January 3, 1943 December 30, 1966 Never Democrat
Robert A. Everett Nay February 1, 1958 January 26, 1969 Never Democrat
Clifford Davis Nay February 14, 1940 January 3, 1965 Never Democrat
Texas Joseph R. Pool Nay January 3, 1963 July 14, 1968 Never Republican
John Wright Patman Nay March 4, 1929 March 7, 1976 Never Democrat
Jack Brooks Yea January 3, 1953 January 3, 1995 Never Republican
Lindley Beckworth Nay January 3, 1957 January 3, 1967 Never Democrat
Herbert Ray Roberts Nay January 30, 1962 January 3, 1981 Never Democrat (switched to Republican in 2004)
Olin Earl Teague Nay August 24, 1946 December 31, 1978 Never Democrat (switched to Republican in 1983)
John Dowdy Nay September 23, 1952 January 3, 1973 Never Democrat
Albert Richard Thomas Yea January 3, 1937 February 15, 1966 Never Democrat
Clark Thompson Nay August 23, 1947 December 30, 1966 Never Democrat
James Jarrell Pickle Yea December 21, 1963 January 3, 1995 Never Democrat
William Poage Nay January 3, 1937 December 31, 1978 Never Democrat
James C. Wright, Jr. Nay January 3, 1955 June 30, 1989 Never Democrat
Graham Purcell, Jr. Nay January 27, 1962 January 3, 1973 Never Republican
John A. Young Nay January 3, 1957 January 3, 1979 Never Democrat
Joseph Kilgore Nay January 3, 1955 January 3, 1965 Never Democrat
Omar Burleson Nay January 3, 1947 December 31, 1978 Never Democrat
Walter E. Rogers No vote January 3, 1951 January 3, 1967 Never Republican
George Mahon Nay January 3, 1935 January 3, 1979 Never Democrat (switched to Republican in 1985)
Henry B. González Yea November 4, 1961 January 3, 1999 Never Democrat
Ovie Clark Fisher Nay January 3, 1943 December 31, 1974 Never Democrat
Robert R. Casey Nay January 3, 1959 January 22, 1976 Never Republican
Virginia Thomas Downing Nay January 3, 1959 January 3, 1977 Never Republican
Porter Hardy Nay January 3, 1947 January 3, 1969 Never Republican
Julian Gary Nay March 6, 1945 January 3, 1965 Never Democrat
Watkins Abbitt Nay February 17, 1948 January 3, 1973 Never Republican
William Tuck Nay April 14, 1953 January 3, 1969 Never Democrat
John Marsh Nay January 3, 1963 January 3, 1971 1980s Republican
Howard W. Smith Nay Moderate[118][119][120] March 4, 1931 January 3, 1967 Never Republican
William Pat Jennings Nay January 3, 1955 January 3, 1967 Never Republican
West Virginia Harley Staggers Yea January 3, 1949 January 3, 1981 Never Republican
John M. Slack, Jr. Yea January 3, 1963 March 17, 1980 Never Democrat
Kenneth Hechler Yea January 3, 1959 January 3, 1977 Never Democrat
Maude Elizabeth Kee Yea July 17, 1951 January 3, 1965 Never Democrat

Many progressive revisionist historians try to point to Senator Strom Thurmond as proof to their claim of some mass "party switch".[121] However, because Thurmond (in addition to Rep. Albert Watson of South Carolina) was among very few who did, he is an outlier. Conversely, several notable Senators remained as Democrats well into the 1970s. Two were Albert Gore, Sr. and J. William Fulbright, the latter of which was a mentor to future President Bill Clinton.[89]

Some liberal sources including The Guardian[122] and Vox Media[123] attempt to deceptively whitewash the historical context of the 60s by claiming that the issue was much more attributed to region than party, showing statistics that Northern Democrats were more supportive of civil rights than Northern Republicans and likewise for the South. However, it's important to note that there were a relatively small number of Southern Republicans during the time in contrast to a higher proportion of Southern Democrats, deeming such an outlook entirely misleading; indeed, 72% of the votes against the 1964 bill were from Democrats.[29] Furthermore, as the Republican Party barely held any significant political power in the South during the time, the congressional Republicans in the area who opposed civil rights were mostly outliers compared to the party's overall strong backing of civil rights.

A few of the Southern Republicans who voted against the 1964 bill were from districts which traditionally elected pro-civil rights GOP representatives. For instance, James Quillen, who voted against the 1964 bill,[29] was from the same district which once elected the strongly pro-civil rights Brazilla Carroll Reece. Kentucky Republican Eugene Siler who voted against the final passage of the Act had previously supported the Civil Rights Acts of 1957 and 1960 in addition to the 24th Amendment.

The Vox Media video furthermore promotes downright propaganda in implying that the early Republican Party began to ignore blacks just decades after the formation of the party for sheer big business interests, despite the fact that the party consistently fought on the national level for civil rights.

Party platforms

See also: Democrat plantation

Early history

The Democratic Platform Is For The White Man, 1869
See also: Democratic party

Despite sleazy left-wing smears, it is important to note that the first Republican Party platform in 1856 advocated "inalienable right to life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness" in the idea that it applied to everyone and not just some.[124] In addition, it stressed the violations of due process, the right to bear arms, the right to freedom of speech, all that were "done with the knowledge, sanction, and procurement of the present National Administration". It also rejected rule by the sheer mighty, scoffing it as shameful and dishonoring.

Important notes to mention about the similarities between the Republican Party at the time of its foundation and in its present day are more numerous than many liberal Democrats would like to admit. Founded as a party opposed to slavery on the basis of universal human rights regardless of certain physical traits and characteristics, Republicans continue using the argument in the present day against abortion (see: Slavery and abortion). In addition, many early Republicans had recognized the right to bear arms as being vital, including black anti-lynching advocates such as Ida B. Wells, who said:

“ The lesson this teaches and which every Afro-American should ponder well, is that a Winchester rifle should have a place of honor in every black home, and it should be used for that protection which the law refuses to give.[125] ”

On the issue of trade, Republicans then supported economic protectionist measures and higher tariffs on foreign goods, as similar to the current economic nationalist wing of the Republican Party today led by Donald Trump. The early Republicans criticized polygamy in their first party platform as well, calling it a "twin relic of barbarism", similar to their opposition to the homosexual agenda today.

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ Tower later became a Moderate Republican in the 1980s.
  2. ↑ While several Southern Democrats broke from FDR and joined the Conservative Coalition, it was a relatively smaller number.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 While Pepper later voted for civil rights legislation as a member of the House, he nonetheless opposed civil rights and advocated for white supremacy as a senator.
  4. ↑ Note: Texas only had one Democrat senator in 1964; after Johnson resigned to become vice president, William Blakley was appointed as the interim. He lost in the 1961 special election to Republican John Tower, who would serve in the Senate until the mid-1980s.
  5. ↑ Byrd's successor, his son Harry F. Byrd, Jr., was a Democrat who switched party affiliation to Independent in 1970 though was never a Republican.
  6. ↑ The seat was vacant for several months in 1965 because Watson resigned and ran in the special election to the same position after switching parties.

References

  1. ↑ Wolchover, Natalie (November 2, 2020). Why Did the Democratic and Republican Parties Switch Platforms?. LiveScience.
  2. ↑ JPEG Image
  3. ↑ Multiple references:
  4. ↑ Lying, the Essence of Communism
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 Republicans and Democrats Did Not Switch Sides on Race
  6. ↑ Parks, Bob (January 14, 2009). The Democrat Race Lie. Black & Blonde Media.
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 Black & Right (March 19, 2010). The Dixiecrat Myth. Black & Blonde Media.
  8. ↑ Marotta, David John (February 28, 2013). Dwight D. Eisenhower on tax cuts, and a balanced budget. Forbes.
  9. ↑ Eisenhower: The Last True Republican
  10. ↑ https://external-content.duckduckgo.com/iu/?u=https%3A%2F%2Fengineerofknowledge.files.wordpress.com%2F2012%2F01%2Fikes-warning.jpg&f=1&nofb=1
  11. ↑ Dwight Eisenhower on the Issues. On the Issues.
  12. ↑ https://www.voteview.com/person/99901/dwight-david-eisenhower
  13. ↑ https://pics.me.me/understanding-trump-supporters-when-lbj-was-asked-why-poor-and-29382746.png
  14. ↑ The Civil Rights Act of 1957. history.house.gov.
  15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 DiEugenio, James (October 7, 2018). The Kennedys and Civil Rights: How the MSM Continues to Distort History, Part 2. Kennedys and King. Retrieved February 14, 2021.
  16. ↑ 16.0 16.1 HR. 6127. CIVIL RIGHTS ACT OF 1957. AMENDMENT TO GUARANTEE JURY TRIALS IN ALL CASES OF CRIMINAL CONTEMPT AND PROVIDE UNIFORM METHODS FOR SELECTING FEDERAL COURT JURIES.. GovTrack.us. Retrieved February 14, 2021.
  17. ↑ 17.0 17.1 17.2 HR. 6127. CIVIL RIGHTS ACT OF 1957.. GovTrack.us.
  18. ↑ 18.0 18.1 Emery, David (July 27, 2016). Did LBJ Say ‘I’ll Have Those N*****s Voting Democratic for 200 Years’?. Snopes. Retrieved February 14, 2021. (Warning: Article contains foul, inappropriate language)
  19. ↑ William Fife Knowland. Britannica. Retrieved April 22, 2021.
  20. ↑ 20.0 20.1 1954McCarthyCensure.pdf. United States Senate. Retrieved April 18, 2021.
  21. ↑ 21.0 21.1 S. RES. 301. PASSAGE.. GovTrack.us. Retrieved April 22, 2021.
  22. ↑ HR. 6127. CIVIL RIGHTS ACT OF 1957. AMENDMENT TO DELETE AUTHORITY FOR ATTORNEY GENERAL TO SEEK PREVENTIVE RELIEF IN CIVIL RIGHTS CASES UNDER THE 14TH AMENDMENT.. GovTrack.us. Retrieved April 22, 2021.
  23. ↑ William Knowland: A Featured Biography. United States Senate. Retrieved April 22, 2021.
  24. ↑ Civil Rights Act of 1957. encyclopedia.com. Retrieved April 22, 2021.
  25. ↑ Knight, Martin (March 1, 2020). The Republican Party, Race and the South - Correcting The Record. RedState. Retrieved April 22, 2021.
  26. ↑ The Great Party Switch
  27. ↑ Little, Becky (April 18, 2017). How the ‘Party of Lincoln’ Won Over the Once Democratic South. HISTORY.
  28. ↑ D'Souza, Dinesh (July 22, 2016). Dinesh D'Souza: The secret history of the Democratic Party. Fox News.
  29. ↑ 29.0 29.1 29.2 29.3 H.R. 7152. CIVIL RIGHTS ACT OF 1964. ADOPTION OF A RESOLUTION (H. RES. 789) PROVIDING FOR HOUSE APPROVAL OF THE BILL AS AMENDED BY THE SENATE.. GovTrack.us.
  30. ↑ 30.0 30.1 HR. 7152. PASSAGE.. GovTrack.us.
  31. ↑ HR 6127. CIVIL RIGHTS ACT OF 1957.. GovTrack.us. Retrieved February 12, 2021.
  32. ↑ Gordon, John Steele (July 2, 2014). How the South Came to Rise Again: The Civil Rights Act of 1964. American Enterprise Institute.
  33. ↑ "The Ev and Charlie Show". United States Senate.
  34. ↑ Edwards, Lee (October 29, 2020). The Political Thought of Robert A. Taft. Heritage Foundation. Retrieved February 14, 2021.
  35. ↑ Ehret, Jonathan (August 19, 2015). Lyndon Baines Johnson: Face of the Modern Democratic Party. American Thinker. Retrieved February 14, 2021. (Warning: Article contains foul language)
  36. ↑ Gizzi, John (July 18, 2014). NPR Wrong on Goldwater '64, Civil Rights, Say 4 Who Were There. Newsmax.
  37. ↑ 37.0 37.1 Text of Goldwater Speech on Rights. The New York Times. Retrieved April 18, 2021.
  38. ↑ Barry M. Goldwater: The Most Consequential Loser in American Politics. Heritage Foundation.
  39. ↑ 39.0 39.1 Barry Goldwater on the Civil Rights Act: The Antecedent to Rand Paul. History News Network.
  40. ↑ Blacks “Gored” By a Lie: Al Gore Sr., the GOP and the Civil Rights Act of 1964, by R.D. Davis. Project 21.
  41. ↑ 41.0 41.1 HR. 7152. GORE MOTION TO RECOMMIT TO THE JUDICIARY COMM. W/INSTRUCTIONS THAT IT REPORT IT BACK "FORTHWITH" W/THE AMEND. STATING THAT FEDERAL FUNDS SHOULD NOT BE W/DRAWN FROM ANY SCHOOL DISTRICT UNLESS THAT DISTRICT HAD DISOBEYED A COURT ORDER THAT IS DESEGREGATE. . GovTrack.us. Retrieved February 12, 2021.
  42. ↑ The Gore civil rights record. Washington Times.
  43. ↑ The First Hickenlooper. fascinatingpolitics.com. Retrieved February 19, 2021.
  44. ↑ The Pragmatism of Politics: Senator Norris Cotton and the Civil Rights Legislation in the 1960s. University of New Hampshire. Retrieved February 19, 2021.
  45. ↑ HR. 7152. MANSFIELD DIRKSEN MOTION THAT THE SENATE INVOKE CLOTURE ON THE SOUTHERN FILIBUSTER.. GovTrack.us. Retrieved February 19, 2021.
  46. ↑ Civil Rights Bill Passed, 73-27; Johnson Urges All To Comply; Dirksen Berates Goldwater. The New York Times. Retrieved May 28, 2021.
  47. ↑ https://twitter.com/KevinMKruse/status/1384152012011409417
  48. ↑ GPO-CRECB-1964-pt11-3-2.pdf. Congressional Record. Retrieved May 28, 2021.
  49. ↑ Lee Atwater (1981): Interview with Alexander P. Lamis: Rough Transcript: Weekend Reading (Warning: Quotes in article contain foul, inappropriate language)
  50. ↑ On Ideology and Anti-Lynching Legislation. Mad Politics: The Bizarre, Fascinating, and Unknown of American Political History. Retrieved June 8, 2021.
  51. ↑ TO PASS H. R. 1507, AN ANTI-LYNCHING BILL.. GovTrack.us. Retrieved April 18, 2021.
  52. ↑ TO TABLE AN AMENDMENT TO S. 69, THE INTERSTATE COMMERCE ACT. THE AMEND. OFFERED BY SENATOR COPELAND WHICH WOULD HAVE ADDED HOUSE BILL 1507, THE ANTILYNCHING BILL, TO S. 69, A BILL LIMITING THE SIZE OF TRAINS IN INTERSTATE COMMERCE.. GovTrack.us. Retrieved April 18, 2021.
  53. ↑ ANTI-LYNCHING BILL REJECTED AS RIDER; Senate by Vote of 41 to 34 Defeats It as Amendment to Freight Car Measure. The New York Times. Retrieved June 12, 2021.
  54. ↑ TO TABLE AN AMENDMENT TO S. 2475. OFFERED BY SENATOR COPELAND WHICH WOULD HAVE ADDED THE ANTILYNCHING BILL AS PERFECTED BY THE SENATE COMMITTEE ON THE JUDICIARY TO THE PENDING LEGISLATION.. GovTrack.us. Retrieved April 18, 2021.
  55. ↑ THE UNITED NATIONS AND THE FALL OF SOUTHERN INTERNATIONALISM. The Yale Historial Review. Retrieved Aparil 18, 2021.
  56. ↑ The Election of a Texas New Dealer: Lyndon Johnson's 1937 Race for Congress. Austin Community College. Retrieved April 19, 2021.
  57. ↑ Shelby, W. Gardner (April 14, 2014). Lyndon Johnson opposed every civil rights proposal considered in his first 20 years as lawmaker. PolitiFact. Retrieved April 18, 2021.
  58. ↑ Garcia, Arturo (February 18, 2020). Did Lyndon B. Johnson Vote Against Civil Rights Legislation for Twenty Years?. truthorfiction.com. Retrieved April 18, 2021.
  59. ↑ Carol Robert A. (February 3, 1991). My Search for Coke Stevenson. The New York Times. Retrieved April 18, 2021.
  60. ↑ Theodore G. Bilbo and the Decline of Public Racism, 1938-1947. Mississippi History. Retrieved April 18, 2021.
  61. ↑ 61.0 61.1 Coates, Ta-Nehisi (April 18, 2013). A History of Liberal White Racism, Cont.. The Atlantic. Retrieved April 18, 2021.
  62. ↑ Williamson, Kevin D. (June 23, 2019). New Deal . . . Conservatives?. National Review. Retrieved January 2, 2021.
  63. ↑ Mormino, Gary R. (October 30, 2020). The strange career of Claude Pepper | Column. Tampa Bay Times. Retrieved April 18, 2021.
  64. ↑ Kilgore, Ed (February 6, 2021). What the Filibuster Has Cost America. Intelligencer. Retrieved April 18, 2021.
  65. ↑ Reeve, Elspeth (March 12, 2013). The Hypocrisy of Schmooze. The Atlantic. Retrieved April 18, 2021.
  66. ↑ Connally, Thomas Terry (1877–1963). Texas State Historical Association. Retrieved April 18, 2021.
  67. ↑ 67.0 67.1 67.2 67.3 Williamson, Kevind. (August 29, 2018). Was Senator Russell a ‘Conservative’ Democrat?. National Review. Retrieved February 14, 2021.
  68. ↑ 68.0 68.1 68.2 Walter F. George (1878-1957). New Georgia Encyclopedia. Retrieved April 18, 2021.
  69. ↑ Josiah Bailey (1873-1946). North Carolina History Project. Retrieved April 18, 2021.
  70. ↑ Bailey, Josiah William. NCPedia. Retrieved April 18, 2021.
  71. ↑ 71.0 71.1 71.2 Lister Hill. Encyclopedia of Alabama. Retrieved April 18, 2021.
  72. ↑ 72.0 72.1 John J. Sparkman. Encyclopedia of Alabama. Retrieved February 14, 2021.
  73. ↑ 73.0 73.1 JOHN SPARKMAN, 85, EX-SENATOR, DIES. The New York Times. Retrieved February 14, 2021.
  74. ↑ Andrews, Evan (November 18, 2013). 9 Things You May Not Know About the Warren Commission. HISTORY. Retrieved April 18, 2021.
  75. ↑ Richard B. Russell Jr. (1897-1971). New Georgia Encyclopedia. Retrieved April 18, 2021.
  76. ↑ 76.0 76.1 Senator Allen Ellender of Louisiana: A Biography. Google Books. Retrieved April 18, 2021.
  77. ↑ 77.0 77.1 Fried, Joseph P. (July 28, 1972). ALLEN J.ELLENDER OF LOUISIANA DIES. The New York Times. Retrieved April 18, 2021.
  78. ↑ Remarks Upon Signing the Food Stamp Act.. The American Presidency Project. Retrieved April 18, 2021.
  79. ↑ Remarks at the Signing of the Child Nutrition Act of 1966.. The American Presidency Project. Retrieved April 18, 2021.
  80. ↑ The Washington Post (June 28, 2010). Sen. Robert Byrd dead at 92. The Washington Post via The Cap Times. Retrieved April 19, 2021.
  81. ↑ Robert Byrd on the Issues. On the Issues. Retrieved April 19, 2021.
  82. ↑ 82.0 82.1 Ertelt, Steven (June 28, 2010). Pro-Abortion Senator Robert Byrd Dies; Death Affects Election, Kagan Hearings. LifeNews.com. Retrieved April 19, 2021.
  83. ↑ 83.0 83.1 Clymer, Adam (June 28, 2010). Robert C. Byrd, a Pillar of the Senate, Dies at 92. The New York Times. Retrieved April 19, 2021.
  84. ↑ 84.0 84.1 Longley, Robert (October 30, 2019). Senator Robert Byrd and the Ku Klux Klan. ThoughtCo. Retrieved April 19, 2021.
  85. ↑ Watson, Pernell (March 16, 2001). BYRD APOLOGIZED FOR USING 'N' WORD. Daily Press. Retrieved April 19, 2021. (Warning: Quote within article contains inappropriate language.)
  86. ↑ Zimmermann, Eric (July 2, 2010). Clinton says Byrd joined KKK to help him get elected. The Hill. Retrieved April 19, 2021.
  87. ↑ McFadden, Robert D. (April 6, 2019). Ernest Hollings, 97, a South Carolina Senator Who Evolved, Is Dead. The New York Times. Retrieved May 22, 2021.
  88. ↑ Schram, Martin (January 5, 1983). The 'Other Fritz' In the Running For 1984 After A Shaky Star. The Washington Post. Retrieved May 22, 2021.
  89. ↑ 89.0 89.1 89.2 Charen, Mona (June 26, 2015). Whitewashing the Democratic Party’s History. National Review.
  90. ↑ Charen, Mona (August 26, 2014). The Myth of Republican Racism. National Review.
  91. ↑ The Body Count: Lynching in Arkansas. History Matters.
  92. ↑ The Myth of the Republican-Democrat 'Switch', Dan O'Donnell
  93. ↑ Race and Party Politics, Part II – Senator Fullbright and Justice Black. The Other Half of History. Retrieved April 28, 2021.
  94. ↑ https://www.voteview.com/person/8593/george-armistead-smathers
  95. ↑ Herman Talmadge (1913-2002). New Georgia Encyclopedia. Retrieved April 28, 2021.
  96. ↑ Long, Russell, Billiu. encyclopedia.com. Retrieved April 28, 2021.
  97. ↑ Samuel J. Ervin, Jr.. Britannica. Retrieved April 28, 2021.
  98. ↑ James R. Dickinson (April 24, 1985). Sen. Sam Ervin, Key Figure In Watergate Probe, Dies. The Washington Post. Retrieved April 28, 2021.
  99. ↑ Sam Ervin: A Featured Biography. United States Senate. Retrieved April 28, 2021.
  100. ↑ Johnston, Olin DeWitt Talmadge. South Carolina Encyclopedia. Retrieved April 28, 2021.
  101. ↑ The Three Faces Of Al Gore. Newsweek. Retrieved April 28, 2021.
  102. ↑ Labaton, Stephen (January 28, 1996). Ralph Yarborough Dies at 92; Cast Historic Civil Rights Vote. The New York Times. Retrieved April 28, 2021.
  103. ↑ Byrd, Harry. encyclopedia.com. Retrieved April 28, 2021.
  104. ↑ Byrd, Harry F. (1887–1966). Encyclopedia Virginia. Retrieved April 28, 2021.
  105. ↑ Robertson, A. Willis (1887–1971). Encyclopedia Virginia. Retrieved April 28, 2021.
  106. ↑ Senator Jennings Randolph of West Virginia Dies at 96. The New York Times. Retrieved April 28, 2021.
  107. ↑ Democrats for Life Part I.pdf. Legionnaires Praying for the Clergy Apostolate. Retrieved April 28, 2021.
  108. ↑ Claude D. Pepper. Encyclopedia of Alabama. Retrieved April 28, 2021.
  109. ↑ The Associated Press (June 25, 2007). John J. Flynt Jr., Georgia Democrat, Is Dead at 92. Associated Press via The New York Times. Retrieved April 28, 2021.
  110. ↑ Charles Weltner (1927-1992). New Georgia Encyclopedia. Retrieved April 28, 2021.
  111. ↑ Saxon, Wolfgang (September 2, 1992). Charles L. Weltner, 64, Chief Justice of Georgia. The New York Times. Retrieved April 28, 2021.
  112. ↑ Hale and Lindy Boggs: Louisiana's National Democrats.. JSTOR. Retrieved April 28, 2021.
  113. ↑ HALE BOGGS MEMORIALIZED FOR 'A LIFE LIVED SO WELL'. The New York Times. Retrieved April 28, 2021.
  114. ↑ Hillyer, Quin (July 29, 2013). Lovely Lindy Boggs. The American Spectator. Retrieved April 28, 2021.
  115. ↑ Lueck, Thomas J. (April 14, 1988). Otto Passman, 88, Louisiana Congressman Who Fought Spending. The New York Times. Retrieved April 28, 2021.
  116. ↑ https://www.geni.com/people/James-Morrison-Sr/60000
  117. ↑ Cook, Joan (January 22, 1985). REP. GILLIS LONG, 61, LOUISIANA LIBERAL, DIES. The New York Times. Retrieved April 28, 2021.
  118. ↑ Howard W. Smith: The Great Obstructionist. Fascinating Politics. Retrieved April 28, 2021.
  119. ↑ TWO NEW DEALERS BEATEN FOR HOUSE IN VIRGINIA VOTE; Dodd Concedes Renomination of Smith and Hamilton His Defeat by Darden PENDERGAST IS LOSING Missouri Returns Indicate Defeat of Kansas City Boss--Winrod Trails in Kansas Dodd Loses in Virginia TWO NEW DEALERS BEATEN FOR HOUSE Stark's Forces Lead in Missouri St. Louis Count Is Late Whittles Into Billings Lead West Virginia New Dealers Win Reed Leading Winrod in Kansas. The New York Times. Retrieved April 28, 2021.
  120. ↑ Blake, Aaron (June 15, 2020). How a segregationist paved the way for a big gay rights win in the Supreme Court. The Washington Post. Retrieved April 28, 2021.
  121. ↑ Smith, Jordan Michael (July 22, 2012). The Republican Party’s Race Problem and Strom Thurmond’s Legacy. The Daily Beast.
  122. ↑ Enten, Harry J. (August 28, 2013). Were Republicans really the party of civil rights in the 1960s?. The Guardian.
  123. ↑ How the Republican Party went from Lincoln to Trump. Vox Media via YouTube.
  124. ↑ Republican Party Platform of 1856. The American Presidency Project.
  125. ↑ Ida B. Quote: The lesson.... AZ Quotes.
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