Difference between revisions of "Founding Fathers"

From Conservapedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
(→‎External links: Book: Anti-slavery in America from the Introduction of African Slaves to the Prohibition of the Slave Trade (1619-1808))
(username removed)
m (Founding fathers)
Line 34: Line 34:
 
===Religion===
 
===Religion===
 
The [[founding fathers]] did not discuss or advocate for a "[[separation of church and state]]."<ref>Dinan, Stephen; Swoyer, Alex (January 2, 2020). [https://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2020/jan/2/founding-fathers-never-discussed-separation-betwee/ Founding fathers never discussed wall of separation between church and state]. ''The Washington Times''. Retrieved January 4, 2020.</ref> They were religiously and theologically diverse, coming from several denominational backgrounds.<ref name="Holmes">David L. Holmes. [https://www.britannica.com/topic/The-Founding-Fathers-Deism-and-Christianity-1272214 The Founding Fathers, Deism, and Christianity]. ''Encyclopædia Britannica''. Retrieved May 22, 2017.</ref> Their actual beliefs and practices are debated, but here too, they were diverse and must not be generalized.<ref name="Frazer"/> Some argue that the majority of the founding fathers were deists,<ref name="Holmes"/> while others argue that the most important fathers were "theistic rationalists," meaning they were not deists, but not necessarily Christians either.<ref name="Frazer">Dr. Greg Frazer. [http://masters.edu/the-faith-of-the-founding-fathers/ The Faith of the Founding Fathers]. ''The Master's University''. Retrieved May 22, 2017.</ref> Despite this, scholars agree that some founding fathers were orthodox Christians.<ref name="Holmes"/><ref name="Frazer"/> The founding fathers that were not Christians were influenced by Christianity in a culture where publicly being a Christian was normal.<ref name="Frazer"/>
 
The [[founding fathers]] did not discuss or advocate for a "[[separation of church and state]]."<ref>Dinan, Stephen; Swoyer, Alex (January 2, 2020). [https://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2020/jan/2/founding-fathers-never-discussed-separation-betwee/ Founding fathers never discussed wall of separation between church and state]. ''The Washington Times''. Retrieved January 4, 2020.</ref> They were religiously and theologically diverse, coming from several denominational backgrounds.<ref name="Holmes">David L. Holmes. [https://www.britannica.com/topic/The-Founding-Fathers-Deism-and-Christianity-1272214 The Founding Fathers, Deism, and Christianity]. ''Encyclopædia Britannica''. Retrieved May 22, 2017.</ref> Their actual beliefs and practices are debated, but here too, they were diverse and must not be generalized.<ref name="Frazer"/> Some argue that the majority of the founding fathers were deists,<ref name="Holmes"/> while others argue that the most important fathers were "theistic rationalists," meaning they were not deists, but not necessarily Christians either.<ref name="Frazer">Dr. Greg Frazer. [http://masters.edu/the-faith-of-the-founding-fathers/ The Faith of the Founding Fathers]. ''The Master's University''. Retrieved May 22, 2017.</ref> Despite this, scholars agree that some founding fathers were orthodox Christians.<ref name="Holmes"/><ref name="Frazer"/> The founding fathers that were not Christians were influenced by Christianity in a culture where publicly being a Christian was normal.<ref name="Frazer"/>
 +
 +
==religious affiliations of founding fathers==
 +
 +
==List of presidents by religious affiliation==
 +
{| class="wikitable sortable"
 +
|-
 +
! Name
 +
! Religion
 +
! Branch
 +
! Further branch
 +
! Specific denomination
 +
! Years in office
 +
! Notes
 +
|-
 +
| {{sort|Harding|[[Warren G. Harding]]}}
 +
| [[Christianity|Christian]]
 +
| [[Protestant]]
 +
| [[Baptist]]
 +
| [[American Baptist Churches USA|Northern Baptist]]
 +
| 1921–1923
 +
|
 +
|-
 +
| {{sort|Truman|[[Harry S. Truman]]}}
 +
| [[Christianity|Christian]]
 +
| [[Protestant]]
 +
| [[Baptist]]
 +
| [[American Baptist Churches USA|Northern Baptist]]
 +
| 1945–1953
 +
|
 +
|-
 +
| {{sort|Carter|[[Jimmy Carter]]}}
 +
| [[Christianity|Christian]]
 +
| [[Protestant]]
 +
| [[Baptist]]
 +
| [[Southern Baptist Convention]], [[New Baptist Covenant]]
 +
| 1977–1981
 +
|
 +
|-
 +
| {{sort|Clinton|[[Bill Clinton]]}}
 +
| [[Christianity|Christian]]
 +
| [[Protestant]]
 +
| [[Baptist]]
 +
| [[Southern Baptist]]
 +
| 1993–2001
 +
| Later left the [[Southern Baptist Convention]]
 +
|-
 +
| {{sort|Coolidge|[[Calvin Coolidge]]}}
 +
| [[Christianity|Christian]]
 +
| [[Protestant]]
 +
| [[Reformed]]
 +
| [[National Council of the Congregational Churches of the United States|Congregationalist]]
 +
| 1923–1929
 +
|
 +
|-
 +
| {{sort|Garfield|[[James A. Garfield]]}}
 +
| [[Christianity|Christian]]
 +
| [[Protestant]]
 +
| [[Restoration Movement|Restorationist]]
 +
| [[Churches of Christ]]
 +
| 1881–1881
 +
| Formerly a member of the [[Disciples of Christ]] before it split into the Disciples of Christ and the [[Churches of Christ]]
 +
|-
 +
| {{sort|Johnson L|[[Lyndon B. Johnson]]}}
 +
| [[Christianity|Christian]]
 +
| [[Protestant]]
 +
| [[Restoration Movement|Restorationist]]
 +
| [[Disciples of Christ]]
 +
| 1963–1969
 +
|
 +
|-
 +
| {{sort|Van|[[Martin Van Buren]]}}
 +
| [[Christianity|Christian]]
 +
| [[Protestant]]
 +
| [[Reformed]]
 +
| [[Reformed Church in America]]
 +
| 1837–1841
 +
|
 +
|-
 +
| {{sort|Roosevelt T|[[Theodore Roosevelt]]}}
 +
| [[Christianity|Christian]]
 +
| [[Protestant]]
 +
| [[Reformed]]
 +
| [[Reformed Church in America]]
 +
| 1901–1909
 +
|
 +
|-
 +
| {{sort|Jackson|[[Andrew Jackson]]}}
 +
| [[Christianity|Christian]]
 +
| [[Protestant]]
 +
| [[Reformed]]
 +
| [[Presbyterian Church in the United States of America]]
 +
| 1829–1837
 +
|
 +
|-
 +
| {{sort|Buchanan|[[James Buchanan]]}}
 +
| [[Christianity|Christian]]
 +
| [[Protestant]]
 +
| [[Reformed]]
 +
| [[Presbyterian Church in the United States of America]]
 +
| 1857–1861
 +
|
 +
|-
 +
| {{sort|Cleveland|[[Grover Cleveland]]}}
 +
| [[Christianity|Christian]]
 +
| [[Protestant]]
 +
| [[Reformed]]
 +
| [[Presbyterian Church in the United States of America]]
 +
| 1885–1889
 +
|
 +
|-
 +
| {{sort|Harrison B|[[Benjamin Harrison]]}}
 +
| [[Christianity|Christian]]
 +
| [[Protestant]]
 +
| [[Reformed]]
 +
| [[Presbyterian Church in the United States of America]]
 +
| 1889–1893
 +
| [[Ruling elder]] of First Presbyterian Church in Indianapolis
 +
|-
 +
| {{sort|Wilson|[[Woodrow Wilson]]}}
 +
| [[Christianity|Christian]]
 +
| [[Protestant]]
 +
| [[Reformed]]
 +
| [[Presbyterian Church in the United States of America]]
 +
| 1913–1921
 +
| Became a [[ruling elder]] of Second Presbyterian Church in [[Princeton, New Jersey]] in 1897
 +
|-
 +
| {{sort|Eisenhower|[[Dwight D. Eisenhower]]}}
 +
| [[Christianity|Christian]]
 +
| [[Protestant]]
 +
| [[Reformed]]
 +
| [[United Presbyterian Church in the United States of America]]
 +
| 1953–1961
 +
|
 +
|-
 +
| {{sort|Reagan|[[Ronald Reagan]]}}
 +
| [[Christianity|Christian]]
 +
| [[Protestant]]
 +
| [[Reformed]]
 +
| [[Presbyterian Church (USA)]]
 +
| 1981–1989
 +
| Baptized into the [[Disciples of Christ]] but disaffiliated and became a member of [[Bel Air Presbyterian Church]] in his later years
 +
|-
 +
| {{sort|Trump|[[Donald Trump]]}}
 +
| [[Christianity|Christian]]
 +
| [[Protestant]]
 +
| [[Reformed]]
 +
| [[Presbyterian]]<ref name = unplugged>{{cite web |url=http://www.humanevents.com/article.php?id=42268 |title=Trump Unplugged |last=Mattera |first=Jason |date=March 14, 2011 |work=[[Human Events]] |accessdate=March 16, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110316171032/http://www.humanevents.com/article.php?id=42268 |archive-date=March 16, 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
 +
|style="white-space: nowrap;"| 2017–present
 +
| Was married to his wife Melania in the Episcopal church of Bethesda-by-the-Sea in Palm Beach, Florida.  Their son Barron was baptized there.  They attend that church regularly when they are in Florida. <ref>https://www.palmbeachpost.com/news/new-the-palm-beach-church-where-trump-could-attend-easter-service/26I1Yi18vf08Tte6x0QSJI/</ref>  <ref>https://www.palmbeachpost.com/news/local/photos-trump-church-crossing-boundary-capturing-history/6b5Vz6pdSFiT5BN4gTlSIK/</ref>
 +
|-
 +
| {{sort|Washington|[[George Washington]]}}
 +
| [[Christianity|Christian]]
 +
| [[Protestant]]
 +
| [[Anglican]]
 +
| [[Episcopal Church (United States)|Episcopalian]]
 +
| 1789–1797
 +
| Baptized into the [[Church of England]]. It was reorganized as the Episcopal Church after the [[American Revolution]].
 +
|-
 +
| {{sort|Madison|[[James Madison]]}}
 +
| [[Christianity|Christian]]
 +
| [[Protestant]]
 +
| [[Anglican]]
 +
| [[Episcopal Church (United States)|Episcopalian]]
 +
| 1809–1817
 +
|
 +
|-
 +
| {{sort|Monroe|[[James Monroe]]}}
 +
| [[Christianity|Christian]]
 +
| [[Protestant]]
 +
| [[Anglican]]
 +
| [[Episcopal Church (United States)|Episcopalian]]
 +
| 1817–1825
 +
|
 +
|-
 +
|style="white-space: nowrap;"| {{sort|Harrison W|[[William Henry Harrison]]}}
 +
| [[Christianity|Christian]]
 +
| [[Protestant]]
 +
| [[Anglican]]
 +
| [[Episcopal Church (United States)|Episcopalian]]
 +
| 1841–1841
 +
|
 +
|-
 +
| {{sort|Tyler|[[John Tyler]]}}
 +
| [[Christianity|Christian]]
 +
| [[Protestant]]
 +
| [[Anglican]]
 +
| [[Episcopal Church (United States)|Episcopalian]]
 +
| 1841–1845
 +
|
 +
|-
 +
| {{sort|Taylor|[[Zachary Taylor]]}}
 +
| [[Christianity|Christian]]
 +
| [[Protestant]]
 +
| [[Anglican]]
 +
| [[Episcopal Church (United States)|Episcopalian]]
 +
| 1849–1850
 +
|
 +
|-
 +
| {{sort|Pierce|[[Franklin Pierce]]}}
 +
| [[Christianity|Christian]]
 +
| [[Protestant]]
 +
| [[Anglican]]
 +
| [[Episcopal Church (United States)|Episcopalian]]
 +
| 1853–1857
 +
|
 +
|-
 +
| {{sort|Arthur|[[Chester A. Arthur]]}}
 +
| [[Christianity|Christian]]
 +
| [[Protestant]]
 +
| [[Anglican]]
 +
| [[Episcopal Church (United States)|Episcopalian]]
 +
| 1881–1885
 +
|
 +
|-
 +
| {{sort|Roosevelt F|[[Franklin D. Roosevelt]]}}
 +
| [[Christianity|Christian]]
 +
| [[Protestant]]
 +
| [[Anglican]]
 +
| [[Episcopal Church (United States)|Episcopalian]]
 +
| 1933–1945
 +
|
 +
|-
 +
| {{sort|Ford|[[Gerald Ford|Gerald R. Ford]]}}
 +
| [[Christianity|Christian]]
 +
| [[Protestant]]
 +
| [[Anglican]]
 +
| [[Episcopal Church (United States)|Episcopalian]]
 +
| 1974–1977
 +
|
 +
|-
 +
| {{sort|Bush GH|[[George H. W. Bush]]}}
 +
| [[Christianity|Christian]]
 +
| [[Protestant]]
 +
| [[Anglican]]
 +
| [[Episcopal Church (United States)|Episcopalian]]
 +
| 1989–1993
 +
|
 +
|-
 +
| {{sort|Polk|[[James K. Polk]]}}
 +
| [[Christianity|Christian]]
 +
| [[Protestant]]
 +
| [[Methodism|Methodist]]
 +
| [[Methodist]]
 +
| 1845–1849
 +
| Never baptized until on his deathbed. Formerly more or less affiliated with [[Presbyterian]] churches. He eventually received a deathbed Methodist baptism by Methodist preacher [[John Berry McFerrin]].<ref>{{cite book|last1=Mayo|first1=Louise|title=President James K. Polk : the dark horse president|date=2006|publisher=Nova History Publications|location=New York|isbn=1594547181|page=8|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PYSs5yfHZCIC&pg=PA8|accessdate=19 September 2016}}</ref>
 +
|-
 +
| {{sort|Grant|[[Ulysses Grant]]}}
 +
| [[Christianity|Christian]]<ref name=adherents1>{{cite web|url=http://www.adherents.com/people/pg/Ulysses_Grant.html|title=Religion of Ulysses S Grant, U.S. President|publisher=}}</ref>
 +
| [[Protestant]]
 +
| [[Methodist]]<ref name=adherents1/>
 +
| [[Methodist]]
 +
| 1869–1877
 +
|
 +
|-
 +
| {{sort|McKinley|[[William McKinley]]}}
 +
| [[Christianity|Christian]]
 +
| [[Protestant]]
 +
| [[Methodism|Methodist]]
 +
| [[Methodist Episcopal Church]]
 +
| 1897–1901
 +
| Member of [[First Methodist Episcopal Church (Canton, Ohio)|First Methodist Episcopal Church]] in [[Canton, Ohio]]
 +
|-
 +
| {{sort|Bush GW|[[George W. Bush]]}}
 +
| [[Christianity|Christian]]
 +
| [[Protestant]]
 +
| [[Methodist]]
 +
| [[United Methodist]]
 +
| 2001–2009
 +
| Former Episcopalian. Bush left his family's Episcopal church to join his wife's United Methodist church.<ref name=um>{{cite web |url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/jesus/etc/script.html |title=The Jesus Factor |accessdate=September 1, 2008 |publisher=[[PBS]]}}</ref>
 +
|-
 +
| {{sort|Hoover|[[Herbert Hoover]]}}
 +
| [[Christianity|Christian]]
 +
| [[Protestant]]
 +
| [[Religious Society of Friends|Quaker]]
 +
| N/A<ref name="ReferenceA">There are no Quaker denominations ''as such'' to be compared with, for example, the United Methodist Church or the [[Evangelical Lutheran Church in America]] and there never were. Quakers are independent of being affiliated with a specific denomination and Quaker membership can only be more or less estimated on their yearly meetings which provides a contentious image of how many Quakers there really are.</ref>
 +
| 1929–1933
 +
|
 +
|-
 +
| {{sort|Nixon|[[Richard M. Nixon]]}}
 +
| [[Christianity|Christian]]
 +
| [[Protestant]]
 +
| [[Religious Society of Friends|Quaker]]
 +
| N/A<ref name="ReferenceA"/>
 +
| 1969–1974
 +
| Raised in an [[Evangelical Friends Church International|Evangelical Friends]] affiliated church.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Dockhorn |first1=Robert |title=''Nixon's First Cover-Up: The Religious Life of a Quaker President'' — reviewed |url=https://www.friendsjournal.org/nixons-first-cover-up-the-religious-life-of-a-quaker-president/ |website=[[Friends Journal]] |accessdate=8 March 2019 |date=1 November 2015}}</ref>
 +
|-
 +
| {{sort|Adams J|[[John Adams]]}}
 +
| [[Christianity|Christian]]
 +
| [[Nontrinitarian]]
 +
| [[Unitarianism|Unitarian]]
 +
| N/A
 +
| 1797–1801
 +
| Former [[Congregationalism in the United States|Congregationalist]]. He later became a Unitarian, and dropped belief in predestination, eternal damnation, the divinity of Christ, and most other Calvinist beliefs of his Puritan ancestors.
 +
|-
 +
| {{sort|Adams JQ|[[John Quincy Adams]]}}
 +
| [[Christianity|Christian]]
 +
| [[Nontrinitarian]]
 +
| [[Unitarianism|Unitarian]]
 +
| N/A
 +
| 1825–1829
 +
|
 +
|-
 +
| {{sort|Fillmore|[[Millard Fillmore]]}}
 +
| [[Christianity|Christian]]
 +
| [[Nontrinitarian]]
 +
| [[Unitarianism|Unitarian]]
 +
| N/A
 +
| 1850–1853
 +
|
 +
|-
 +
| {{sort|Taft|[[William Howard Taft]]}}
 +
| [[Christianity|Christian]]
 +
| [[Nontrinitarian]]
 +
| [[Unitarianism|Unitarian]]
 +
| N/A
 +
| 1909–1913
 +
|
 +
|-
 +
| {{sort|Obama|[[Barack Obama]]}}
 +
| [[Christianity|Christian]]
 +
| [[Protestant]]
 +
| Unspecified [[Protestant]]<ref name="Obama religion">* {{cite web|year=2009 |title=American President: Barack Obama |location=Charlottesville, VA |publisher=Miller Center of Public Affairs, University of Virginia |url=http://millercenter.org/academic/americanpresident/obama |accessdate=January 23, 2009 |quote=Religion: Christian |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090123091100/http://millercenter.org/academic/americanpresident/obama |archivedate=January 23, 2009 |url-status=dead }}
 +
* {{cite web|title=The Truth about Barack's Faith |publisher=Obama for America |url=http://www.fightthesmears.com/file_download/2/baracksfaith.pdf |accessdate=July 1, 2012 |archivedate=January 5, 2011 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110105040018/http://www.fightthesmears.com/file_download/2/baracksfaith.pdf }}
 +
* {{cite news|author=Miller, Lisa |date=July 18, 2008 |title=Finding his faith |work=Newsweek |url=http://www.newsweek.com/id/145971 |accessdate=February 4, 2010 |quote=He is now a Christian, having been baptized in the early 1990s at Trinity United Church of Christ in Chicago. |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100206163704/http://www.newsweek.com/id/145971 |archivedate=February 6, 2010 |url-status=live }}
 +
* {{cite news|author=Barakat, Matthew |agency=Associated Press |date=November 17, 2008 |title=Obama's church choice likely to be scrutinized; D.C. churches have started extending invitations to Obama and his family |publisher=NBC News |url=http://www.nbcnews.com/id/27775757 |accessdate=January 20, 2009 |quote=The United Church of Christ, the denomination from which Obama resigned when he left Wright's church, issued a written invitation to join a UCC denomination in Washington and resume his connections to the church. }}
 +
* {{cite web|date=January 20, 2009 |title=Barack Obama, long time UCC member, inaugurated forty-fourth U.S. President |publisher=United Church of Christ |url=http://www.ucc.org/news/obama-inauguration.html |accessdate=January 21, 2009 |quote=Barack Obama, who spent more than 20 years as a UCC member, is the forty-fourth President of the United States. |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090125002304/http://www.ucc.org/news/obama-inauguration.html |archivedate=January 25, 2009 |url-status=live }}
 +
* {{cite news|author=Sullivan, Amy |date=June 29, 2009 |title=The Obama's find a church home&nbsp;– away from home |work=Time |location=New York |url=http://www.time.com/time/nation/article/0,8599,1907610,00.html |accessdate=February 5, 2010 |quote=instead of joining a congregation in Washington, D.C., he will follow in George W. Bush's footsteps and make his primary place of worship Evergreen Chapel, the nondenominational church at Camp David.}}
 +
* {{cite news|author=Kornblut, Anne E. |date=February 4, 2010 |title=Obama's spirituality is largely private, but it's influential, advisers say |newspaper=The Washington Post |page=A6 |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/02/03/AR2010020303619.html |accessdate=February 5, 2010 |quote=Obama prays privately&nbsp;... And when he takes his family to Camp David on the weekends, a Navy chaplain ministers to them, with the daughters attending a form of Sunday school there.}}</ref>
 +
| Various, including Episcopalian, Baptist and Methodist churches
 +
| 2009–2017
 +
| Former [[United Church of Christ]] member.<ref name="Obama religion" /> He left it as a presidential candidate during the [[Jeremiah Wright controversy]] in 2008.
 +
|-
 +
| {{sort|Hayes|[[Rutherford B. Hayes]]}}
 +
| [[Christianity|Christian]]<ref name=adherents2>{{cite web|url=http://www.adherents.com/people/ph/Rutherford_B_Hayes.html|title=The religion of Rutherford B. Hayes, 19th U.S. President|publisher=}}</ref>
 +
| [[Protestant]]
 +
| Unspecified [[Protestant]]<ref name=adherents2/>
 +
| Presbyterian and Methodist churches
 +
| 1877–1881
 +
|
 +
|-
 +
| {{sort|Kennedy|[[John F. Kennedy]]}}
 +
| [[Christianity|Christian]]
 +
| [[Catholic]]
 +
| [[Roman Catholic]]
 +
| [[Catholic Church in the United States]]
 +
| 1961–1963
 +
| Only [[Roman Catholic]] president to date.
 +
|-
 +
| {{sort|Johnson A|[[Andrew Johnson]]}}
 +
|[[Christianity|Christian]] <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.adherents.com/people/pj/Andrew_Johnson.html|title=Religion of Andrew Johnson, U.S. President|publisher=}}</ref>
 +
|No formal affiliation<ref name="PewResearch2017">{{Cite news|url=http://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2017/01/20/almost-all-presidents-have-been-christians/|title=Almost all U.S. presidents, including Trump, have been Christians|date=2017-01-20|newspaper=Pew Research Center|access-date=2017-02-04|language=en-US}}</ref>
 +
|
 +
|
 +
| 1865–1869
 +
| Johnson self-identified as a Christian, but he is not known to have been a member of any church. He sometimes attended Methodist services with his wife, and he also attended Catholic services.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.adherents.com/people/pj/Andrew_Johnson.html|title=Religion of Andrew Johnson, U.S. President|publisher=}}</ref>
 +
|-
 +
| {{sort|Lincoln|[[Abraham Lincoln]]}}
 +
| [[Religious views of Abraham Lincoln|None specified]]
 +
|
 +
|
 +
|
 +
| 1861–1865
 +
|
 +
*Abraham Lincoln was raised in a [[Reformed Baptist]] family.<ref>{{cite web|publisher=Journal of the Abraham Lincoln Association|title=Abraham Lincoln and the Doctrine of Necessity|url=https://quod.lib.umich.edu/j/jala/2629860.0018.105/--abraham-lincoln-and-the-doctrine-of-necessity?rgn=main;view=fulltext}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|publisher=Indiana Magazine of History|title=The Religious Environment of Lincoln's Youth|url=https://scholarworks.iu.edu/journals/index.php/imh/article/view/7278/8269}}</ref>
 +
*Scholars and various sources have contradicting opinions as to whether or not Lincoln was a Christian.
 +
*Although Lincoln never made an unambiguous public profession of Christian belief, several people who knew him personally, such as [[Chaplain of the United States Senate|Chaplain of the Senate]] [[Phineas Densmore Gurley|Phineas Gurley]] and his wife [[Mary Todd Lincoln]], claimed that he believed in Christ in the religious sense.<ref name="online">Mary T. Lincoln to James Smith, June 8, 1870, in Robert J. Havlik, "Abraham Lincoln and the Reverend Dr. James Smith: Lincoln's Presbyterian experience of Springfield," ''Journal of the Illinois State Historical Society'' (Autumn, 1999) [https://web.archive.org/web/20090127011750/http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qa3945/is_199910/ai_n8861124/pg_8 online]</ref><ref name="Reed 339">{{cite journal |first=James A. |last=Reed |title=The Later Life and Religious Sentiments of Abraham Lincoln |journal=Scribner's Monthly |volume=6| issue =  3 |date=July 1873 |page=339 |url=https://books.google.com/?id=KOYGAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA333&dq=%22Scribner%27s+Monthly%22+%2B1873+%2B%22The+Later+Life+and+Religious+Sentiments+of+Abraham+Lincoln%22 |accessdate=2010-02-20}} quoting Phineas Gurley</ref><ref>{{cite journal |url=https://books.google.com/?id=KOYGAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA333&dq=%22Scribner%27s+Monthly%22+%2B1873+%2B%22The+Later+Life+and+Religious+Sentiments+of+Abraham+Lincoln%22 |title=The Later Life and Religious Sentiments of Abraham Lincoln |publisher=Scribner's Monthly |volume=6| issue =  3 |first=James A. |last=Reed |date=July 1873 |page=340 |accessdate=2010-02-20}} Noah Brooks to J.A. Reed, December 31, 1872 <!-- also available at |url=http://www.infidelsorg/library/historical/john_remsburg/six_historic_americans/chapter_5.html#1.7 -->
 +
</ref>
 +
*However, close friends who knew Lincoln for years, such as [[Ward Hill Lamon]] and [[William Herndon (lawyer)|William Herndon]], rejected the idea that he was a believing Christian.<ref name=Steiner1936>
 +
{{cite book|url=http://www.positiveatheism.org/hist/steinlinc.htm |title=Religious Beliefs of Our Presidents |first=Franklin |last=Steiner |year=1936 |chapter=Abraham Lincoln, Deist, and Admirer of Thomas Paine |accessdate=2010-05-31 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100613034008/http://positiveatheism.org/hist/steinlinc.htm |archivedate=2010-06-13 }}</ref>
 +
|-
 +
| {{sort|Jefferson|[[Thomas Jefferson]]}}
 +
| [[Thomas Jefferson and religion|None specified]]<!--Discuss on talk page before removing!--><ref>https://www.pbs.org/godinamerica/people/thomas-jefferson.html</ref>
 +
| 
 +
|
 +
|
 +
| 1801–1809
 +
| Although raised as an [[Anglican]], Jefferson later in life rejected the idea of the [[divinity of Jesus]] and became a [[Deism|deist]].<ref>https://www.monticello.org/site/research-and-collections/jeffersons-religious-beliefs</ref>
 +
|}
  
 
The founding fathers considered to be "theistic rationalists" did believe God was active in earthly affairs and that religion was essentially important to society because it brought [[morality]].<ref name="Frazer"/> However, they believed this to be true for all religions, rather than just Christianity.<ref name="Frazer"/> They opposed the establishment of an official religion but supported religion in public life.<ref name="Frazer"/>
 
The founding fathers considered to be "theistic rationalists" did believe God was active in earthly affairs and that religion was essentially important to society because it brought [[morality]].<ref name="Frazer"/> However, they believed this to be true for all religions, rather than just Christianity.<ref name="Frazer"/> They opposed the establishment of an official religion but supported religion in public life.<ref name="Frazer"/>

Revision as of 06:53, June 6, 2020

Portrait of George Washington by Gilbert Stuart.

The Founding Fathers are the leaders who founded the United States, especially the 40 dignitaries who signed the U.S. Constitution at the Constitutional Convention of 1787, and the 56 signers of the Declaration of Independence. Historians consider the most important founders to include John Adams, Samuel Adams, Benjamin Franklin, Alexander Hamilton, Thomas Jefferson, James Madison, and George Washington. Washington is known for his leadership and honesty; Hamilton for his brilliance; John Adams for his morality; Franklin for his inventiveness; Madison for his scholarship; and Jefferson for his egalitarianism.

The 55 initial participants—all of whom would be considered "Founders" in the broad sense of the term—wrote 15,000 articles, books and other materials. A study found that the Bible comprised 34% of their direct quotations. They particularly liked quoting the Book of Deuteronomy.

The last surviving member of the signers of the Declaration was Charles Carroll of Carrollton, and the last surviving Founding Father was James Madison.[1][2]

Views

Freedom and natural law

The founding fathers were heavily influenced by John Locke, who promoted the principles of individual freedom and a limited government based on natural law and unalienable rights, as advocated by John Locke.[3][4] The founding fathers themselves strongly supported these principles.[5][6] Their experience with the tyrannical British government made them distrustful of a powerful government, and their resolve to not repeat this experience is reflected in the U.S. Constitution and Bill of Rights.[7] For example, the Constitution goes to great lengths to mandate the separation of powers, and the Bill of Rights further limits government power to protect individual rights.[7][8][9][10][11][12] The founders also emphasized the importance of property rights.[5][13] Many of the founding fathers warned Americans to stay vigilant against trends that erode individual freedom, including the growth of bureaucracy, violation of the separation of powers, and judicial supremacy.[14]

Views on Slavery

With the understanding that Liberty is the gift of God, the Founding Fathers well understood that slavery was morally wrong despite facing the question of what could practically be done against it.[15] In many instances however, the Founders recognized that slavery which was brought here by the British Empire could not be eliminated immediately without risking the cohesion between the Thirteen Colonies. Without this cohesion, the Founders feared, all would be hung.[16] When America declared Independence, Franklin's Join or Die captured this sentiment in a very powerful way. Thirteen years later at the Constitutional Convention, James Madison expressed his concern that "the greatest danger is that of disunion of the States",[17] making it clear that for more than a decade nothing scared the Founding generation more than the might of a known superpower where the sun never set.

In private correspondence as well as major acts or events, the Founders wrote of Britain's role, such as in the Original "rough draught" of the Declaration of Independence; the topic of the British government's role in slavery came up in discussion at the Constitutional Convention,[18] and several founders such as Thomas Paine and Benjamin Rush published pamphlets decrying the practice.[19]

Not wanting to build a government with a single figure as powerful as a king, the Founders sought a Republican form. As a republican form, all domestic issues are decided on a state level, which included the issue of slavery. As early as 1780, the Founding generation succeeded in abolishing slavery. Pennsylvania was the first state to abolish it, followed by Massachusetts in 1783 and Rhode Island and Connecticut in 1784. Other states would continue to follow suit in years to come.

The famous Northwest Ordinance specifically forbid slavery.

Republicanism

The Founding Fathers sought "Honor"—freedom from corruption, and a positive devotion to civic virtue. These were key elements of Republicanism, and the Founding Fathers made republicanism the core values of the American system of government.

Corruption was the great evil the Founding Fathers confronted. When Britain showed too much corruption, it was time to break free with the American Revolution. To overcome the temptations of corruption—such as luxury and bribery—in their own lives, the Founding Fathers cultivated the virtue of disinterestedness. That is, the made a conscious effort to not be the creature of his financial interests, and not give any sign to the public that they sought luxury or bribes. The goal was to be impartial, concerned only for the public good, not the advancement of friends or, still less, of party.

Even personal shame and humiliation was preferable to a tarnished honor or the hint of corruption. When Treasury Secretary Alexander Hamilton was accused of corruption for making secret payments to a man named James Reynolds, Hamilton revealed he had been set up and was paying blackmail to Reynolds following an affair with Mrs. Reynolds. Duels over honor were common in the era—Hamilton was killed in one, as was Hamilton's son.

Sovereignty

The Founding Fathers cared deeply about preserving national sovereignty, since a sovereign U.S. government would serve the American people alone and protect their unalienable rights, and let them govern themselves.[20] In fact, they chose to declare independence because Britain was not respecting their right to self-government.[20] For example, in his farewell address in September 1796, George Washington warned his fellow Americans against becoming entangled in international treaties and alliances, as he knew it would end American freedom.[21][22] In addition to Washington, Gouverneur Morris criticized "Citizens of the World" at the Constitutional Convention in 1787 and called for constitutional restrictions on foreigners such as a ban on holding office.[23]

Federalism and separation of powers

The founding fathers strongly supported the principles of federalism and the separation of powers to ensure a limited government.[9][24][25]

Religion

The founding fathers did not discuss or advocate for a "separation of church and state."[26] They were religiously and theologically diverse, coming from several denominational backgrounds.[27] Their actual beliefs and practices are debated, but here too, they were diverse and must not be generalized.[28] Some argue that the majority of the founding fathers were deists,[27] while others argue that the most important fathers were "theistic rationalists," meaning they were not deists, but not necessarily Christians either.[28] Despite this, scholars agree that some founding fathers were orthodox Christians.[27][28] The founding fathers that were not Christians were influenced by Christianity in a culture where publicly being a Christian was normal.[28]

religious affiliations of founding fathers

List of presidents by religious affiliation

Name Religion Branch Further branch Specific denomination Years in office Notes
Template:Sort Christian Protestant Baptist Northern Baptist 1921–1923
Template:Sort Christian Protestant Baptist Northern Baptist 1945–1953
Template:Sort Christian Protestant Baptist Southern Baptist Convention, New Baptist Covenant 1977–1981
Template:Sort Christian Protestant Baptist Southern Baptist 1993–2001 Later left the Southern Baptist Convention
Template:Sort Christian Protestant Reformed Congregationalist 1923–1929
Template:Sort Christian Protestant Restorationist Churches of Christ 1881–1881 Formerly a member of the Disciples of Christ before it split into the Disciples of Christ and the Churches of Christ
Template:Sort Christian Protestant Restorationist Disciples of Christ 1963–1969
Template:Sort Christian Protestant Reformed Reformed Church in America 1837–1841
Template:Sort Christian Protestant Reformed Reformed Church in America 1901–1909
Template:Sort Christian Protestant Reformed Presbyterian Church in the United States of America 1829–1837
Template:Sort Christian Protestant Reformed Presbyterian Church in the United States of America 1857–1861
Template:Sort Christian Protestant Reformed Presbyterian Church in the United States of America 1885–1889
Template:Sort Christian Protestant Reformed Presbyterian Church in the United States of America 1889–1893 Ruling elder of First Presbyterian Church in Indianapolis
Template:Sort Christian Protestant Reformed Presbyterian Church in the United States of America 1913–1921 Became a ruling elder of Second Presbyterian Church in Princeton, New Jersey in 1897
Template:Sort Christian Protestant Reformed United Presbyterian Church in the United States of America 1953–1961
Template:Sort Christian Protestant Reformed Presbyterian Church (USA) 1981–1989 Baptized into the Disciples of Christ but disaffiliated and became a member of Bel Air Presbyterian Church in his later years
Template:Sort Christian Protestant Reformed Presbyterian[29] 2017–present Was married to his wife Melania in the Episcopal church of Bethesda-by-the-Sea in Palm Beach, Florida. Their son Barron was baptized there. They attend that church regularly when they are in Florida. [30] [31]
Template:Sort Christian Protestant Anglican Episcopalian 1789–1797 Baptized into the Church of England. It was reorganized as the Episcopal Church after the American Revolution.
Template:Sort Christian Protestant Anglican Episcopalian 1809–1817
Template:Sort Christian Protestant Anglican Episcopalian 1817–1825
Template:Sort Christian Protestant Anglican Episcopalian 1841–1841
Template:Sort Christian Protestant Anglican Episcopalian 1841–1845
Template:Sort Christian Protestant Anglican Episcopalian 1849–1850
Template:Sort Christian Protestant Anglican Episcopalian 1853–1857
Template:Sort Christian Protestant Anglican Episcopalian 1881–1885
Template:Sort Christian Protestant Anglican Episcopalian 1933–1945
Template:Sort Christian Protestant Anglican Episcopalian 1974–1977
Template:Sort Christian Protestant Anglican Episcopalian 1989–1993
Template:Sort Christian Protestant Methodist Methodist 1845–1849 Never baptized until on his deathbed. Formerly more or less affiliated with Presbyterian churches. He eventually received a deathbed Methodist baptism by Methodist preacher John Berry McFerrin.[32]
Template:Sort Christian[33] Protestant Methodist[33] Methodist 1869–1877
Template:Sort Christian Protestant Methodist Methodist Episcopal Church 1897–1901 Member of First Methodist Episcopal Church in Canton, Ohio
Template:Sort Christian Protestant Methodist United Methodist 2001–2009 Former Episcopalian. Bush left his family's Episcopal church to join his wife's United Methodist church.[34]
Template:Sort Christian Protestant Quaker N/A[35] 1929–1933
Template:Sort Christian Protestant Quaker N/A[35] 1969–1974 Raised in an Evangelical Friends affiliated church.[36]
Template:Sort Christian Nontrinitarian Unitarian N/A 1797–1801 Former Congregationalist. He later became a Unitarian, and dropped belief in predestination, eternal damnation, the divinity of Christ, and most other Calvinist beliefs of his Puritan ancestors.
Template:Sort Christian Nontrinitarian Unitarian N/A 1825–1829
Template:Sort Christian Nontrinitarian Unitarian N/A 1850–1853
Template:Sort Christian Nontrinitarian Unitarian N/A 1909–1913
Template:Sort Christian Protestant Unspecified Protestant[37] Various, including Episcopalian, Baptist and Methodist churches 2009–2017 Former United Church of Christ member.[37] He left it as a presidential candidate during the Jeremiah Wright controversy in 2008.
Template:Sort Christian[38] Protestant Unspecified Protestant[38] Presbyterian and Methodist churches 1877–1881
Template:Sort Christian Catholic Roman Catholic Catholic Church in the United States 1961–1963 Only Roman Catholic president to date.
Template:Sort Christian [39] No formal affiliation[40] 1865–1869 Johnson self-identified as a Christian, but he is not known to have been a member of any church. He sometimes attended Methodist services with his wife, and he also attended Catholic services.[41]
Template:Sort None specified 1861–1865
Template:Sort None specified[48] 1801–1809 Although raised as an Anglican, Jefferson later in life rejected the idea of the divinity of Jesus and became a deist.[49]

The founding fathers considered to be "theistic rationalists" did believe God was active in earthly affairs and that religion was essentially important to society because it brought morality.[28] However, they believed this to be true for all religions, rather than just Christianity.[28] They opposed the establishment of an official religion but supported religion in public life.[28]

Signatories of the Declaration of Independence

Signing of the Declaration of Independence, by John Trumbull in 1817–1819

Signatories of the Articles of Confederation

Signatories of the United States Constitution

Signing of the United States Constitution, by Howard Chandler Christy in 1940

Other Founding Fathers

Further reading

  • Ellis, Joseph J. Founding Brothers: The Revolutionary Generation (2002), good overview of leading figures by top scholar excerpt and text search
  • McClanahan, Brion. The Politically Incorrect Guide to the Founding Fathers (2009), popular book by conservative writer. excerpt and text search
  • Wood, Gordon. Revolutionary Characters: What Made the Founders Different (2007), very good overview by leading conservative scholar excerpt and text search

See also

References

  1. ↑ Virginia's Historic Homes and Gardens
  2. ↑ The American Presidents, Washington to Tyler
  3. ↑ 2. Foundations of American Government. USHistory.org. Retrieved August 24, 2019.
  4. ↑ The Declaration of Independence and Natural Rights. Constitutional Rights Foundation. Retrieved August 24, 2019.
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 Founders’ Quotes on Founding Principles. Bill of Rights Institute. Retrieved August 24, 2019.
  6. ↑ Bleau, Hannah (July 4, 2019). 13 Patriotic Quotes from America’s Founding Fathers. Breitbart News. Retrieved July 4, 2019.
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 Best, James D. The Founders Believed in Limited Government. What Would the Founders Think. Retrieved August 24, 2019.
  8. ↑ Pilon, Roger (July 21, 1995). Founders Intended Only Limited Powers. CATO Institute (from USA Today). Retrieved August 24, 2019.
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 3a. The Founders and Federalism. USHistory.org. Retrieved August 24, 2019.
  10. ↑ Beeman, Richard R. The Constitutional Convention of 1787: A Revolution in Government. Constitution Center. Retrieved August 24, 2019.
  11. ↑ 2c. Creating the Constitution. USHistory.org. Retrieved August 24, 2019.
  12. ↑ 2d. The Bill of Rights. USHistory.org. Retrieved August 24, 2019.
  13. ↑ Snowball, Timothy (July 11, 2019). The Founding Fathers of our limited government: George Washington and the importance of property rights. Pacific Legal Foundation. Retrieved August 24, 2019.
  14. ↑ Strong Warnings from the Founders. National Center for Constitutional Studies. Retrieved August 24, 2019.
  15. ↑ Madden, Nate (December 31, 2019). Pete Buttigieg once said that the framers of the Constitution ‘did not understand that slavery was a bad thing.’ Here’s a reality check. Conservative Review. Retrieved December 31, 2019.
  16. ↑ "We must, indeed, all hang together or, most assuredly, we shall all hang separately", Benjamin Franklin
  17. ↑ Madison Debates - August 23
  18. ↑ Madison Debates - August 22, Col. Mason: This infernal traffic originated in the avarice of British Merchants. The British Govt constantly checked the attempts of Virginia to put a stop to it.
  19. ↑ An Address to the inhabitants of the British Settlements on the Slavery of the Negroes in America, by Benjamin Rush
  20. ↑ 20.0 20.1 Groves, Steven (December 3, 2010). Why Does Sovereignty Matter to America? The Heritage Foundation. Retrieved November 27, 2017.
  21. ↑ Washington's Farewell Address 1796. The Avalon Project -- Yale Law School. Retrieved November 27, 2017.
  22. ↑ Washington's Farewell Address. Government Publishing Office. Retrieved November 27, 2017.
  23. ↑ Madison Debates – Tuesday August 9, 1787. The Avalon Project. Retrieved December 8, 2018.
  24. ↑ Byas, Steve (December 10, 2019). What Happened to Federalism? The New American. Retrieved December 30, 2019.
  25. ↑ Green, Mark (December 29, 2019). Rep. Mark Green: Want to save America? Embracing this gift from the Founders is the only way. Fox News. Retrieved December 30, 2019.
  26. ↑ Dinan, Stephen; Swoyer, Alex (January 2, 2020). Founding fathers never discussed wall of separation between church and state. The Washington Times. Retrieved January 4, 2020.
  27. ↑ 27.0 27.1 27.2 David L. Holmes. The Founding Fathers, Deism, and Christianity. Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved May 22, 2017.
  28. ↑ 28.0 28.1 28.2 28.3 28.4 28.5 28.6 Dr. Greg Frazer. The Faith of the Founding Fathers. The Master's University. Retrieved May 22, 2017.
  29. ↑ Mattera, Jason (March 14, 2011). Trump Unplugged. Human Events. Retrieved on March 16, 2011.
  30. ↑ https://www.palmbeachpost.com/news/new-the-palm-beach-church-where-trump-could-attend-easter-service/26I1Yi18vf08Tte6x0QSJI/
  31. ↑ https://www.palmbeachpost.com/news/local/photos-trump-church-crossing-boundary-capturing-history/6b5Vz6pdSFiT5BN4gTlSIK/
  32. ↑ (2006) President James K. Polk : the dark horse president. New York: Nova History Publications. ISBN 1594547181. Retrieved on 19 September 2016. 
  33. ↑ 33.0 33.1 Religion of Ulysses S Grant, U.S. President.
  34. ↑ The Jesus Factor. PBS. Retrieved on September 1, 2008.
  35. ↑ 35.0 35.1 There are no Quaker denominations as such to be compared with, for example, the United Methodist Church or the Evangelical Lutheran Church in America and there never were. Quakers are independent of being affiliated with a specific denomination and Quaker membership can only be more or less estimated on their yearly meetings which provides a contentious image of how many Quakers there really are.
  36. ↑ Nixon's First Cover-Up: The Religious Life of a Quaker President — reviewed (1 November 2015). Retrieved on 8 March 2019.
  37. ↑ 37.0 37.1 * American President: Barack Obama. Miller Center of Public Affairs, University of Virginia (2009). Archived from the original on January 23, 2009. Retrieved on January 23, 2009. “Religion: Christian”
  38. ↑ 38.0 38.1 The religion of Rutherford B. Hayes, 19th U.S. President.
  39. ↑ Religion of Andrew Johnson, U.S. President.
  40. ↑ "Almost all U.S. presidents, including Trump, have been Christians", 2017-01-20. (en-US) 
  41. ↑ Religion of Andrew Johnson, U.S. President.
  42. ↑ Abraham Lincoln and the Doctrine of Necessity. Journal of the Abraham Lincoln Association.
  43. ↑ The Religious Environment of Lincoln's Youth. Indiana Magazine of History.
  44. ↑ Mary T. Lincoln to James Smith, June 8, 1870, in Robert J. Havlik, "Abraham Lincoln and the Reverend Dr. James Smith: Lincoln's Presbyterian experience of Springfield," Journal of the Illinois State Historical Society (Autumn, 1999) online
  45. ↑ Reed, James A. (July 1873). "The Later Life and Religious Sentiments of Abraham Lincoln". Scribner's Monthly 6 (3): 339. https://books.google.com/?id=KOYGAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA333&dq=%22Scribner%27s+Monthly%22+%2B1873+%2B%22The+Later+Life+and+Religious+Sentiments+of+Abraham+Lincoln%22. Retrieved 2010-02-20.  quoting Phineas Gurley
  46. ↑ Reed, James A. (July 1873). The Later Life and Religious Sentiments of Abraham Lincoln. 6. Scribner's Monthly. p. 340. https://books.google.com/?id=KOYGAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA333&dq=%22Scribner%27s+Monthly%22+%2B1873+%2B%22The+Later+Life+and+Religious+Sentiments+of+Abraham+Lincoln%22. Retrieved 2010-02-20.  Noah Brooks to J.A. Reed, December 31, 1872
  47. ↑ Steiner, Franklin (1936). "Abraham Lincoln, Deist, and Admirer of Thomas Paine", Religious Beliefs of Our Presidents. Retrieved on 2010-05-31. 
  48. ↑ https://www.pbs.org/godinamerica/people/thomas-jefferson.html
  49. ↑ https://www.monticello.org/site/research-and-collections/jeffersons-religious-beliefs

External links

Founding Fathers Quotes

v • d • e
Conservatism
Ideology
Leaders and Thinkers
Organizations
Other
v • d • e
Nationalism
Individuals
Entries
v • d • e
Greatest Thinkers
Individuals
Ancient: Aristotle • Augustine • Boethius • Cicero • Jesus • Plato | Apostles (esp. Paul)
Medieval: Anselm • Aquinas • R. Bacon • Duns • Ockham
Modern: F. Bacon • Boyle • Burke • Cantor • Hobbes • Locke • de Maistre • Montesquieu • Newton • Pasteur • Riemann | Founding Fathers (esp. J. Adams • Franklin • Hamilton • Jay • Jefferson • Madison)
20th century: Gödel • von Neumann • Orwell • Schaeffer
Contemporary: Bork • Hanson • Peterson • Scruton • Sowell • Thomas
Concepts
Writings
Retrieved from "https://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=Founding_Fathers&oldid=1655223"