Difference between revisions of "George C. Marshall"
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[[Image:George Catlett Marshall.jpg|right|thumb|250px|Gen. George C. Marshall]] | [[Image:George Catlett Marshall.jpg|right|thumb|250px|Gen. George C. Marshall]] | ||
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| − | == | + | '''George Catlett Marshall''' (1880–1959) was the Chief of Staff of the U.S. Army during [[World War II]], and the chief military advisor to President [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]]. After the war, he served as Secretary of State to President [[Harry S. Truman]] and sponsored the [[Marshall Plan]] in 1947. He was also Secretary of Defense during part of the [[Korean War]]. He was known for his skills as a committee chairman and planner, and for his aloofness and sterling integrity. |
| − | America's top-ranking soldier during World War II | + | |
| + | ==World War II== | ||
| + | As Chief of Staff (1939–45) he was America's top-ranking soldier during World War II. He built and directed the largest army in American history. On September 1, 1939, he was promoted to Chief of Staff with the rank of General, and he was named General of the Army on December 16, 1944. | ||
[[Image:Marshall42.jpg|thumb|280px|''Time'' Oct 19, 1942]] | [[Image:Marshall42.jpg|thumb|280px|''Time'' Oct 19, 1942]] | ||
| + | ===Strategy against Japan=== | ||
| + | Marshall, who had charge of the Air Force, explained American strategy three weeks before Pearl Harbor:<ref> | ||
| + | Robert L. Sherrod "Memorandum for David W. Hulburd, Jr." November 15, 1941. | ||
| + | ''The Papers of George Catlett Marshall, ed. Larry I. Bland et al. vol. 2, ''We Cannot Delay, July 1, 1939-December 6, 1941'' (1986), #2-602 pp. 676-681. [http://76.7.58.34/gsdl274/cgi-bin/library?e=d-00000-00---off-0themarsh--00-1--0-10-0---0---0prompt-10---4-------0-1l--11-en-50---20-about---01-3-1-00-0-0-11-1-0utfZz-8-00&a=d&c=themarsh&cl=CL2.2&d=HASHa5a59dba9dbe679bec58d0 online version]. Marshall made the statement to a secret press conference.</ref> | ||
| + | :"We are preparing for an offensive war against Japan, whereas the Japs believe we are preparing only to defend the Philippines. ...We have 35 Flying Fortresses already there—the largest concentration anywhere in the world. Twenty more will be added next month, and 60 more in January....If war with the Japanese does come, we'll fight mercilessly. Flying fortresses will be dispatched immediately to set the paper cities of Japan on fire. There wont be any hesitation about bombing civilians—it will be all-out." | ||
| + | |||
| + | When the war began, the Philippine airbases were quickly lost. American strategy then focused on getting forward airbases close enough to Japan to use the very-long-range [[B-29]] bomber, then in development. At first the B-29's were stationed in China and made raids in 1944; the logistics made China an impossible base. Finally, in summer 1944, the U.S. won the [[Battle of the Philippine Sea]] and captured islands that were in range. | ||
==China== | ==China== | ||
| − | + | ===China=== | |
| − | just old-fashioned agrarian reformers."<ref>''While You Slept : Our Tragedy in Asia and Who Made It'' | + | In 1945-47 Marshall was sent to China to see what should be done to avert a civil war, with the long-term goal of establishing a stable, democratic China that was friendly to the U.S. The mission failed because [[Mao Zedong]] believed America represented the capitalist enemy of Communism.<ref>He Di, "Mao Zedong and the Marshall Mission," in Larry I. Bland, et al. eds. ''George C. Marshall's Mediation Mission to China, December 1945-January 1947.'' (1998).</ref> However, Marshall almost single-handedly kept the United States from actively intervening in in support of the wartime all, the Nationalist government under [[Chiang Kai-shek]]. Marshall's conclusion that the United States should stay out of the war went against the thinking of many American political and military leaders, the news media, and State Department officials. But Marshall had concluded that it would be unwise for the U.S. to assume any responsibility for the dismal combat performance of Chiang's troops. The Communists under [[Mao Zedong]] came to power in 1949, and China became a bitter enemy, going to war with the U.S. in Korea in 1950. The failure of Marshall's mission made him the target of intense Republican attacks, led by Senator [[Joe McCarthy]]. Republican newspapers attacked Marshall when he referred to the Chinese Communists as, "These fellows are just old-fashioned agrarian reformers."<ref>John T. Flynn, ''While You Slept : Our Tragedy in Asia and Who Made It'', 1951, [http://www.mises.org/books/whileyouslept.pdf pg. 22]</ref> |
| + | |||
==Marshall Plan== | ==Marshall Plan== | ||
| − | + | see [[Marshall Plan]] | |
| − | + | Am experienced diplomat, he served as Secretary of State from 1947 to 1949, formulating the [[Marshall Plan]], an unprecedented program of economic and military aid to in war-ravaged Western Europe. This program became known as the "Marshall Plan" and led to the coalition of free nations under the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) to help revitalize Europe. Marshall received the Nobel Peace Prize in 1953 for this work.<ref>[http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/peace/laureates/1953/marshall-bio.html The Nobel Peace Prize 1953]</ref> | |
==Korean war== | ==Korean war== | ||
| Line 22: | Line 31: | ||
== Personal == | == Personal == | ||
Colleagues described Marshall as a humble man, who worked hard and remained dedicated to his nation. His modesty led him to decline to write memoirs. | Colleagues described Marshall as a humble man, who worked hard and remained dedicated to his nation. His modesty led him to decline to write memoirs. | ||
| − | |||
== Honors == | == Honors == | ||
| Line 41: | Line 49: | ||
*[http://usinfo.state.gov/usa/infousa/facts/democrac/57.htm THE MARSHALL PLAN (1947)] U. S. Department of State. | *[http://usinfo.state.gov/usa/infousa/facts/democrac/57.htm THE MARSHALL PLAN (1947)] U. S. Department of State. | ||
==Bibliography== | ==Bibliography== | ||
| − | * Bland, Larry; Jeans, Roger B.; and Wilkinson, Mark, eds. ''George C. Marshall's Mediation Mission to China, December 1945-January 1947.'' (1998). 661 pp. 24 essays by scholars | + | * Bland, Larry; Jeans, Roger B.; and Wilkinson, Mark, eds. ''George C. Marshall's Mediation Mission to China, December 1945-January 1947.'' (1998). 661 pp. 24 essays by scholars |
| − | * Bland, Larry I., and James B. Barber. ''George C. Marshall: Soldier of Peace'' (1997) [ | + | * Bland, Larry I., and James B. Barber. ''George C. Marshall: Soldier of Peace'' (1997) [https://www.amazon.com/George-C-Marshall-Soldier-Peace/dp/0801858143/ref=sr_1_2?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1214271659&sr=1-2 online edition] |
* Bryan, Ferald J. "George C. Marshall at Harvard: a Study of the Origins and Construction of the 'Marshall Plan' Speech." ''Presidential Studies Quarterly'' 1991 21(3): 489-502. Issn: 0360-4918 | * Bryan, Ferald J. "George C. Marshall at Harvard: a Study of the Origins and Construction of the 'Marshall Plan' Speech." ''Presidential Studies Quarterly'' 1991 21(3): 489-502. Issn: 0360-4918 | ||
* Condit, Doris M. ''The Test of War, 1950-1953: History of the Office of the Secretary of Defense.'' (1988). 701 pp. | * Condit, Doris M. ''The Test of War, 1950-1953: History of the Office of the Secretary of Defense.'' (1988). 701 pp. | ||
| Line 62: | Line 70: | ||
===Primary Sources=== | ===Primary Sources=== | ||
| + | * [http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,850093,00.html ''Time'' magazine story, Oct 19, 1942] | ||
| + | * [http://www.time.com/time/covers/0,16641,19440103,00.html ''Time'' "General George Marshall, Man of the Year" Jan 3, 1944] | ||
| + | * [http://www.time.com/time/covers/0,16641,19460325,00.html ''Time'' "General George C. Marshall" Mar. 25, 1946 ] | ||
| + | * [http://www.time.com/time/covers/0,16641,19480105,00.html ''Time'' "George C. Marshall, Man of the Year" Jan. 5, 1948 ] | ||
* [http://76.7.58.34/gsdl274/cgi-bin/library?a=p&p=home&l=en&w=utf-8 primary sources at Marshall Library] | * [http://76.7.58.34/gsdl274/cgi-bin/library?a=p&p=home&l=en&w=utf-8 primary sources at Marshall Library] | ||
* Marshall, George C. ''The Papers of George Catlett Marshall,'' ed. Larry I. Bland et al.; [http://76.7.58.34/gsdl274/cgi-bin/library?e=p-00000-00---off-0themarsh--00-1--0-10-0---0---0prompt-10---4-------0-1l--11-en-50---20-about---01-3-1-00-0-0-11-1-0utfZz-8-00&a=d&cl=CL2 complete contents are online] | * Marshall, George C. ''The Papers of George Catlett Marshall,'' ed. Larry I. Bland et al.; [http://76.7.58.34/gsdl274/cgi-bin/library?e=p-00000-00---off-0themarsh--00-1--0-10-0---0---0prompt-10---4-------0-1l--11-en-50---20-about---01-3-1-00-0-0-11-1-0utfZz-8-00&a=d&cl=CL2 complete contents are online] | ||
**Volume 1: The Soldierly Spirit, December 1880 - June 1939 | **Volume 1: The Soldierly Spirit, December 1880 - June 1939 | ||
| − | **Volume 2: We Cannot Delay, July 1, 1939 | + | **Volume 2: We Cannot Delay, July 1, 1939 – December 6, 1941 |
| − | ** Volume 3: The Right Man for the Job, December 7, 1941 | + | ** Volume 3: The Right Man for the Job, December 7, 1941 – May 31, 1943 |
| − | ** Volume 4: Aggressive and Determined Leadership, June 1, 1943 | + | ** Volume 4: Aggressive and Determined Leadership, June 1, 1943 – December 31, 1944 |
| − | ** Volume 5: The Finest Soldier, January 1, | + | ** Volume 5: The Finest Soldier, January 1, 1945—January 7, 1947 |
* Marshall, George C. ''George C. Marshall: Interviews and Reminiscences for Forrest C. Pogue.'' ed. by Larry I. Bland, Joellen K. Bland, and Sharon Ritenour Stevens; (1991) 698 pp. [http://76.7.58.34/gsdl274/cgi-bin/library?site=localhost&a=p&p=about&c=intervie&l=en&w=utf-8 searchable online] | * Marshall, George C. ''George C. Marshall: Interviews and Reminiscences for Forrest C. Pogue.'' ed. by Larry I. Bland, Joellen K. Bland, and Sharon Ritenour Stevens; (1991) 698 pp. [http://76.7.58.34/gsdl274/cgi-bin/library?site=localhost&a=p&p=about&c=intervie&l=en&w=utf-8 searchable online] | ||
* Marshall, George Catlett. ''Memoirs of My Services in the World War, 1917-1918'' (1976) | * Marshall, George Catlett. ''Memoirs of My Services in the World War, 1917-1918'' (1976) | ||
| − | * Stimson, Henry L., and McGeorge Bundy.''On Active Services In Peace And War'' (1948, 2007) [ | + | * Stimson, Henry L., and McGeorge Bundy.''On Active Services In Peace And War'' (1948, 2007) [https://www.amazon.com/Active-Services-Peace-War/dp/1406741930/ref=sr_1_5?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1214271756&sr=1-5 excerpt and text search] |
====notes==== | ====notes==== | ||
| Line 78: | Line 90: | ||
{{DEFAULTSORT:Marshall, George C.}} | {{DEFAULTSORT:Marshall, George C.}} | ||
| − | [[Category:Nobel | + | {{Deep State}} |
| − | [[Category:Military | + | [[Category:Nobel Laureates in Peace]] |
| − | [[Category: | + | [[Category:Military History]] |
| + | [[Category:Diplomacy]] | ||
| + | [[Category:World War II]] | ||
[[Category:United States History]] | [[Category:United States History]] | ||
[[Category:Cold War]] | [[Category:Cold War]] | ||
Revision as of 17:41, September 3, 2019
George Catlett Marshall (1880–1959) was the Chief of Staff of the U.S. Army during World War II, and the chief military advisor to President Franklin D. Roosevelt. After the war, he served as Secretary of State to President Harry S. Truman and sponsored the Marshall Plan in 1947. He was also Secretary of Defense during part of the Korean War. He was known for his skills as a committee chairman and planner, and for his aloofness and sterling integrity.
Contents
World War II
As Chief of Staff (1939–45) he was America's top-ranking soldier during World War II. He built and directed the largest army in American history. On September 1, 1939, he was promoted to Chief of Staff with the rank of General, and he was named General of the Army on December 16, 1944.
Strategy against Japan
Marshall, who had charge of the Air Force, explained American strategy three weeks before Pearl Harbor:[1]
- "We are preparing for an offensive war against Japan, whereas the Japs believe we are preparing only to defend the Philippines. ...We have 35 Flying Fortresses already there—the largest concentration anywhere in the world. Twenty more will be added next month, and 60 more in January....If war with the Japanese does come, we'll fight mercilessly. Flying fortresses will be dispatched immediately to set the paper cities of Japan on fire. There wont be any hesitation about bombing civilians—it will be all-out."
When the war began, the Philippine airbases were quickly lost. American strategy then focused on getting forward airbases close enough to Japan to use the very-long-range B-29 bomber, then in development. At first the B-29's were stationed in China and made raids in 1944; the logistics made China an impossible base. Finally, in summer 1944, the U.S. won the Battle of the Philippine Sea and captured islands that were in range.
China
China
In 1945-47 Marshall was sent to China to see what should be done to avert a civil war, with the long-term goal of establishing a stable, democratic China that was friendly to the U.S. The mission failed because Mao Zedong believed America represented the capitalist enemy of Communism.[2] However, Marshall almost single-handedly kept the United States from actively intervening in in support of the wartime all, the Nationalist government under Chiang Kai-shek. Marshall's conclusion that the United States should stay out of the war went against the thinking of many American political and military leaders, the news media, and State Department officials. But Marshall had concluded that it would be unwise for the U.S. to assume any responsibility for the dismal combat performance of Chiang's troops. The Communists under Mao Zedong came to power in 1949, and China became a bitter enemy, going to war with the U.S. in Korea in 1950. The failure of Marshall's mission made him the target of intense Republican attacks, led by Senator Joe McCarthy. Republican newspapers attacked Marshall when he referred to the Chinese Communists as, "These fellows are just old-fashioned agrarian reformers."[3]
Marshall Plan
see Marshall Plan Am experienced diplomat, he served as Secretary of State from 1947 to 1949, formulating the Marshall Plan, an unprecedented program of economic and military aid to in war-ravaged Western Europe. This program became known as the "Marshall Plan" and led to the coalition of free nations under the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) to help revitalize Europe. Marshall received the Nobel Peace Prize in 1953 for this work.[4]
Korean war
Marshall later served as Secretary of Defense under President Harry S Truman from September 1950 to September 1951.
Other Achievements
He graduated from the Virginia Military Institute in 1901. He was a member of the Freemasonry and American Red Cross President, 1949-50.
Personal
Colleagues described Marshall as a humble man, who worked hard and remained dedicated to his nation. His modesty led him to decline to write memoirs.
Honors
President Dwight Eisenhower designated the new NASA facilities in Huntsville as the George C. Marshall Space Flight Center.
- Time Man of the Year 1943
- Time Man of the Year 1947
- Distinguished Service Medal with oak leaf cluster
- Silver Star
- Croix de Guerre
- French Legion of Honor
- Nobel Peace Prize Dec 1953
External links
- George C. Marshall NNDB.
- George C. Marshall
- THE MARSHALL PLAN (1947) U. S. Department of State.
Bibliography
- Bland, Larry; Jeans, Roger B.; and Wilkinson, Mark, eds. George C. Marshall's Mediation Mission to China, December 1945-January 1947. (1998). 661 pp. 24 essays by scholars
- Bland, Larry I., and James B. Barber. George C. Marshall: Soldier of Peace (1997) online edition
- Bryan, Ferald J. "George C. Marshall at Harvard: a Study of the Origins and Construction of the 'Marshall Plan' Speech." Presidential Studies Quarterly 1991 21(3): 489-502. Issn: 0360-4918
- Condit, Doris M. The Test of War, 1950-1953: History of the Office of the Secretary of Defense. (1988). 701 pp.
- Cray, Ed. General of the Army: George C. Marshall, Soldier and Statesman. (1990). 847 pp.
- Gullan, Harold I. "Expectations of Infamy: Roosevelt and Marshall Prepare for War, 1938-41." Presidential Studies Quarterly Volume: 28#3 1998. pp 510+ online edition
- Levine, Steven I. "A New Look at American Mediation in the Chinese Civil War: the Marshall Mission and Manchuria." Diplomatic History 1979 3(4): 349-375. Issn: 0145-2096
- Matloff, Maurice, and Edwin M. Snell, ‘’Strategic Planning for Coalition Warfare 1941-1942'’ (1952) online edition grand strategy
- Matloff, Maurice. ‘’Strategic Planning for Coalition Warfare, 1943-1944'’ (1958) online edition, grand strategy
- May, Ernest R. "1947-48: When Marshall Kept the U.S. out of War in China." Journal of Military History 2002 66(4): 1001-1010. Issn: 0899-3718 in Jstor
- Mosley, Leonard. Marshall: Hero for Our Times. (1982). 570 pp.
- Parrish, Thomas. Roosevelt and Marshall: Partners in Politics and War. (1989). 608 pp.
- Pogue, Forrest. George C. Marshall (1963–87) Four-volume authorized biography: complete text is online
- Steele, Richard W. The First Offensive, 1942: Roosevelt, Marshall, and the Making of American Strategy. 1973. 239 pp.
- Stoler, Mark C. George C. Marshall: Soldier-Statesman of the American Century. (1989) 252pp
Primary Sources
- Time magazine story, Oct 19, 1942
- Time "General George Marshall, Man of the Year" Jan 3, 1944
- Time "General George C. Marshall" Mar. 25, 1946
- Time "George C. Marshall, Man of the Year" Jan. 5, 1948
- primary sources at Marshall Library
- Marshall, George C. The Papers of George Catlett Marshall, ed. Larry I. Bland et al.; complete contents are online
- Volume 1: The Soldierly Spirit, December 1880 - June 1939
- Volume 2: We Cannot Delay, July 1, 1939 – December 6, 1941
- Volume 3: The Right Man for the Job, December 7, 1941 – May 31, 1943
- Volume 4: Aggressive and Determined Leadership, June 1, 1943 – December 31, 1944
- Volume 5: The Finest Soldier, January 1, 1945—January 7, 1947
- Marshall, George C. George C. Marshall: Interviews and Reminiscences for Forrest C. Pogue. ed. by Larry I. Bland, Joellen K. Bland, and Sharon Ritenour Stevens; (1991) 698 pp. searchable online
- Marshall, George Catlett. Memoirs of My Services in the World War, 1917-1918 (1976)
- Stimson, Henry L., and McGeorge Bundy.On Active Services In Peace And War (1948, 2007) excerpt and text search
notes
- ↑ Robert L. Sherrod "Memorandum for David W. Hulburd, Jr." November 15, 1941. The Papers of George Catlett Marshall, ed. Larry I. Bland et al. vol. 2, We Cannot Delay, July 1, 1939-December 6, 1941 (1986), #2-602 pp. 676-681. online version. Marshall made the statement to a secret press conference.
- ↑ He Di, "Mao Zedong and the Marshall Mission," in Larry I. Bland, et al. eds. George C. Marshall's Mediation Mission to China, December 1945-January 1947. (1998).
- ↑ John T. Flynn, While You Slept : Our Tragedy in Asia and Who Made It, 1951, pg. 22
- ↑ The Nobel Peace Prize 1953
