Difference between revisions of "Cold War"

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The '''Cold War''' was political, economic and psychological conflict, together with regional hot wars, between the [[United States]],[[NATO]] and other allies, and the [[USSR]], [[China]] and their allies between 1947 and 1989. because we let in too many Illigal imigrants and disobeyed traditional family values
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{{War
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| image      =Cold war europe military alliances map.png
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| conflict   = Divided Europe between West(blue) and East (red)
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| date        = 1946-1991
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| location    = Worldwide (especially in Europe and Asia)
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| combatant1  = [[United States]] and its alliances ([[NATO]])
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| combatant2  = [[Soviet Union]] and its client states ([[Warsaw Pact]])
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| commander1  =
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| commander2  = <nowiki/>
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*[[Joseph Stalin]] (1946 - 1953)
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*[[Nikita Kruschev]] (1953 - 1964)
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*[[Leonid Brezhnev]] (1964 - 1982)
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*[[Yuri Andropov]] (1982 - 1984)
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*[[Konstantin Chernenko]] (1984 - 1985)
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*[[Mikhail Gorbachev]] (1985 - 1991)
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| strength1  =
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| strength2  =
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| casualties1 = Capitalism (as seen by communists)
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| casualties2 = Soviet imperialism, Berlin Wall
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}}
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A '''Cold War''' differs from a "hot war" or "shooting war".
  
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Although there was no direct fighting between the superpowers, each country was involved in a number of [[proxy conflict]]s, most notably in [[Vietnam]], [[Korea]] and [[Afghanistan]]. The most tense moment between the two main powers came in 1962 during the [[Cuban Missile Crisis]], which ended without escalation into warfare.
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The '''1947 - 1989 Cold War''', or '''Cold War I''' was a period of suspicion and distrust between the [[United States]] and its alliances and the [[Soviet Union]] and its more-or-less puppet allies after [[World War II]].<ref>[http://cnsnews.com/commentary/article/59591 CNSNews.com - U.S. Honors Stalin on Hallowed Ground – Will Saddam Hussein Be Next? ]</ref> The [[Second World War]] ended in 1945 without a formal peace treaty and continued for many years without direct confrontation or a "shooting war" between the formerly allied victorious Soviet and Angelo-American powers.  
  
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The Cold War was marked by a nuclear [[arms race]] between the two super-powers, and the unchecked [[proliferation]] of [[nuclear weapons]] was a cause for concern in many quarters. The Cold War also was marked by high levels of [[espionage]].
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In [[ideological]] terms, Cold War I persisted after 1945 due to the natural enmity between [[Communism]] and other forms of government that were said to respect [[the West]]'s understanding of [[democracy]] and [[human rights]]. Film critic Catherine de la Roche, "noted in 1955 that [[Hollywood]] and others believed that the Cold War was 'fundamentally a conflict between [[Christianity]] and [[atheism]] and that religion is therefore a strong weapon against Communism.'"<ref>[http://www.history.ac.uk/reviews/review/362 Review of the book ''Religion and the Cold War'' by Dr Merrilyn Thomas University College London]</ref>
  
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The root of the Cold War lies in [[Soviet]] [[expansionism]] and [[subversion]] of so-called "[[bourgeois regime]]s".
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The Cold War was marked by a [[nuclear arms race]] between the two super-powers, and the unchecked [[proliferation]] of [[nuclear weapons]] was a cause for concern in many quarters. The Cold War also was marked by high levels of [[espionage]].
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[[File:Berlin Wall 1979 02.jpg|thumb|200px|[[Berlin Wall]] with behind the Brandenburger Tor.]]
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Although there was no direct fighting between the superpowers, each country was involved in medium-scale [[proxy war]]s, most notably in [[Korea]], [[Vietnam]] and [[Afghanistan]]. The tensest moment between the two main powers came in October 1962 during the [[Cuban Missile Crisis]], which ended without [[escalation]] into warfare.
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[[File:John F. Kennedy, Nikita Khruchchev 1961.jpg|thumb|200px|Kruchchev with [[John F. Kennedy]] in 1961. Kennedy was murdered by the undemocratic [[deep state]] in his own government for trying to make [[peace]] with the [[Soviet Union]] and end Cold War I.]]
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The Cold War lead to the development of the First-World (United States and its allies) Second-World (Soviet Union and its allies) and Third-World (countries not allied with either superpower and with no nuclear programs) system of classifying countries.  "Third-World" is the only term in this system still commonly used today, and it typically denotes an unindustrialized or still industrializing country.
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It was a political, economic and psychological conflict, together with regional hot wars, between the [[United States]], [[NATO]] and other allies, and the [[USSR]], [[China]] and their allies between 1947 and 1989.  After 1960, China split with the Soviet Union and began articulating its own [[foreign policy]] as part of its Cold War with the U.S and its attempt to overtake the USSR as leader of the communist movement.<ref>[https://www.cia.gov/library/center-for-the-study-of-intelligence/csi-publications/csi-studies/studies/winter98_99/art05.html]</ref>  In 1972, the [[Match of the Century|world chess]] and [[Olympics|Olympic]] basketball championships were also flashpoints in the Cold War, with high-drama finales between the [[U.S.]] and [[USSR]].
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The tension during the Cold War fluctuated, with the super powers going through periods of heightened conflict and also periods of improved relations.  It ended on November 11, 1989, with the fall of the Berlin Wall and the collapse of the Soviet overseas empire. History closed the books on the Soviet Union itself on December 25, 1991. It was replaced by 15 smaller countries, especially [[Russia]], which all rejected Communism after the Cold War.
  
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The tension during the war fluctuated, with the super powers going through periods of heightened conflict and also periods of improved relations.  It ended on November 11, 1989, with the fall of the Berlin Wall and the collapse of the Soviet overseas empire. History closed the books on the Soviet Union itself on December 25, 1991. It was replaced by 15 smaller countries, especially [[Russia]], which all rejected Communism and the Cold War.
 
 
==Causes==
 
==Causes==
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Following the Russian Revolution in the closing days of [[World War I]], President [[Woodrow Wilson]] refused to recognized the communist government of Russia and contributed troops in support of the White Russians.  Not until 1933 did the US recognize the Soviet government, and relations did not truly warm until Hitler's invasion of Russia.
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The success of the wartime alliance with Britain, China and the Soviet Union led Americans to reject the isolationism of the interwar years.  Victory in 1945 and the demobilization of the world's armies and navies brought a general sense of [[confidence]] that the wartime alliance would continue and form the leadership of the new [[United Nations]], Hopefully the UN would provide the basis for international law and the solution of all serious problems, but it never lived up to expectations.  Instead, by 1947 the wartime alliance collapsed;  The basic reason being an incompatibility in the two systems that each sought to remold the world too, either in American terms of democracy, liberal government, and capitalism, or else the Soviet goals of the dictatorship of the Communist party as the mechanism to destroy capitalism.  In immediate terms, the issue was the independence of Poland, Czechoslovakia and other central and eastern European countries that had been taken over first by the Nazis, and after 1945 by the Soviet army.  
  
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While the US and the UK cooperated with Russia throughout [[World War II]], tensions began to deteriorate soon after the end of the conflict, notably over the division of Germany and the occupation status of Europe. In 1946, George Kennan, a [[Department of State]] [[diplomat]] stationed in [[Moscow]], wrote the ''Long Telegram'', in which argued for the necessity of [[Containment|containing]] the Soviet Union.  His cable resonated with President Harry Truman's
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[[Harry S. Truman]] had no knowledge or interest in foreign policy before becoming president in April 1945, and depended on the State Department for foreign policy advice. In 1946, George Kennan, an American diplomat wrote the ''Long Telegram'', in which argued for the necessity of [[Containment|containing]] the Soviet Union.  His cable resonated with President [[Harry Truman]]'s administration and Truman shifted from FDR's détente to [[containment]] as soon as [[Dean Acheson]] convinced him the Soviet Union was a long-term threat to American interests. They viewed Communism as a secular, millennial religion that informed the Kremlin's worldview and actions and made it the chief threat to American security, liberty, and world peace. They rejected the moral equivalence of democratic and Communist governments and concluded that until the regime in Moscow changed only American and Allied strength could curb the Soviets.  
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administration, and the 1947 invasion of North Korea seemed to confirm Kennan's views{{fact}}.
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==Conflicts==
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Following Acheson's advice, Truman in 1947 announced the [[Truman Doctrine]] of containing Communist expansion by furnishing military and economic American aid to Europe and Asia, and particularly to Greece and Turkey. He followed up with the [[Marshall Plan]], which was enacted into law as the European Recovery Program (ERP) and pumped $12.4 into the European economy, forcing the breakdown of old barriers and encouraging modernization along American lines. The State Department later promoted the Point Four program of "foreign aid" (grants with no repayment) to underdeveloped or "[[Third World]]" countries. In general. the money went to corrupt local officials and little modernization took place. The main success stories came in [[Taiwan]] and [[South Korea]].
  
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===Early Fronts===
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====Containment====
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In 1947 Truman, a Democrat, convinced the Republican-controlled Congress to support the [[Truman Doctrine]] by sending massive aid to the small country of Greece, threatened by a Communist takeover.  The rest of Europe was still in economic ruin, which Washington feared would help the spread of Communism, so the [[Marshall Plan]] was proposed to help restore the European economies.  When Stalin engineered a Communist takeover of democratic Czechoslovakia in early 1948 and forbade his satellites to accept the [[Marshall Plan]] money, Americans realized that Winston Churchill's warnings about an “iron curtain” had come true. 
  
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November 18, 1945, General Secretary of the [[Communist Party USA]] [[William Z. Foster]] told delegates to the National Convention that "on the international scale the key task is to stop American intervention in China." On December 4, 1945, the Communists staged a "Get Out of China Rally," while communist dominated [[labor union]]s put on work stoppages with the same slogan. Conditions inviting the North Korean attack were created by the [[United Nations]] which issued a resolution for withdrawal of both Soviet and American troops. Troops began withdrawing September 15, 1948, leaving only about 7500 Americans lightly armed. This left in South Korea 16,000 Koreans and 7500 Americans, both groups lightly armed, against 150,000 fully armed North Korean Communists. General Roberts, head of the U. S. Military Mission said the South Koreans were not permitted to arm adequately.  
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The strategy of isolationism had failed by 1941; the strategy of détente(or friendship) with Communism had failed by 1948. Some argued for a strategy of direct confrontation or "[[Rollback]]"—but this was considered too dangerous, especially when the Soviets tested their first [[nuclear weapon]] in 1950.
  
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August 31, 1946, Harold J. Noble wrote an article in the ''Saturday Evening Post'' entitled, "Our Most Dangerous Boundary." The author pointed out that the Soviet Union had garrisoned [[North Korea]] with a larger force than the Americans possessed in [[Japan]] and [[Manchuria]]. The Communists were disposed to invade at a moment's notice. Where the U.S. had a squad near the border commanded by a corporal, the Soviet Union had a battalion, commanded by an officer, equipped with motor transport, ninety per cent of which came from America. The Soviet Union had established a police state in North Korea and suppressed every political organization except the Communist Party.  
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Washington decided on a strategy of containment, as embodied in the [[North Atlantic Treaty Organization]] ('''NATO''') military alliance set up in 1949. The [[NSC-68]] was a secret 1950 plan adopted at the highest levels of the American government to set the overall strategy, and a further step was taken in 1951 with the establishment of the Mutual Security Agency to coordinate U.S. economic, technical and military aid abroad.  
  
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In 1947, General Albert Wedemeyer made his report on China and Korea. The Korean part was suppressed. Wedemeyer said:
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The basic goal of containment was to prevent further Communist expansion, hoping that the internal weaknesses of the Soviet system would soon lead to its collapse. The problem with containment was that it meant fighting wars against Communist expansion, especially in Korea in 1950–53, and in Vietnam 1963–73;  and had the basic flaw that the enemy could choose the time and place of movement, while America and its allies had to defend everywhere at all times. In 1949 [[Mao Zedong]] and his Communists won the civil war in China which would make the objective of containment even more unobtainable(as seen in the Chinese intervention in Korea).
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:"American and Soviet forces . . . are approximately equal, less than 50,000 troops each, [but] the Soviet-equipped and trained North Korean People's (Communist) Army of approximately 125,000 is vastly superior to the United States-organized constabulary of 16,000 Koreans equipped with Japanese small arms. The North Korean People's Army constitutes a potential military threat to [[South Korea]], since there is strong possibility that the Soviets will withdraw their occupation forces and thus induce our own withdrawal."<ref>Hearings before the Senate Committee on Armed Services and Committee on Foreign Relations, June 6, 1951.</ref>
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Wedemeyer warned that this would take place as soon as "they can be sure that the North Korean [[puppet government]] and its armed forces . . . are strong enough . . . to be relied upon to carry out Soviet objectives without the actual presence of Soviet troops." General Lyman L. Lemnitzer said that before June 1950, when the attack occurred, no aid had been sent but a few hundred dollars worth of bailing wire.<ref>Hearings before the Senate Committee on Armed Services and Committee on Foreign Relations, June 6, 1951.</ref>
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===Korean War: 1950-1953===
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The [[Korean War]] began at the end of June 1950 when North Korea, a Communist country, invaded South Korea, which was not under explicit American protection. Without consulting Congress Truman ordered General [[Douglas MacArthur]] to use all American forces to resist the invasion. Truman then received approval from the United Nations, which the Soviets were boycotting. UN forces managed to cling to a toehold in Korea, as the North Koreans outran their supply system. A counterattack at Inchon destroyed the invasion army, and the UN forces captured most of North Korea on their way to the Yalu River, Korea's northern border with China. Truman defined the war goal as [[rollback]] of Communism and reunification of the country under UN auspices.  
  
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[[Owen Lattimore]] in the [[leftist]] ''New York Compass'' said that the U.S. should give Korea a "parting grant" of $150,000,000 and "let [[South Korea]] fall but not to let it look as though we pushed it."<ref> New York Compass, Jan. 17, 1949.</ref>
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In late 1950 China intervened unexpectedly, driving the UN forces all the way back to South Korea. The fighting stabilized close to the original 38th parallel that had divided North and South. MacArthur wanted to continue the rollback strategy but Truman had decided on a new policy of containment, allowing North Korea to persist. Truman's dismissal of MacArthur in April 1951 sparked a vehement debate on American Far Eastern policy, as Truman was blamed for a high-cost stalemate with 37,000 Americans killed and over 100,000 wounded.
  
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[[Chiang Kai-shek]] was caught between two wars—a war on China by Japan and a war on China by the Soviet Union. American leaders refused to see this and insisted on acting in the illusion that China was fighting the Japanese only and that Soviet Union was an ally. Then came the startling realization that the United States, too, like China, were engaged in two wars in Asia, one against a common enemy, Japan; the other against a common enemy, the Soviet Union. The United States, with its ally China, fought the Japanese. But all the time the Soviet Union, with its satellite Comintern army in China, was fighting both China and the United States. The [[iron curtain]] that, with the [[Yalta agreement]], was rung down over American allies in Europe—[[Poland]] and [[Czechoslovakia]] and other little countries—now fell on China.
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==Conflicts==
  
 
===Major Cold War Fronts===
 
===Major Cold War Fronts===
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====In the Americas====
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====Strategic====
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* [[Cuban Revolution]] / [[Cuban Missile Crisis]]
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* [[Central Intelligence Agency]], chief US spy agency
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* [[Nicaraguan Revolution]], [[Contras]]
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* [[Containment]], stopping the expansion of Communism
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* [[Salvadorian Civil War]]
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* [[Détente]], trade and friendly relations with Soviets
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* [[Rollback]], destruction of Communism
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* [[NSC-68]], key planning document for Cold War 1950
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* [[Space Race]], [[Sputnik]] 1957
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* [[INF Treaty]]
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* [[Nonalignment]]
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* [[Strategic Defense Initiative]]
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====In Europe====
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[[File:Kirkpatrick Stetsko Yushchenka2.jpg|right|300px|thumb|(left) Amb. [[Jeane Kirkpatrick]], (right) [[Yaroslav Stetsko]], (center back) [[Viktor Yushchenko|Katherine Yushchenka]].]]
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* [[Truman Doctrine]], 1947
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* [[History of Poland]]
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* [[Berlin Airlift]], 1948–49
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* [[Marshall Plan]], 1948–51
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* [[NATO]], 1949–present
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* [[Josip Broz Tito]]
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* [[Berlin Wall]] 1961-89
  
 
====In Asia====
 
====In Asia====
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* [[Korean War]] (1950-53)
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* [[Korean War]] (1950–53)
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* [[Vietnam War]] (1965-75)
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* [[Vietnam War]] (1965–75)
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* [[Afghanistan War]], (1978-92)
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* [[Domino theory]]
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* [[Soviet-Afghan War]], (1979-1989)
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* [[CENTO]]
  
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==== In Africa====
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====Third World====
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* [[Peace Corps]], 1961–present
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* [[Cuban Revolution]]
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* [[Cuban Missile Crisis]]
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* [[Nicaraguan Revolution]], [[Contras]]
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* [[Salvadorian Civil War]]
 
* [[Angolan Civil War]]
 
* [[Angolan Civil War]]
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* [[Left Wing Terrorism in Chile]]
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====In Europe====
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* [[Dirty War (Argentina, 1976-83)]]
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* [[Berlin Wall]]
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===The Shootdown of Korean Airlines Flight 007===
 
===The Shootdown of Korean Airlines Flight 007===
  
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Considered by many as the second or third most critical single incident of the Cold War, after the [[Cuban Missile Crisis]] of 1962 and [[Able Archer 83]], the shooting down of [[Korean Airlines Flight 007]] on Sept. 1, 1983 would signal a change in the relations between the U.S. and the Soviet Union prompted by the subsequent deployment of Pershing and cruise missiles in West Germany just 6 minutes from launch to Moscow. This precipitated the era of confrontation of 1983 and 1984 between the two nations. The world would once again witness what it saw as the blatent barbarity of what President Reagan had termed the "Evil Empire". Though the world had accepted that KAL 007 had exploded and crashed with no survivors of the 269 passengers and crew, there has most recently surfaced evidence to the contrary [http://www.rescue007.org/]. Democratic congressman from Georgia [[Larry McDonald]], a passenger aboard KAL 007, was the only member of Congress to have been reported killed by the Soviet Union during the Cold War.
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Considered by many as the second or third most critical single incident of the Cold War, after the [[Cuban Missile Crisis]] of 1962 and [[Able Archer 83]], the shooting down of [[Korean Airlines Flight 007]], including 269 passengers and crew (among which was Georgia Congressman, [[Larry McDonald]]), on Sept. 1, 1983 signal an escalation in tension during the "Second Cold War."
  
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==Breakup of the Soviet Union and American Victory==
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==Breakup of the Soviet Union and Wars End==
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[[Image:300px-ReaganBerlinWall.jpg‎|right|275px|thumb|Reagan with his famous speech [[Ronald Reagan's "Tear Down This Wall" speech|"Mr. Gorbachev, tear down this wall!"]]]]
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The Western democracies, under the leadership of the United States under President [[Ronald Reagan]], won the Cold War with a policy that rejected détente and containment and instead relied on [[Rollback]].  An important element of this victory was Reagan's decision to commit to increased military spending, such as the  "[[Strategic Defense Initiative|Star Wars]]" program.  Reagan's decisions to intervene in Afghanistan while pursuing an arms race exacerbated structural weaknesses in the Soviet economy and pushed the USSR into an early decline.
  
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The Western democracies, under the leadership of the United States under President [[Ronald Reagan]] won the Cold War. An important element of this victory  was Reagan's decision to commit to increased military spending, such as the "[[Strategic Defense Initiative|Star Wars]]" program.  Reagan's decisions to intervene in Afghanistan while pursuing an arms race exacerbated structural weaknesses in the Soviet economy and pushed the USSR into an early decline.
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In 1985, [[Mikhail Gorbachev]] become General Secretary of the Communist Party.<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/march/11/newsid_2538000/2538327.stm Gorbachev Becomes Soviet Leader], ''BBC'', 11 March 1985.</ref> Recognizing the systemic problems faced by Soviet society, he attempted the twin reform programs of [[Glasnost]] (openness) and [[Perestroika]] (restructuring).  Combined with the disaster at Chernobyl and losses in the war in Afghanistan, the effects of Gorbachev's reforms quickly spun out of control.  Glasnost allowed media attention to focus on problems which had long been buried by the state's propaganda regime, causing widespread dissatisfaction among Soviet citizens.  In 1989, a wave of constituent republics began to seek autonomy from the Soviet Union.  Most attempts at succession (with the exception of Lithuania) were met with no Soviet resistance.
  
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In 1985, [[Mikhail Gorbachev]] become General Secretary of the Communist Party.<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/march/11/newsid_2538000/2538327.stm Gorbachev Becomes Soviet Leader], ''BBC'', 11 March, 1985.</ref>  Recognizing the systemic problems faced by Soviet society, he attempted the twin reform programs of [[Glasnost]] (openness) and [[Perestroika]] (restructuring).  Combined with the disaster at Chernobyl and losses in the war in Afghanistan, the effects of Gorbachev's reforms quickly spun out of control.  Glasnost allowed media attention to focus on problems which had long been buried by the state's propaganda regime, causing widespread dissatisfaction among Soviet citizens.  In 1989, a wave of constituent republics began to seek autonomy from the Soviet Union.  Most attempts at succession (with the exception of Lithuania) were met with no Soviet resistance.
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==Further reading==
  
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A failed coup attempting to halt the USSR's decline brought [[Boris Yeltsin]] to power.  Yeltsin oversaw further economic reforms, though he was heavily criticized for his reliance on "shock therapy", which caused severe economic disruption to ordinary Russians while allowing oligarchs to gain control of state industries.
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The Cold War is well documented by political scientists and historians—especially since 1991 when archives were opened in ex-Communist countries. Following are selected major scholarly books and articles in English, and some major memoirs.
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The '''[[Cold War]]''' is well documented by political scientists and historians. Following are selected major scholarly books and articles in English, and some major memoirs.  
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==Bibliography==
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For a much longer guide see [[Cold War Bibliography]]
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* Bacevich, Andrew J., ed. ''The Long War: A New History of U.S. National Security Policy Since World War II'' (2007) [http://www.amazon.com/gp/reader/0231131585/ref=sib_dp_bod_ex?ie=UTF8&p=S00D#reader-link excerpt and text search]
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* Bacevich, Andrew J., ed. ''The Long War: A New History of U.S. National Security Policy Since World War II'' (2007) [https://www.amazon.com/gp/reader/0231131585/ref=sib_dp_bod_ex?ie=UTF8&p=S00D#reader-link excerpt and text search]
 
* Ball, S. J. ''The Cold War: An International History, 1947&ndash;1991'' (1998), British perspective; short summary;  [http://www.questia.com/library/book/the-cold-war-an-international-history-1947-1991-by-s-j-ball.jsp online edition]
 
* Ball, S. J. ''The Cold War: An International History, 1947&ndash;1991'' (1998), British perspective; short summary;  [http://www.questia.com/library/book/the-cold-war-an-international-history-1947-1991-by-s-j-ball.jsp online edition]
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* Boyle Peter G. ''American-Soviet Relations: From the Russian Revolution to the Fall of Communism.'' 1993.  
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* Boyle Peter G. ''American-Soviet Relations: From the Russian Revolution to the Fall of Communism.'' (1993).  
 
* Brzezinski, Zbigniew. ''The Grand Failure: The Birth and Death of Communism in the Twentieth Century'' (1989)
 
* Brzezinski, Zbigniew. ''The Grand Failure: The Birth and Death of Communism in the Twentieth Century'' (1989)
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* Crockatt Richard. ''The Fifty Years War: The United States and the Soviet Union in World Politics, 1941-1991.'' 1995. [http://www.amazon.com/Fifty-Years-War-United-Politics/dp/0415135540/ref=sr_1_1/103-4827826-5463040?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1193967506&sr=8-1 excerpt and text search]
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* Crockatt Richard. ''The Fifty Years War: The United States and the Soviet Union in World Politics, 1941-1991.'' (1995), popular. [https://www.amazon.com/Fifty-Years-War-United-Politics/dp/0415135540/ref=sr_1_1/103-4827826-5463040?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1193967506&sr=8-1 excerpt and text search]
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* Friedman, Norman. ''The Fifty Year War: Conflict and Strategy in the Cold War''. (2000) [http://www.amazon.com/Fifty-Year-War-Conflict-Strategy-Cold/dp/1591142873/ref=sr_1_2/103-4827826-5463040?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1193967539&sr=8-2 excerpt and text search]
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* Friedman, Norman. ''The Fifty Year War: Conflict and Strategy in the Cold War''. (2000) [https://www.amazon.com/Fifty-Year-War-Conflict-Strategy-Cold/dp/1591142873/ref=sr_1_2/103-4827826-5463040?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1193967539&sr=8-2 excerpt and text search]
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* Gaddis, John Lewis, ''The Cold War. A New History'', 2005. [http://www.amazon.com/Cold-War-New-History/dp/B000GUJH8A/ref=pd_sxp_grid_i_0_0/103-4827826-5463040 excerpt and text search]
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* Gaddis, John Lewis, ''The Cold War. A New History'', 2005. [https://www.amazon.com/Cold-War-New-History/dp/B000GUJH8A/ref=pd_sxp_grid_i_0_0/103-4827826-5463040 excerpt and text search]
 
* Gaddis, John Lewis. ''Russia, the Soviet Union and the United States. An Interpretative History'' 2nd ed. (1990)
 
* Gaddis, John Lewis. ''Russia, the Soviet Union and the United States. An Interpretative History'' 2nd ed. (1990)
 
* Gaddis, John Lewis. ''Long Peace: Inquiries into the History of the Cold War'' (1987) [http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=100560159 online edition]
 
* Gaddis, John Lewis. ''Long Peace: Inquiries into the History of the Cold War'' (1987) [http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=100560159 online edition]
 
* Kegley Jr., Charles W. ed., ''The Long Postwar Peace.'' 1991
 
* Kegley Jr., Charles W. ed., ''The Long Postwar Peace.'' 1991
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* Kort, Michael. ''The Columbia Guide to the Cold War'' (1998) [http://www.amazon.com/Columbia-Guide-Cold-War/dp/0231107730/ref=sr_1_1/103-4827826-5463040?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1193967647&sr=8-1 excerpt and text search]
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* Kort, Michael. ''The Columbia Guide to the Cold War'' (1998) [https://www.amazon.com/Columbia-Guide-Cold-War/dp/0231107730/ref=sr_1_1/103-4827826-5463040?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1193967647&sr=8-1 excerpt and text search]
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* LaFeber, Walter. ''America, Russia, and the Cold War, 1945&ndash;1992'' 9th ed. (2002) [http://www.amazon.com/America-Russia-Cold-1945-2002-Updated/dp/0072849037/ref=pd_sxp_grid_i_2_1/103-4827826-5463040 excerpt and text search]
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* LaFeber, Walter. ''America, Russia, and the Cold War, 1945&ndash;1992'' 9th ed. (2002) [https://www.amazon.com/America-Russia-Cold-1945-2002-Updated/dp/0072849037/ref=pd_sxp_grid_i_2_1/103-4827826-5463040 excerpt and text search], liberal
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* Leffler, Melvyn P. ''For the Soul of Mankind: The United States, the Soviet Union, and the Cold War'' (2007) [http://www.amazon.com/Soul-Mankind-United-States-Soviet/dp/0809097176/ref=sr_1_1/103-4827826-5463040?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1191567573&sr=1-1 excerpt and text search]
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* Leffler, Melvyn P. ''For the Soul of Mankind: The United States, the Soviet Union, and the Cold War'' (2007) [https://www.amazon.com/Soul-Mankind-United-States-Soviet/dp/0809097176/ref=sr_1_1/103-4827826-5463040?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1191567573&sr=1-1 excerpt and text search], liberal
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* Lundestad, Geir. ''East, West, North, South: Major Developments in International Politics since 1945'' (1999). [http://www.amazon.com/East-West-North-South-International/dp/1412907489/ref=sr_1_1/103-4827826-5463040?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1193964045&sr=1-1 excerpt and text search]
+
* Lundestad, Geir. ''East, West, North, South: Major Developments in International Politics since 1945'' (1999). [https://www.amazon.com/East-West-North-South-International/dp/1412907489/ref=sr_1_1/103-4827826-5463040?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1193964045&sr=1-1 excerpt and text search]
−
*  Paterson, Thomas G. ''On Every Front: The Making and Unmaking of the Cold War.'' 1992. [http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=98945969&oplinknum=8 online edition]; [http://www.amazon.com/Every-Front-Making-Unmaking-Cold/dp/0393030601/ref=sr_1_1/103-4827826-5463040?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1193967604&sr=8-1 excerpt and text search]
+
* McCauley, Martin. ''Russia, America and the Cold War: 1949-1991'' (2nd ed. 2008); short textbook [https://www.amazon.com/Russia-America-Cold-War-1949-1991/dp/1405874309/ref=sr_1_24?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1252833741&sr=1-24 excerpt and text search]
 +
* Mann, James. ''The Rebellion of Ronald Reagan: A History of the End of the Cold War'' (2009) [https://www.amazon.com/Rebellion-Ronald-Reagan-History-Cold/dp/0670020540/ref=sr_1_8?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1252833311&sr=1-8 excerpt and text search]
 +
*  Paterson, Thomas G. ''On Every Front: The Making and Unmaking of the Cold War.'' 1992. [http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=98945969&oplinknum=8 online edition]; [https://www.amazon.com/Every-Front-Making-Unmaking-Cold/dp/0393030601/ref=sr_1_1/103-4827826-5463040?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1193967604&sr=8-1 excerpt and text search]; liberal
 +
* Pietrusza, David ''1948: Harry Truman's Improbable Victory and the Year that Changed America'', New York: Union Square Press, 2011.
 
* Powaski, Ronald E. ''The Cold War: The United States and the Soviet Union, 1917&ndash;1991'' (1998) [http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=78888203 online edition]
 
* Powaski, Ronald E. ''The Cold War: The United States and the Soviet Union, 1917&ndash;1991'' (1998) [http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=78888203 online edition]
−
* Sivachev, Nikolai  and Nikolai Yakolev, ''Russia and the United States'' (1979), by Soviet historians
+
* Westad, Odd Arne ''The Global Cold War: Third World Interventions and the Making of our Times'' (2006) [https://www.amazon.com/gp/reader/052170314X/ref=sib_dp_pt/103-4827826-5463040#reader-link excerpt and text search]
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* Westad, Odd Arne ''The Global Cold War: Third World Interventions and the Making of our Times'' (2006) [http://www.amazon.com/gp/reader/052170314X/ref=sib_dp_pt/103-4827826-5463040#reader-link excerpt and text search]
+
* Zubok, Vladislav M. ''A Failed Empire: The Soviet Union in the Cold War from Stalin to Gorbachev'' (2007) [https://www.amazon.com/Failed-Empire-Soviet-Gorbachev-History/dp/0807859583/ref=sr_1_3?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1252833311&sr=1-3 excerpt and text search]
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* Zubok, Vladislav M. ''A Failed Empire: The Soviet Union in the Cold War from Stalin to Gorbachev'' (2007)
+
−
* Zubok, Vladislav M. ''Inside the Kremlin’s Cold War'' (1996) [http://search.live.com/results.aspx?q=&scope=books#q=zubok&filter=all&start=1 20% excerpt and online search]
+
  
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==National perspectives==
+
==External links==
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===Soviet ===
+
*[http://home.att.net/~rw.rynerson/index2.htm Berlin 1969 - midpoint of the Cold War]
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* Edmonds, Robin. ''Soviet Foreign Policy: The Brezhnev Years'' (1983)
+
*[http://bertschlossberg.blogspot.com/2012/11/lawrence-patton-mcdonald-b_15.html A Forgotten Man: Congressman Larry McDonald]
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* Goncharov, Sergei, John Lewis and Litai Xue, ''Uncertain Partners: Stalin, Mao and the Korean War'' (1993) [http://www.amazon.com/Uncertain-Partners-Studies-Security-Control/dp/0804725217/ref=sr_1_1/103-4827826-5463040?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1193675770&sr=1-1 excerpt and text search]
+
*[http://bertschlossberg.blogspot.com/ Series on the downing of KAL007 in "Real Life and Death: the interplay of Bible, Israel, America"]
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* Gorlizki, Yoram, and  Oleg Khlevniuk. ''Cold Peace: Stalin and the Soviet Ruling Circle, 1945-1953'' (2004) [http://www.questia.com/read/105899376 online edition]
+
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* Mastny, Vojtech. ''Russia's Road to the Cold War: Diplomacy, Warfare, and the Politics of Communism, 1941&ndash;1945'' (1979)
+
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* Mastny, Vojtech. ''The Cold War and Soviet Insecurity: The Stalin Years'' (1998) [http://www.amazon.com/Cold-War-Soviet-Insecurity-Stalin/dp/0195126599/ref=sr_1_6/103-4827826-5463040?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1193676128&sr=8-6 excerpt and text search]; [http://www.questia.com/read/98422373 online complete edition]
+
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* Nation, R. Craig. ''Black Earth, Red Star: A History of Soviet Security Policy, 1917-1991'' (1992)
+
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* Sivachev, Nikolai  and Nikolai Yakolev, ''Russia and the United States'' (1979), by Soviet historians
+
−
* Taubman, William. ''Khrushchev: The Man and His Era'' (2004), Pulitzer Prize; [http://www.amazon.com/Khrushchev-Man-His-William-Taubman/dp/0393324842/ref=pd_bbs_2/103-4827826-5463040?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1191567469&sr=1-2 excerpt and text search]  
+
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* Ulam, Adam B. ''Expansion and Coexistence: Soviet Foreign Policy, 1917&ndash;1973'', 2nd ed. (1974)
+
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* Zubok, Vladislav M. ''Inside the Kremlin’s Cold War'' (1996) [http://search.live.com/results.aspx?q=&scope=books#q=zubok&filter=all&start=1 20% excerpt and online search]
+
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* Zubok, Vladislav M. ''A Failed Empire: The Soviet Union in the Cold War from Stalin to Gorbachev'' (2007)
+
  
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== See also==
  
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===American===
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<div style="column-count:2;-moz-column-count:2;-webkit-column-count:2">
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* Gaddis, John Lewis. ''Strategies of Containment: A Critical Appraisal of Postwar American National Security Policy'' (1982) [http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=98423566 online edition]; also [http://www.amazon.com/Strategies-Containment-Critical-Appraisal-American/dp/019517447X/ref=pd_sxp_grid_i_2_0/103-4827826-5463040 excerpt and text search]
+
−
* Hogan, Michael J. ''America in the World: The Historiography of US Foreign Relations since 1941'' (1996), scholarly articles reprinted from the journal ''Diplomatic History'' [http://www.amazon.com/America-World-Historiography-Foreign-Relations/dp/0521498074/ref=sr_1_10/103-4827826-5463040?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1193675770&sr=1-10 excerpt and text search]
+
−
*  Leffler, Melvyn P. ''For the Soul of Mankind: The United States, the Soviet Union, and the Cold War'' (2007)
+
−
* Lewis, Adrian R. ''The American Culture of War: The History of U.S. Military Force from World War II to Operation Iraqi Freedom'' (2006) [http://www.amazon.com/American-Culture-War-Military-Operation/dp/0415979757/ref=sr_1_6/103-4827826-5463040?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1193675770&sr=1-6 excerpt and text search]
+
−
* Paterson, Thomas G. ''Meeting the Communist Threat: Truman to Reagan'' (1988)
+
  
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===British ===
+
*[[Operation Unthinkable]]
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* Anderson Terry H. ''The United States, Great Britain, and the Cold War, 1944-1947.'' (1981)
+
* [[Nuclear target structures]]
−
* Bullock, Alan. ''Ernest Bevin: Foreign Secretary, 1945-1951.'' 1983, on British policy
+
* [[Joseph McCarthy]]
−
* Clarke, Bob. ''Four Minute Warning: Britain's Cold War '' (2005)
+
* [[Iron Curtain]]
−
* Deighton Anne. "The 'Frozen Front': The Labour Government, the Division of Germany and the Origins of the Cold War, 1945-1947," ''International Affairs'' 65, 1987: 449-465.
+
* [[Containment]]
−
* Young, John W. ''Winston Churchill's Last Campaign: Britain and the Cold War, 1951-5'' Clarendon Press, 1996 [http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=9663209 online edition]
+
* [[Rollback]]
 +
* [[The Soviet/ U.S naval confrontation]]: incidences during 1983 [[KAL 007]] search
 +
* [[The Soviet's Deception of the Location of KAL 007's Water Landing]]
 +
* [[List of military strategies and concepts]]
 +
* [[Bernard Baruch]]
  
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===China===
+
</div>
−
* Goncharov, Sergei, John Lewis and Litai Xue, ''Uncertain Partners: Stalin, Mao and the Korean War'' (1993) [http://www.amazon.com/Uncertain-Partners-Studies-Security-Control/dp/0804725217/ref=sr_1_1/103-4827826-5463040?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1193675770&sr=1-1 excerpt and text search]
+
−
* Jian, Chen. ''Mao's China and the Cold War'' (2001)
+
−
* Jian, Chen. ''China's Road to the Korean War: Making of the Sino-American Confrontation'' (2004)
+
−
* Roberts, Priscilla. ''Behind the Bamboo Curtain: China, Vietnam, and the Cold War'' (2006)
+
−
* Ross, Robert S. ''Negotiating Cooperation: The United States and China, 1969-1989,'' Stanford University Press, 1995 [http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=92018683 online edition]
+
−
* Zhai, Qiang. ''China and the Vietnam Wars, 1950-1975'' (2000) [http://www.amazon.com/China-Vietnam-Wars-1950-1975-History/dp/0807848425/ref=sr_1_34/103-4827826-5463040?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1193675671&sr=1-34 excerpt and text search]
+
  
−
===Europe===
+
== References ==
−
* Allen, Debra J. ''The Oder-Neisse Line: The United States, Poland, and Germany in the Cold War'' (2003) 309 pp. [http://www.amazon.com/Oder-Neisse-Line-Germany-Contributions-History/dp/0313323593/ref=sr_1_1/103-4827826-5463040?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1193967768&sr=8-1 excerpt and text search]
+
<references/>
−
* Borhi, László. ''Hungary in the Cold War, 1945-1956'' (2004) 352 pages
+
−
*Clemens, Clay. ''Reluctant Realists: The Christian Democrats and West German Ostpolitik,'' Duke University Press, 1989 [http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=23562235 online edition]
+
−
* Crace, Sylvia E. and John O. Crane. ''Czechoslovakia: Anvil of the Cold War,'' 1991
+
−
* Judt, Tony. ''Postwar: A History of Europe Since 1945'', (2005) [http://www.amazon.com/Postwar-History-Europe-Since-1945/dp/B000GUJHIA/ref=pd_sxp_grid_i_2_2/103-4827826-5463040 excerpt and text search]
+
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* Naimark, Norman,  and Leonid Gibianskii. ''Establishment of Communist Regimes in Eastern Europe, 1944-1949'' (1998) [http://www.amazon.com/Establishment-Communist-Regimes-Eastern-1944-1949/dp/0813335345/ref=sr_1_1/103-4827826-5463040?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1193967826&sr=8-1 excerpt and text search]
+
−
* Ninkovich, Frank. ''Germany and the United States: The Transformation of the German Question since 1945'' (1988)
+
−
* Sarrotte, M.E. ''Dealing with the Devil: East Germany, Detente & Ostpolitik, 1969-73'' The University of North Carolina Press, (2001) [http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=107437282 online edition]
+
−
* Turner, Henry Ashby. ''Germany from Partition to Reunification'' (1992) [http://www.amazon.com/Germany-Partition-Reunification-Revised-Germanies/dp/0300053479/ref=sr_1_1/103-4827826-5463040?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1193967898&sr=8-1 excerpt and text search]
+
−
 
+
−
==Origins: to 1950==
+
−
* Anderson Terry H. ''The United States, Great Britain, and the Cold War, 1944-1947.'' (1981)
+
−
* Beisner, Robert L. ''Dean Acheson: A Life in the Cold War'' (2007) [http://www.amazon.com/Dean-Acheson-Life-Cold-War/dp/0195045785/ref=pd_sxp_grid_i_0_0/103-4827826-5463040 excerpt and text search]
+
−
* Bullock, Alan. ''Ernest Bevin: Foreign Secretary, 1945-1951.'' 1983, on British policy
+
−
* Chen, Jian, ''China's Road to the Korean War: Making of the Sino-American Confrontation'' (2004)
+
−
* Clemens, Diane Shaver. ''Yalta.'' 1970.
+
−
* Cumings, Bruce ''The Origins of the Korean War'' (2 vols., 1981&ndash;90), friendly to North Korea and hostile to US
+
−
* Gaddis, John Lewis. ''The United States and the Origins of the Cold War, 1941&ndash;1947'' (1972) [http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=89825298 online edition] [http://hdl.handle.net.proxy.cc.uic.edu/2027/heb.00094 online at ACLS e-books]
+
−
* Goncharov, Sergei, John Lewis and Xue Litai , ''Uncertain Partners: Stalin, Mao and the Korean War'' (1993)
+
−
* Isaacson Walter, and Even Thomas. ''The Wise Men. Six Friends and the World They Made. Acheson, Bohlen, Harriman, Kennan, Lovett, McCloy.'' 1986.
+
−
* Leffler, Melvyn. ''A Preponderance of Power: National Security, the Truman Administration and the Cold War'' (1992). [http://hdl.handle.net.proxy.cc.uic.edu/2027/heb.00097 online at ACLS e-books]
+
−
* Levering, Ralph, Vladamir Pechatnov, Verena Botzenhart-Viehe, and C. Earl Edmondson. ''Debating the Origins of the Cold War'' (2001)
+
−
* Yonosuke Nagai and Akira Iriye, eds., ''The Origins of the Cold War in Asia.''  1977
+
−
* Trachtenberg, Marc. ''A Constructed Peace: The Making of the European Settlement, 1945&ndash;1963'' (1999)
+
−
* Whitcomb, Roger S. ''The Cold War in Retrospect: The Formative Years'' Praeger Publishers, 1998 [http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=26243570 online edition]
+
−
 
+
−
==1950s and 1960s==
+
−
* Beschloss, Michael. ''Kennedy v. Khrushchev: The Crisis Years, 1960&ndash;63'' (1991)
+
−
* Beschloss Michael. ''Mayday: Eisenhower, Kennedy and the U-2 Affair'' 1986.
+
−
* Brands, H. W. ''Cold Warriors. Eisenhower's Generation and American Foreign Policy'' (1988).
+
−
* Brands, H. W. ''The Wages of Globalism: Lyndon Johnson and the Limits of American Power '' (1997)
+
−
* Brzezinski, Zbigniew. ''Soviet Bloc: Unity and Conflict'', New York: Praeger (1961)
+
−
* Divine, Robert A. ''Eisenhower and the Cold War'' (1981)
+
−
* Divine, Robert A. ed., ''The Cuban Missile Crisis'' 2nd ed. (1988)
+
−
* Duiker William J. ''U.S. Containment Policy and the Conflict in Indochina.'' 1994.
+
−
* Freedman, Lawrence. ''Kennedy's Wars: Berlin, Cuba, Laos, and Vietnam (2000)
+
−
* Fursenko, Aleksandr and Timothy Naftali. ''One Hell of a Gamble: Khrushchev, Castro, and Kennedy, 1958&ndash;1964'' (1997)
+
−
* Jian, Chen. ''Mao's China and the Cold War'' (2001)
+
−
* Kunz, Diane B. ''The Diplomacy of the Crucial Decade: American Foreign Relations during the 1960s'' (1994)
+
−
* Navratil, Jaromir. ''The Prague Spring 68´'' (1998)
+
−
* Mastny, Vojtech. ''The Cold War and Soviet Insecurity: The Stalin Years'' (1998)
+
−
* Melanson,  Richard A. and David Mayers, eds., ''Reevaluating Eisenhower. American Foreign Policy in the 1950s'' (1986)
+
−
* Paterson, Thomas G. ed., ''Kennedy's Quest for Victory: American Foreign Policy, 1961&ndash;1963'' (1989).
+
−
* Reynolds, David, ed. ''The Origins of the Cold War in Europe: International Perspectives'' (1994)
+
−
* Williams, Kirrian. ''The Prague Spring and its Aftermath : Czechoslovak Politics, 1968&ndash;1970'' (1997)
+
−
===Korean War===
+
−
* Brune, Lester H. ed. ''The Korean War: Handbook of the Literature and Research'' (1996) [http://www.questia.com/read/14647120 online edition]
+
−
* Jian, Chen. ''China's Road to the Korean War: The Making of the Sino-American Confrontation'' (1994) [http://www.questia.com/read/100020811 online edition]
+
−
* Stueck, Jr. William W. ''The Korean War: An International History'' (1995)
+
−
* Stueck, Jr. William. ''Rethinking the Korean War: A New Diplomatic and Strategic History'' (2002) [http://www.questia.com/read/99794818 online edition]
+
−
* Tucker, Spencer, ed. ''Encyclopedia of the Korean War'' (2002)
+
−
 
+
−
==Vietnam==
+
−
* Anderson, David L. ''Columbia Guide to the Vietnam War'' (2004).
+
−
* Berman, Larry. ''Lyndon Johnson's War: The Road to Stalemate'' (1991). [http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=102078651 online edition]
+
−
* Freedman, Lawrence. ''Kennedy's Wars: Berlin, Cuba, Laos, and Vietnam (2000)
+
−
* Herring, George C''. America's Longest War: The United States and Vietnam, 1950–1975'' (4th ed 2001), most widely used short history.
+
−
* Kahin, George McTurnan. ''Intervention: how America became involved in Vietnam'' (1986) [http://hdl.handle.net.proxy.cc.uic.edu/2027/heb.02216  online at ACLS e-books]
+
−
* Karnow, Stanley. ''Vietnam: A History'' (1983), popular history by journalist; strong on Saigon's plans.
+
−
* Kutler, Stanley ed. ''Encyclopedia of the Vietnam War'' (1996). essays by experts
+
−
* Lewy, Guenter. ''America in Vietnam'' (1978), defends U.S. actions.
+
−
* McMahon, Robert J. ''Major Problems in the History of the Vietnam War: Documents and Essays'' (1995) textbook.
+
−
*  Schulzinger, Robert D. ''Time for War: The United States and Vietnam, 1941-1975.'' (1997) [http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=59258841&oplinknum=2 online edition]
+
−
* Tucker, Spencer. ed. ''Encyclopedia of the Vietnam War'' (1998) 3 vol. reference set; also one-volume abridgement (2001).
+
−
* Tucker, Spencer. ''Vietnam.'' (1999) 226pp. [http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=103499126# online edition]
+
−
* Vandiver, Frank E. ''Shadows of Vietnam: Lyndon Johnson's Wars'' (1997)
+
−
* ''The Pentagon Papers'' (Gravel ed. 5 vol 1971); combination of narrative and secret documents compiled by Pentagon. [http://www.mtholyoke.edu/acad/intrel/pentagon/pent1.html excerpts]
+
−
 
+
−
==Détente: 1969&ndash;1979==
+
−
* Ash, Timothy Garton. ''In Europe's Name: Germany and the Divided Continent'' (1993)
+
−
*Clemens, Clay. ''Reluctant Realists: The Christian Democrats and West German Ostpolitik,'' Duke University Press, 1989 [http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=23562235 online edition]
+
−
* Dallek, Robert. ''Nixon and Kissinger: Partners in Power'' (2007) [http://www.amazon.com/Nixon-Kissinger-Partners-Robert-Dallek/dp/0060722312/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1211577632&sr=8-1 excerpt and text search]
+
−
* Edmonds, Robin. ''Soviet Foreign Policy: The Brezhnev Years'' (1983)
+
−
* Garthoff, Raymond. ''Détente and Confrontation: American-Soviet Relations from Nixon to Reagan'' 2nd ed (1994), detailed narrative [http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=29069917 online edition]; also [http://www.amazon.com/Detente-Confrontation-American-Soviet-Relations-Reagan/dp/0815730411/ref=pd_bbs_sr_1?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1211578168&sr=1-1 excerpt and text search]
+
−
* Hanhimäki, Jussi. ''The Flawed Architect: Henry Kissinger and American Foreign Policy,'' (2004) [http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=108656972 online edition]
+
−
* Isaacson, Walter. ''Kissinger'' (1992); [http://www.amazon.com/Kissinger-Biography-Walter-Isaacson/dp/0743286979/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1211577598&sr=8-1 excerpt and text search]
+
−
* Litwak, Robert S. ''Détente and the Nixon Doctrine: American Foreign Policy and the Pursuit of Stability, 1969-1976'' (1986)
+
−
* Nelson, Keith L. ''The Making of Détente: Soviet-American Relations in the Shadow of Vietnam'' (1995)
+
−
* Ross, Robert S. ''Negotiating Cooperation: The United States and China, 1969-1989,'' Stanford University Press, 1995 [http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=92018683 online edition]
+
−
* Sarrotte, M.E. ''Dealing with the Devil: East Germany, Detente & Ostpolitik, 1969-73'' The University of North Carolina Press, (2001) [http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=107437282 online edition]
+
−
* Suri, Jeremi. ''Henry Kissinger and the American Century'' (2007)
+
−
* Suri, Jeremi. ''Power and Protest: Global Revolution and the Rise of Detente.'' (2003), focus on student revolts of 1968 [http://www.amazon.com/Power-Protest-Global-Revolution-Detente/dp/0674017633/ref=sr_1_2?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1211578729&sr=1-2 excerpt and text search]
+
−
* Ulam, Adam B. ''Dangerous Relations. The Soviet Union in World Politics, 1970&ndash;1982'' (1983)
+
−
===Primary sources and memoirs===
+
−
* Arbatov, Georgi. ''The System: An Insider's Life in Soviet Politics'' (1993)
+
−
* Kissinger, Henry. ''White House Years'' (1979); ''Years of Upheaval'' (1982); ''Years of Renewal'' (1999) [http://www.amazon.com/Years-Renewal-Henry-Kissinger/dp/075675383X/ref=sr_1_16?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1211577632&sr=8-16 excerpt and text search]
+
−
* Nixon, Richard. ''RN: The Memoirs of Richard Nixon'' (1981) [http://www.amazon.com/RN-Memoirs-Richard-Nixon/dp/0671707418/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1211577855&sr=8-1 excerpt and text search]
+
−
 
+
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==Second Cold War: 1979&ndash;1986==
+
−
[[Image:Decline1978.jpg|thumb|290px|The nation feared it was losing its world power, as this magazine cover shows, Nov. 1978]]
+
−
* Brzezinski, Zbigniew. ''Power and Principle: Memoirs of the National Security Adviser, 1977&ndash;1981'' (1983);
+
−
* Edmonds, Robin. ''Soviet Foreign Policy: The Brezhnev Years'' (1983)
+
−
* Mower, A. Glenn Jr. ''Human Rights and American Foreign Policy: The Carter and Reagan Experiences'' ( 1987),
+
−
* Smith, Gaddis. ''Morality, Reason and Power:American Diplomacy in the Carter Years'' (1986).
+
−
* Westad, O. A., ''The Fall of Detente: Soviet-American Relations During the Carter Years'' (1997)
+
−
 
+
−
==End of Cold War: 1986&ndash;1991==
+
−
* Beschloss, Michael, and Strobe Talbott. ''At the Highest Levels:The Inside Story of the End of the Cold War'' (1993)
+
−
* Bialer, Seweryn and Michael Mandelbaum, eds. ''Gorbachev's Russia and American Foreign Policy'' (1988).
+
−
* Gaddis, John Lewis. ''The United States and the End of the Cold War: Implications, Reconsiderations, Provocations'' (1992) [http://www.amazon.com/United-States-End-Cold-Reconsiderations/dp/0195085515/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1211930854&sr=8-1 excerpt and text search]
+
−
* Garthoff, Raymond. ''The Great Transition: American-Soviet Relations and the End of the Cold War'' (1994), detailed narrative [http://www.amazon.com/Great-Transition-American-Soviet-Relations-Cold/dp/0815730608/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1211930894&sr=8-1 excerpt and text search]
+
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* Hogan, Michael ed. ''The End of the Cold War. Its Meaning and Implications'' (1992) articles from ''Diplomatic History'' online at JSTOR; [http://www.amazon.com/End-Cold-War-Meaning-Implications/dp/052143128X/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1211930923&sr=8-1 excerpt and text search]
+
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* Kyvig, David ed. ''Reagan and the World'' (1990), essays by scholars; [http://www.amazon.com/Reagan-World-David-E-Kyvig/dp/0275935655/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1211930956&sr=8-1 excerpt and text search]
+
−
* Matlock, Jack F. ''Autopsy of an Empire'' (1995) by US ambassador to Moscow
+
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* Matlock, Jack F. "The End of the Cold War," ''Harvard International Review,'' Vol. 23, 2001 [http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=5000901782 online edition]
+
−
* Matlock, Jack F.  ''Reagan and Gorbachev: How the Cold War Ended'' (2004)  [http://www.amazon.com/Reagan-Gorbachev-How-Cold-Ended/dp/0679463232/ref=sr_1_3?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1211930989&sr=8-3 excerpt and text search]
+
−
* Shultz, George P. ''Turmoil and Triumph: My Years as Secretary of State'' (1993)
+
−
* Pons, S., Romero, F., ''Reinterpreting the End of the Cold War: Issues, Interpretations, Periodizations'', (2005)
+
−
* Wallander, Celeste A. "Western Policy and the Demise of the Soviet Union," ''Journal of Cold War Studies'' 5.4 (2003) 137-177 in [[Project Muse]]
+
−
* Zubok, Vladislav M. ''A Failed Empire: The Soviet Union in the Cold War from Stalin to Gorbachev'' (2007) [http://www.amazon.com/Failed-Empire-Soviet-Gorbachev-History/dp/0807830984/ref=sr_1_2?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1211930989&sr=8-2 excerpt and text search]
+
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+
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==Intelligence==
+
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* Aldrich, Richard J. ''The Hidden Hand: Britain, America and Cold War Secret Intelligence'' (2002).
+
−
* Ambrose, Stephen E. ''Ike's Spies: Eisenhower and the Intelligence Establishment'' (1981).
+
−
* Andrew, Christopher  and Vasili Mitrokhin. ''The Sword and the Shield: The Mitrokhin Archive and the Secret History of the KGB'' (1999)
+
−
** Mitrokhin. Andrew and Vasili Mitrokhin. ''The Mitrokhin Archive'' (1999). vol 1, on KGB
+
−
* Andrew, Christopher, and Oleg Gordievsky. ''KGB: The Inside Story of Its Foreign Operations from Lenin to Gorbachev'' (1990).
+
−
* Bogle, Lori, ed. ''Cold War Espionage and Spying'' (2001), essays
+
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* Dorril, Stephen. ''MI6: Inside the Covert World of Her Majesty's Secret Intelligence Service'' (2000).
+
−
* Garthoff, Raymond L. "Foreign Intelligence and the Historiography of the Cold War." ''Journal of Cold War Studies''  2004 6(2): 21-56. Issn: 1520-3972 Fulltext: Project Muse and Ebsco
+
−
* Gates, Robert M. ''From The Shadows: The Ultimate Insider's Story Of Five Presidents And How They Won The Cold War'' (1997)
+
−
* Haynes, John Earl, and Harvey Klehr. ''Venona: Decoding Soviet Espionage in America'' (1999).
+
−
* Helms, Richard. ''A Look over My Shoulder: A Life in the Central Intelligence Agency'' (2003)
+
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* Koehler, John O. ''Stasi: The Untold Story of the East German Secret Police'' (1999)
+
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* Murphy, David E., Sergei A. Kondrashev, and George Bailey. ''Battleground Berlin: CIA vs. KGB in the Cold War'' (1997).
+
−
* Prados, John. ''Presidents' Secret Wars: CIA and Pentagon Covert Operations Since World War II'' (1996) 
+
−
* Richelson, Jeffrey T.  ''Spying on the Bomb: American Nuclear Intelligence from Nazi Germany to Iran and North Korea.'' (2006). 702 pp. 
+
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* Rositzke, Harry. ''The CIA's Secret Operations: Espionage, Counterespionage, and Covert Action'' (1988)
+
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* Trahair, Richard C. S. ''Encyclopedia of Cold War Espionage, Spies and Secret Operations'' (2004), by an Australian scholar; contains historiographical introduction [http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=106805285 online edition]
+
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* Weinstein, Allen, and Alexander Vassiliev. ''The Haunted Wood: Soviet Espionage in America—The Stalin Era'' (1999).
+
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+
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==Economics and social Factors==
+
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* Engerman, David C. "The Romance of Economic Development and New Histories of the Cold War.: ''Diplomatic History'' 2004 28(1): 23-54. Issn: 0145-2096 Fulltext: Ebsco
+
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* Heiss, Mary Ann. "The Economic Cold War: America, Britain, and East-West Trade, 1948&ndash;63" ''The Historian'', Vol. 65, (2003)
+
−
* Hogan, Michael J. ''The Marshall Plan: America, Britain and the Reconstruction of Western Europe, 1947&ndash;1952'' (1989)
+
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* Keohane, Robert O. and Joseph S. Nye. ''Power and Interdependence'' (3rd Edition) (2000)
+
−
* Kunz, Diane B. ''Butter and Guns: America's Cold War Economic Diplomacy'' (1997)
+
−
* May, Ernest R. ''American Cold War Strategy: Interpreting NSC 68.'' (1993)
+
−
* Morgan, Patrick M. and Keith L. Nelson (eds); ''Re-Viewing the Cold War: Domestic Factors and Foreign Policy in the East-West Confrontation'' (1997)
+
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+
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==Arms Race, nuclear strategies, weapons systems==
+
−
* Arnold, Lorna, with Pyne, Katherine.  ''Britain and the H-Bomb.'' Palgrave, 2001. 273 pp. 
+
−
* Atkins, Stephen E.  ''Historical Encyclopedia of Atomic Energy.'' Greenwood, 2000. 491 pp. 
+
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* Ball, Desmond. ''Politics and Force Levels: The Strategic Missile Program of the Kennedy Administration'' (1980)
+
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* Baylis, John.  ''Ambiguity and Deterrence: British Nuclear Strategy, 1945-1964.'' Oxford U. Press, 1996. 495 pp. 
+
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* Betts, Richard K. ''Nuclear Blackmail and Nuclear Balance'' (Brookings Institution, 1987).
+
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* Bird, Kai, and Martin J. Sherwin ''American Prometheus: The Triumph and Tragedy of J. Robert Oppenheimer'' (2006) Pulitzer Prize
+
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* Bukharin, Oleg et al.  ''Russian Strategic Nuclear Forces.'' MIT Press, 2001. 693 pp.
+
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* Bundy, McGeorge. ''Danger and Survival: Choices About the Bomb in the First Fifty Years'' (1988).
+
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* Craig, Campbell. ''Destroying the Village: Eisenhower and Thermonuclear War.'' Columbia University Press. 1998. 216pp.
+
−
* Carlisle, Rodney P., ed.  ''Encyclopedia of the Atomic Age.'' Facts on File, 2001. 400 pp.  numerous inaccuracies
+
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* DeGroot, Gerard J. ''The Bomb: A Life'' (2006), focus on 1950s
+
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* Freedman, Lawrence. ''The Evolution of Nuclear Strategy'' (1983)
+
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* Gaddis, John Lewis, ed.  ''Cold War Statesmen Confront the Bomb: Nuclear Diplomacy Since 1945'' Oxford U. Press, 1999. 398 pp. 
+
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* Goldfischer, David.  ''The Best Defense: Policy Alternatives for U.S. Nuclear Security from the 1950s to the 1990s.'' Cornell U. Press, 1993. 283 pp. 
+
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* Goodchild, Peter.  ''Edward Teller: The Real Dr. Strangelove.'' Harvard U. Press, 2004. 469 pp
+
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* Heuser, Beatrice.  ''NATO, Britain, France and the FRG: Nuclear Strategies and Forces for Europe, 1949-2000.'' St. Martin's, 1997. 256 pp. 
+
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* Heuser, Beatrice. "The Development of Nato's Nuclear Strategy." ''Contemporary European History" 1995 4(1): 37-66. Issn: 0960-7773
+
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* Hewlett, Richard, and Jack Holl. ''Atoms for Peace and War'' 3 vol; official history of Atomic Energy Commission (which built all the American bombs) [http://hdl.handle.net.proxy.cc.uic.edu/2027/heb.00537 1953-61 volume online]
+
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* Holloway,  David . ''Stalin and the Bomb: The Soviet Union and Atomic Energy, 1959&ndash;1956'' (1994)
+
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* Jervis, Robert. ''The Meaning of the Nuclear Revolution: Statecraft and the Prospect of Armageddon'' (Cornell University Press, 1989).
+
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* Levine, Alan J.  ''The Missile and Space Race.'' Praeger, 1994. 247 pp. 
+
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* Lebow, Richard Ned and Stein, Janice Gross. "Deterrence and the Cold War." ''Political Science Quarterly'' 1995 110(2): 157-181. Issn: 0032-3195 Fulltext: Jstor and Ebsco
+
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* Mathers, Jennifer G.  ''The Russian Nuclear Shield from Stalin to Yeltsin.'' St. Martin's, 2000. 227 pp. 
+
−
* May, Ernest R. ''American Cold War Strategy: Interpreting NSC 68.'' (1993)
+
−
* Miller, Jerry.  ''Nuclear Weapons and Aircraft Carriers: How the Bomb Saved Naval Aviation.'' Smithsonian Inst. Press, 2001. 296 pp. 
+
−
* Peden, G. C. ''Arms, Economics, and British Strategy: From Dreadnoughts to Hydrogen Bombs'' (2007); 398 pp.
+
−
* Powaski, Ronald E.  ''Return to Armageddon: The United States and the Nuclear Arms Race, 1981-1999.'' Oxford U. Press, (2000). 294 pp. 
+
−
* Preble, Christopher A.  ''John F. Kennedy and the Missile Gap.'' Northern Illinois U. Press, 2004. 244 pp. 
+
−
* Rhodes, Richard. ''The Making of the Atomic Bomb,'' Pulitzer Prize
+
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* Snead, David L.  ''The Gaither Committee, Eisenhower, and the Cold War.'' Ohio State U. Press, 1999. 286 pp. 
+
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* Spinardi, Graham.  ''From Polaris to Trident: The Development of U.S. Fleet Ballistic Missile Technology.'' Cambridge U. Press, 1994. 253 pp.
+
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* Stumpf, David K.  ''Titan II: A History of a Cold War Missile Program.'' U. of Arkansas Press, 2000. 320 pp. 
+
−
* Terriff, Terry.  ''The Nixon Administration and the Making of U.S. Nuclear Strategy.'' Cornell U. Press, 1995. 252 pp. 
+
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* Williamson, Samuel R., Jr. and Reardon, Steven L.  ''The Origins of U.S. Nuclear Strategy, 1945-1953.'' St. Martin's, 1993. 224 pp.
+
−
 
+
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===Space Race===
+
−
* Cadbury, Deborah. ''Space Race: The Epic Battle between America and the Soviet Union for Dominion of Space'' (2006)
+
−
* Futrell, Robert Frank. ''Ideas, Concepts, Doctrine: Basic thinking in the United States Air Force: 1907-1960'' (1989)
+
−
* Logsdon, John M.. Robert William Smith, Roger D. Launius, ''Reconsidering Sputnik: Forty Years Since the Soviet Satellite'' (2000)
+
−
* McDougall, Walter A. ''The Heavens And the Earth: A Political History of the Space Age'' (ebooks 2001)
+
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* Reeves, Robert.  ''The Superpower Space Race: An Explosive Rivalry through the Solar System.'' 1994. 437 pp.
+
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+
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==Rhetoric, popular culture==
+
−
* Boyer, Paul S. ''By the Bomb's Early Light: American Thought and Culture at the Dawn of the Atomic Age'' (1994)
+
−
* Carpenter, Charles A.  ''Dramatists and the Bomb: American and British Playwrights Confront the Nuclear Age, 1945-1964.'' Greenwood, 1999. 183 pp. 
+
−
* Gery, John.  ''Nuclear Annihilation and Contemporary American Poetry: Ways of Nothingness.'' U. Press of Florida, 1996. 235 pp. 
+
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* Henriksen, Margot A.  ''Dr. Strangelove's America: Society and Culture in the Atomic Age.'' U. of California Press, 1997. 451 pp. 
+
−
* Kirby, Dianne ed. ''Religion and the Cold War'' (2003) 272 pp.
+
−
* Major, Patrick. "Future Perfect?: Communist Science Fiction in the Cold War." ''Cold War History'' 2003 4(1): 71-96. Issn: 1468-2745 Fulltext: in Ebsco
+
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* Marsh, Rosalind J. ''Soviet Fiction Since Stalin: science, politics and literature'' (1986)
+
−
* McConachie, Bruce. ''American Theatre and the Culture of the Cold War: Producing and Contesting Containment, 1947-1962.'' University of Iowa Press, 2003; 364pp
+
−
* Medhurst, Martin J. ''Cold War Rhetoric: Strategy, Metaphor, and Ideology'' Michigan State University Press, 1997 [http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=11078688 online edition]
+
−
* Miller, D. Quentin. ''John Updike and the Cold War: Drawing the Iron Curtain'' (2001) [http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=106110847 online edition]
+
−
* Mitter, Patrick Major Rana. ''Across the Blocs. Exploring Comparative Cold War Cultural and Social History'' (2004) 150pp; [http://search.live.com/results.aspx?q=&scope=books#q=''The%20Iron%20Curtain%22&filter=all&start=1&t=jNpLfQ3aF3p-fYWfbfSXHg&sq=''The%20Iron%20Curtain%22 10% excerpt and text search]
+
−
* Mulvihill, Jason. "James Bond's Cold War Part I" ''Journal of Instructional Media'', Vol. 28, (2001)
+
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* Parker, Stephen R., Rhys W. Williams, Colin Riordan. ''German Writers and the Cold War, 1945-61'' (1992) 250pp
+
−
* Resch, John P., et al. ''Americans at War: Society, Culture and the Homefront'' (2005), vol 4: 1946 to Present
+
−
* Schwartz, Richard Alan.  ''Cold War Culture: Media and the Arts, 1945&ndash;1990'' (2000)
+
−
* Seed, David. ''American Science Fiction and the Cold War''  (2002)
+
−
* Shapiro Jerome F. ''Atomic Bomb Cinema: The Apocalyptic Imagination on Film'' (2001)
+
−
* Stone, Albert E.  ''Literary Aftershocks: American Writers, Readers, and the Bomb.'' (1994). 
+
−
* Ventresca, Robert A. "The Virgin and the Bear: Religion, Society and the Cold War in Italy." ''Journal of Social History.''  Volume: 37#2 (2003) pp 439+. [http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=5002442955 online edition]
+
−
* Whitfield, Stephen J. ''The Culture of the Cold War'' (1996)
+
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* Winkler, Allan M.  ''Life under a Cloud: American Anxiety about the Atom.'' (1993). 290 pp.
+
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* Wittner, Lawrence S.  ''The Struggle against the Bomb.'' 3 vol (1993-2003). antiwar movements in US and Europe
+
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* Zeman, Scott C. "I Was a Cold War Monster: Horror Films, Eroticism and the Cold War Imagination," ''Journal of Popular Culture,''  August, 2004
+
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+
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==Primary sources: Documents and memoirs==
+
−
*  Acheson, Dean . ''Present at the Creation: My Years in the State Department'' (1992). [http://www.amazon.com/Present-Creation-Years-State-Department/dp/0393304124/ref=sr_1_1/103-4827826-5463040?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1193967222&sr=8-1 excerpt and text search]
+
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*  Baruch, Bernard . ''The Public Years'' (1960).
+
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* Brzezinski, Zbigniew. ''Power and Principle: Memoirs of the National Security Adviser, 1977&ndash;1981'' (1983);
+
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*  Charles Bohlen . ''Witness to History, 1929-1969.'' 1973
+
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*  Eden, Anthony . ''The Memoirs of Anthony Eden, Earl of Avon. Vol. 2: The Reckoning.'' London: 1965.
+
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*  Eisenhower, Dwight D.  [http://www.questia.com/read/16309287 ''The White House Years: Mandate for Change, 1953-1956.'' (1963) online edition]; ''The White House Years: Waging Peace, 1957-1961.'' (1965).
+
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*  Etzold, Thomas  and  John Lewis Gaddis, eds., ''Containment: Documents on American Policy and Strategy, 1945&ndash;1950'' (1978)
+
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*  Chang, Laurence  and  Peter Kornbluh, eds., ''The Cuban Missile Crisis, 1952'' (1985)
+
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*  Kennan George F.  ''Memoirs, 1925-1950.'' (1957) [ excerpt and text search]
+
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*  Djilas, Milovan . ''Conversations with Stalin.'' 1962, Yugoslav diplomat [http://www.amazon.com/Conversations-Stalin-Milovan-Djilas/dp/0156225913/ref=sr_1_1/103-4827826-5463040?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1193967368&sr=8-1 excerpt and text search]
+
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*  Hanhimaki, Jussi M. and Odd Arne Westad, eds. ''The Cold War: A History in Documents and Eyewitness Accounts'' (2004)
+
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*  Khrushchev, Nikita. ''Khrushchev Remembers'' ed.  Strobe Talbott  (1991); ''Khrushchev Remembers: The Last Testament'' ed. Strobe Talbott (1987); ''Khrushchev Remembers: The Glasnost Tapes'' ed.  Jerrold Schechter  (1989)
+
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* Khrushchev, Sergei. ''Khrushchev on Khrushchev: An Inside Account of the Man and His Era,'' (1990)
+
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* Kissinger, Henry, vol 1 ''White House Years'' (1979); vol 2 ''Years of Upheaval'' (1982); vol 3 ''Years of Renewal 1974&ndash;1976''  (1999) [http://www.amazon.com/Years-Renewal-Henry-Kissinger/dp/0684855720/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1211594084&sr=1-1 excerpt and text search vol 3]
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*  Nixon, Richard . ''RN: The Memoirs of Richard Nixon'' (1981) [http://www.amazon.com/RN-Memoirs-Richard-Nixon/dp/0671707418/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1211594114&sr=1-1 excerpt and text search]
+
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*  Shultz, George P.  ''Turmoil and Triumph: My Years as Secretary of State'' (1993)
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==Historiography==
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* Ferrell, Robert H.  ''Harry S. Truman and the Cold War Revisionists.'' (2006). 142 pp.  [http://www.amazon.com/Harry-Truman-Cold-War-Revisionists/dp/0826216536/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1211594174&sr=1-1 excerpt and text search]
+
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* Fitzpatrick, Sheila. "Russia's Twentieth Century in History and Historiography," ''The Australian Journal of Politics and History'', Vol. 46, 2000
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*Gaddis, John Lewis, ''We Now Know: Rethinking Cold War History'', (1998)  [http://www.amazon.com/We-Now-Know-Rethinking-Relations/dp/0198780710/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1211594208&sr=1-1 excerpt and text search]; also [http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=22791452 online edition] * Gaddis, John Lewis. "The Emerging Post-Revisionist Synthesis on the Origins of the Cold War," ''Diplomatic History,'' Summer 1983: 171-190.
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* Gaddis, John Lewis. ''Strategies of Containment: A Critical Appraisal of Postwar American National Security Policy.'' (1982). [http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=98423566 online edition]
+
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* Garthoff, Raymond L. "Foreign Intelligence and the Historiography of the Cold War." ''Journal of Cold War Studies''  2004 6(2): 21-56. Issn: 1520-3972 Fulltext: [[Project Muse]]
+
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* Kaplan, Lawrence S. ''American Historians and the Atlantic Alliance,'' (1991) [http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=14391678 online edition]
+
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* Kort, Michael. ''The Columbia Guide to the Cold War'' (1998)
+
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* Matlock, Jack E. "The End of the Cold War" ''Harvard International Review'', Vol. 23 (2001)
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* Olesen, Thorsten B. Ed. ''The Cold War and the Nordic Countries: Historiography at a Crossroads.'' Odense: U Southern Denmark Press, 2004. Pp. 194. [http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=5010023306 online review]
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* Suri, Jeremi. "Explaining the End of the Cold War: A New Historical Consensus?" ''Journal of Cold War Studies'' - Volume 4, Number 4, Fall 2002, pp. 60-92 in [[Project Muse]]
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* Trachtenberg, Marc. "The Marshall Plan as Tragedy." ''Journal of Cold War Studies'' 2005 7(1): 135-140. Issn: 1520-3972 Fulltext: in [[Project Muse]]
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* Walker,  J. Samuel. "Historians and Cold War Origins: The New Consensus", in Gerald K. Haines and J. Samuel Walker, eds., ''American Foreign Relations: A Historiographical Review'' (1981), 207&ndash;236.
+
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* Westad, Arne Odd. "The New International History of the Cold War: Three (Possible) Paradigms," ''Diplomatic History,'' 2000, Vol. 24  in EBSCO
+
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* Westad, Arne Odd, ed. ''Reviewing the Cold War: Approaches, Interpretations, Theory'' (2000) essays by scholars
+
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* White, Timothy J. "Cold War Historiography: New Evidence Behind Traditional Typographies" ''International Social Science Review, (2000)
+
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*  William, William Appleman. ''The Tragedy of American Diplomacy'' (1958) (1988 edition)
+
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** Berger, Henry W. ed. ''A William Appleman Williams Reader'' (1992)
+
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** ''Redefining the Past: Essays in Diplomatic History in Honor of William Appleman Williams''. Lloyd C. Gardner (ed.) (1986)
+
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* Westad, Odd Arne, ed. ''Reviewing the Cold War: Approaches, Interpretations, Theory'' (2000) [http://www.amazon.com/Reviewing-Cold-War-Approaches-Interpretations/dp/0714681202/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1211594380&sr=1-1 excerpt and text search]
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* Xia, Yafeng. "The Study of Cold War International History in China: A Review of the Last Twenty Years," ''Journal of Cold War Studies''10#1 Winter 2008, pp. 81-115 in [[Project Muse]]
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==References==
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{{reflist}}
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==External Links==
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*[http://home.att.net/~rw.rynerson/index2.htm Berlin 1969 - midpoint of the Cold War]
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== See Also==
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{{Historic Communism}}
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*[[Joseph McCarthy]]
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*[[Iron Curtain]]
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*[[Berlin Wall]]
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[[Category:Cold War]]
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[[category:Cold War]]
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[[Category:Nuclear Defense]]
 
[[Category:Communism]]
 
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[[Category:United States History]]
 
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[[category:diplomacy]]
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[[Category:International Relations]]
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[[Category:European History]]
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[[Category:Military Strategies and Concepts]]

Latest revision as of 00:27, May 1, 2026

Cold War
Cold war europe military alliances map.png
Overview
Date 1946-1991
Location Worldwide (especially in Europe and Asia)
Victor N/A
Combatants
United States and its alliances (NATO) Soviet Union and its client states (Warsaw Pact)
Commanders
Casualties
Capitalism (as seen by communists) Soviet imperialism, Berlin Wall

A Cold War differs from a "hot war" or "shooting war".

The 1947 - 1989 Cold War, or Cold War I was a period of suspicion and distrust between the United States and its alliances and the Soviet Union and its more-or-less puppet allies after World War II.[1] The Second World War ended in 1945 without a formal peace treaty and continued for many years without direct confrontation or a "shooting war" between the formerly allied victorious Soviet and Angelo-American powers.

In ideological terms, Cold War I persisted after 1945 due to the natural enmity between Communism and other forms of government that were said to respect the West's understanding of democracy and human rights. Film critic Catherine de la Roche, "noted in 1955 that Hollywood and others believed that the Cold War was 'fundamentally a conflict between Christianity and atheism and that religion is therefore a strong weapon against Communism.'"[2]

The Cold War was marked by a nuclear arms race between the two super-powers, and the unchecked proliferation of nuclear weapons was a cause for concern in many quarters. The Cold War also was marked by high levels of espionage.

Berlin Wall with behind the Brandenburger Tor.

Although there was no direct fighting between the superpowers, each country was involved in medium-scale proxy wars, most notably in Korea, Vietnam and Afghanistan. The tensest moment between the two main powers came in October 1962 during the Cuban Missile Crisis, which ended without escalation into warfare.

Kruchchev with John F. Kennedy in 1961. Kennedy was murdered by the undemocratic deep state in his own government for trying to make peace with the Soviet Union and end Cold War I.

The Cold War lead to the development of the First-World (United States and its allies) Second-World (Soviet Union and its allies) and Third-World (countries not allied with either superpower and with no nuclear programs) system of classifying countries. "Third-World" is the only term in this system still commonly used today, and it typically denotes an unindustrialized or still industrializing country.

It was a political, economic and psychological conflict, together with regional hot wars, between the United States, NATO and other allies, and the USSR, China and their allies between 1947 and 1989. After 1960, China split with the Soviet Union and began articulating its own foreign policy as part of its Cold War with the U.S and its attempt to overtake the USSR as leader of the communist movement.[3] In 1972, the world chess and Olympic basketball championships were also flashpoints in the Cold War, with high-drama finales between the U.S. and USSR.

The tension during the Cold War fluctuated, with the super powers going through periods of heightened conflict and also periods of improved relations. It ended on November 11, 1989, with the fall of the Berlin Wall and the collapse of the Soviet overseas empire. History closed the books on the Soviet Union itself on December 25, 1991. It was replaced by 15 smaller countries, especially Russia, which all rejected Communism after the Cold War.

Causes

The success of the wartime alliance with Britain, China and the Soviet Union led Americans to reject the isolationism of the interwar years. Victory in 1945 and the demobilization of the world's armies and navies brought a general sense of confidence that the wartime alliance would continue and form the leadership of the new United Nations, Hopefully the UN would provide the basis for international law and the solution of all serious problems, but it never lived up to expectations. Instead, by 1947 the wartime alliance collapsed; The basic reason being an incompatibility in the two systems that each sought to remold the world too, either in American terms of democracy, liberal government, and capitalism, or else the Soviet goals of the dictatorship of the Communist party as the mechanism to destroy capitalism. In immediate terms, the issue was the independence of Poland, Czechoslovakia and other central and eastern European countries that had been taken over first by the Nazis, and after 1945 by the Soviet army.

Harry S. Truman had no knowledge or interest in foreign policy before becoming president in April 1945, and depended on the State Department for foreign policy advice. In 1946, George Kennan, an American diplomat wrote the Long Telegram, in which argued for the necessity of containing the Soviet Union. His cable resonated with President Harry Truman's administration and Truman shifted from FDR's détente to containment as soon as Dean Acheson convinced him the Soviet Union was a long-term threat to American interests. They viewed Communism as a secular, millennial religion that informed the Kremlin's worldview and actions and made it the chief threat to American security, liberty, and world peace. They rejected the moral equivalence of democratic and Communist governments and concluded that until the regime in Moscow changed only American and Allied strength could curb the Soviets.

Following Acheson's advice, Truman in 1947 announced the Truman Doctrine of containing Communist expansion by furnishing military and economic American aid to Europe and Asia, and particularly to Greece and Turkey. He followed up with the Marshall Plan, which was enacted into law as the European Recovery Program (ERP) and pumped $12.4 into the European economy, forcing the breakdown of old barriers and encouraging modernization along American lines. The State Department later promoted the Point Four program of "foreign aid" (grants with no repayment) to underdeveloped or "Third World" countries. In general. the money went to corrupt local officials and little modernization took place. The main success stories came in Taiwan and South Korea.

Containment

In 1947 Truman, a Democrat, convinced the Republican-controlled Congress to support the Truman Doctrine by sending massive aid to the small country of Greece, threatened by a Communist takeover. The rest of Europe was still in economic ruin, which Washington feared would help the spread of Communism, so the Marshall Plan was proposed to help restore the European economies. When Stalin engineered a Communist takeover of democratic Czechoslovakia in early 1948 and forbade his satellites to accept the Marshall Plan money, Americans realized that Winston Churchill's warnings about an “iron curtain” had come true.

The strategy of isolationism had failed by 1941; the strategy of détente(or friendship) with Communism had failed by 1948. Some argued for a strategy of direct confrontation or "Rollback"—but this was considered too dangerous, especially when the Soviets tested their first nuclear weapon in 1950.

Washington decided on a strategy of containment, as embodied in the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) military alliance set up in 1949. The NSC-68 was a secret 1950 plan adopted at the highest levels of the American government to set the overall strategy, and a further step was taken in 1951 with the establishment of the Mutual Security Agency to coordinate U.S. economic, technical and military aid abroad.

The basic goal of containment was to prevent further Communist expansion, hoping that the internal weaknesses of the Soviet system would soon lead to its collapse. The problem with containment was that it meant fighting wars against Communist expansion, especially in Korea in 1950–53, and in Vietnam 1963–73; and had the basic flaw that the enemy could choose the time and place of movement, while America and its allies had to defend everywhere at all times. In 1949 Mao Zedong and his Communists won the civil war in China which would make the objective of containment even more unobtainable(as seen in the Chinese intervention in Korea).

Korean War: 1950-1953

The Korean War began at the end of June 1950 when North Korea, a Communist country, invaded South Korea, which was not under explicit American protection. Without consulting Congress Truman ordered General Douglas MacArthur to use all American forces to resist the invasion. Truman then received approval from the United Nations, which the Soviets were boycotting. UN forces managed to cling to a toehold in Korea, as the North Koreans outran their supply system. A counterattack at Inchon destroyed the invasion army, and the UN forces captured most of North Korea on their way to the Yalu River, Korea's northern border with China. Truman defined the war goal as rollback of Communism and reunification of the country under UN auspices.

In late 1950 China intervened unexpectedly, driving the UN forces all the way back to South Korea. The fighting stabilized close to the original 38th parallel that had divided North and South. MacArthur wanted to continue the rollback strategy but Truman had decided on a new policy of containment, allowing North Korea to persist. Truman's dismissal of MacArthur in April 1951 sparked a vehement debate on American Far Eastern policy, as Truman was blamed for a high-cost stalemate with 37,000 Americans killed and over 100,000 wounded.

Conflicts

Major Cold War Fronts

Strategic

In Europe

(left) Amb. Jeane Kirkpatrick, (right) Yaroslav Stetsko, (center back) Katherine Yushchenka.

In Asia

Third World

The Shootdown of Korean Airlines Flight 007

Considered by many as the second or third most critical single incident of the Cold War, after the Cuban Missile Crisis of 1962 and Able Archer 83, the shooting down of Korean Airlines Flight 007, including 269 passengers and crew (among which was Georgia Congressman, Larry McDonald), on Sept. 1, 1983 signal an escalation in tension during the "Second Cold War."

Breakup of the Soviet Union and Wars End

Reagan with his famous speech "Mr. Gorbachev, tear down this wall!"

The Western democracies, under the leadership of the United States under President Ronald Reagan, won the Cold War with a policy that rejected détente and containment and instead relied on Rollback. An important element of this victory was Reagan's decision to commit to increased military spending, such as the "Star Wars" program. Reagan's decisions to intervene in Afghanistan while pursuing an arms race exacerbated structural weaknesses in the Soviet economy and pushed the USSR into an early decline.

In 1985, Mikhail Gorbachev become General Secretary of the Communist Party.[4] Recognizing the systemic problems faced by Soviet society, he attempted the twin reform programs of Glasnost (openness) and Perestroika (restructuring). Combined with the disaster at Chernobyl and losses in the war in Afghanistan, the effects of Gorbachev's reforms quickly spun out of control. Glasnost allowed media attention to focus on problems which had long been buried by the state's propaganda regime, causing widespread dissatisfaction among Soviet citizens. In 1989, a wave of constituent republics began to seek autonomy from the Soviet Union. Most attempts at succession (with the exception of Lithuania) were met with no Soviet resistance.

Further reading

The Cold War is well documented by political scientists and historians—especially since 1991 when archives were opened in ex-Communist countries. Following are selected major scholarly books and articles in English, and some major memoirs.

For a much longer guide see Cold War Bibliography

  • Bacevich, Andrew J., ed. The Long War: A New History of U.S. National Security Policy Since World War II (2007) excerpt and text search
  • Ball, S. J. The Cold War: An International History, 1947–1991 (1998), British perspective; short summary; online edition
  • Boyle Peter G. American-Soviet Relations: From the Russian Revolution to the Fall of Communism. (1993).
  • Brzezinski, Zbigniew. The Grand Failure: The Birth and Death of Communism in the Twentieth Century (1989)
  • Crockatt Richard. The Fifty Years War: The United States and the Soviet Union in World Politics, 1941-1991. (1995), popular. excerpt and text search
  • Friedman, Norman. The Fifty Year War: Conflict and Strategy in the Cold War. (2000) excerpt and text search
  • Gaddis, John Lewis, The Cold War. A New History, 2005. excerpt and text search
  • Gaddis, John Lewis. Russia, the Soviet Union and the United States. An Interpretative History 2nd ed. (1990)
  • Gaddis, John Lewis. Long Peace: Inquiries into the History of the Cold War (1987) online edition
  • Kegley Jr., Charles W. ed., The Long Postwar Peace. 1991
  • Kort, Michael. The Columbia Guide to the Cold War (1998) excerpt and text search
  • LaFeber, Walter. America, Russia, and the Cold War, 1945–1992 9th ed. (2002) excerpt and text search, liberal
  • Leffler, Melvyn P. For the Soul of Mankind: The United States, the Soviet Union, and the Cold War (2007) excerpt and text search, liberal
  • Lundestad, Geir. East, West, North, South: Major Developments in International Politics since 1945 (1999). excerpt and text search
  • McCauley, Martin. Russia, America and the Cold War: 1949-1991 (2nd ed. 2008); short textbook excerpt and text search
  • Mann, James. The Rebellion of Ronald Reagan: A History of the End of the Cold War (2009) excerpt and text search
  • Paterson, Thomas G. On Every Front: The Making and Unmaking of the Cold War. 1992. online edition; excerpt and text search; liberal
  • Pietrusza, David 1948: Harry Truman's Improbable Victory and the Year that Changed America, New York: Union Square Press, 2011.
  • Powaski, Ronald E. The Cold War: The United States and the Soviet Union, 1917–1991 (1998) online edition
  • Westad, Odd Arne The Global Cold War: Third World Interventions and the Making of our Times (2006) excerpt and text search
  • Zubok, Vladislav M. A Failed Empire: The Soviet Union in the Cold War from Stalin to Gorbachev (2007) excerpt and text search

External links

See also

References

  1. ↑ CNSNews.com - U.S. Honors Stalin on Hallowed Ground – Will Saddam Hussein Be Next?
  2. ↑ Review of the book Religion and the Cold War by Dr Merrilyn Thomas University College London
  3. ↑ [1]
  4. ↑ Gorbachev Becomes Soviet Leader, BBC, 11 March 1985.
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