Difference between revisions of "Liberal"

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[[File:Elizabeth Warren 2016 DNC cropped.jpg|thumbnail|right|200px|[[Elizabeth Warren]]]]
  
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'''Liberalism''' is a [[Political philosophy|political]] and [[moral philosophy]] based on [[liberty]] and [[Egalitarianism|equality]].<ref>"liberalism In general, the belief that it is the aim of politics to preserve individual rights and to maximize freedom of choice." ''Concise Oxford Dictionary of Politics'', Iain McLean and Alistair McMillan, Third edition 2009, {{ISBN|978-0-19-920516-5}}.</ref><ref>"political rationalism, hostility to autocracy, cultural distaste for conservatism and for tradition in general, tolerance, and [...] individualism". John Dunn. ''Western Political Theory in the Face of the Future'' (1993). Cambridge University Press. {{ISBN|978-0-521-43755-4}}.</ref><ref>"With a nod to [[Robert Trivers]]' definition of altruistic behaviour" ({{Harvnb|Trivers|1971|p=35}}), [[Satoshi Kanazawa]] defines liberalism (as opposed to conservatism) as "the genuine concern for the welfare of genetically unrelated others and the willingness to contribute larger proportions of private resources for the welfare of such others" ({{Harvnb|Kanazawa|2010|p=38}}).</ref> Liberals espouse a wide array of views depending on their understanding of these principles, but they generally support [[civil rights]], [[democracy]], [[secularism]], [[gender equality]], [[racial equality]], [[Internationalism (politics)|internationalism]], [[freedom of speech]], [[freedom of the press]], [[freedom of religion]], and [[free market]]s.<ref name="LInternational">{{cite web|url=http://www.liberal-international.org/editorial.asp?ia_id=537|title=The Liberal Agenda for the 21st Century|accessdate=20 March 2015|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110207012341/http://www.liberal-international.org/editorial.asp?ia_id=537|archivedate=7 February 2011}}</ref><ref name="Nader Hashemi">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/?id=UkVIYjezrF0C&dq=liberalism+secularism|author=Nader Hashemi|title=Islam, Secularism, and Liberal Democracy: Toward a Democratic Theory for Muslim Societies|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|quote=Liberal democracy requires a form of secularism to sustain itself|year=2009|isbn=978-0-19-971751-4}}</ref><ref name="Kathleen G. Donohue">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/?id=htuTnexZAo8C&pg=PA1&dq=liberalism+freedom+of+religion#v=onepage&q=liberalism%20freedom%20of%20religion|author=Kathleen G. Donohue|title=Freedom from Want: American Liberalism and the Idea of the Consumer (New Studies in American Intellectual and Cultural History)|publisher=[[Johns Hopkins University Press]]|quote=Three of them – freedom from fear, freedom of speech, and freedom of religion – have long been fundamental to liberalism.|isbn=978-0-8018-7426-0|date=19 December 2003|accessdate=31 December 2007}}</ref><ref name="The Economist">{{cite journal|url=https://books.google.com/?id=KBzHAAAAIAAJ&q=liberalism+freedom+of+religion&dq=liberalism+freedom+of+religion|title=The Economist, Volume 341, Issues 7995–7997|journal=[[The Economist]]|quote=For all three share a belief in the liberal society as defined above: a society that provides constitutional government (rule by law, not by men) and freedom of religion, thought, expression and economic interaction; a society in which [...]|year=1996|accessdate=31 December 2007}}</ref><ref name="Sheldon S. Wolin">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/?id=ndAdGl8ScfcC&pg=PA525&dq=liberalism+freedom+of+religion#v=onepage&q=liberalism%20freedom%20of%20religion|author=Sehldon S. Wolin|title=Politics and Vision: Continuity and Innovation in Western Political Thought|publisher=[[Princeton University Press]]|quote=The most frequently cited rights included freedom of speech, press, assembly, religion, property, and procedural rights|isbn=978-0-691-11977-9|year=2004|accessdate=31 December 2007}}</ref><ref name="Edwin Brown Firmage, Bernard G. Weiss, John Woodland Welch">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/?id=mQJgnEITPRIC&pg=PA366&dq=liberalism+freedom+of+religion#v=onepage&q=liberalism%20freedom%20of%20religion|author1=Edwin Brown Firmage|author2=Bernard G. Weiss|author3=John Woodland Welch|title=Religion and Law: Biblical-Judaic and Islamic Perspectives|publisher=[[Eisenbrauns]]|quote=There is no need to expound the foundations and principles of modern liberalism, which emphasises the values of freedom of conscience and freedom of religion |isbn=978-0-931464-39-3|year=1990 |accessdate=31 December 2007}}</ref><ref name="John Joseph Lalor">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/?id=Xsk6AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA760&dq=liberalism+freedom+of+religion#v=onepage&q=liberalism%20freedom%20of%20religion|first=John Joseph|last=Lalor|authorlink=John Joseph Lalor|title=Cyclopædia of Political Science, Political Economy, and of the Political History of the United States|publisher=Nabu Press|quote=Democracy attaches itself to a form of government: liberalism, to liberty and guarantees of liberty. The two may agree; they are not contradictory, but they are neither identical, nor necessarily connected. In the moral order, liberalism is the liberty to think, recognised and practiced. This is primordial liberalism, as the liberty to think is itself the first and noblest of liberties. Man would not be free in any degree or in any sphere of action, if he were not a thinking being endowed with consciousness. The freedom of worship, the freedom of education, and the freedom of the press are derived the most directly from the freedom to think.|year=1883|accessdate=31 December 2007}}</ref>
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A '''liberal''' (alternately called a left-winger or [[leftism|leftist]]) is someone who advocates an increase in [[government]] spending, power, and control, such as [[ObamaCare]]. Liberals often support the [[censorship]] and [[denial]] of biblical [[Christianity]]<ref>http://www.worldviewweekend.com/worldview-times/article.php?articleid=2062</ref> and consistently [[conservative]] viewpoints. Liberals who are a part of the [[secular left]] prefer [[atheism]]/[[agnosticism]] over the Christian [[faith]], as [[atheism]] has no objective morality to hinder their big government plans.<ref>http://www.deathandtaxesmag.com/232212/fox-contributor-claims-rolling-stone-uva-story-part-of-liberal-plot-to-romanticize-being-a-victim-of-rape/</ref>  
  
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Liberalism became a distinct [[Political movement|movement]] in the [[Age of Enlightenment]], when it became popular among [[Western world|Western]] philosophers and economists. Liberalism sought to replace the [[Norm (social)|norms]] of [[Nobility|hereditary privilege]], [[state religion]], [[absolute monarchy]], the [[divine right of kings]] and [[Traditionalist conservatism|traditional conservatism]] with [[representative democracy]] and the [[rule of law]]. Liberals also ended [[Mercantilism|mercantilist]] policies, [[Legal monopoly|royal monopolies]] and other [[Trade barrier|barriers to trade]], instead promoting [[Free market|free markets]].<ref name="Gould, p. 3"/> Philosopher [[John Locke]] is often credited with founding liberalism as a distinct tradition, arguing that each man has a [[Natural and legal rights|natural right]] to [[life, liberty and property]],<ref>"All mankind [...] being all equal and independent, no one ought to harm another in his life, health, liberty, or possessions", John Locke, ''Second Treatise of Government''</ref> adding that governments must not violate these [[rights]] based on the [[social contract]]. While the [[Gladstonian liberalism|British liberal tradition]] has emphasised expanding democracy, [[Liberalism and radicalism in France|French liberalism]] has emphasised rejecting [[authoritarianism]] and is linked to [[Nationalism|nation-building]].<ref name="Kirchner, p. 3">Kirchner, p. 3.</ref>
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Increasingly, liberals side with the [[homosexual agenda]], including [[same-sex marriage|homosexual "marriage"]]. Liberals favor a [[welfare state]] where people receive endless entitlements without working.<ref>[https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/right-turn/wp/2014/05/23/reform-conservatives-tackle-the-failed-liberal-welfare-state/ Reform conservatives tackle the failed liberal welfare state], [[Washington Post]]</ref>  The liberal ideology has degenerated into economically unsound views and [[Liberal bigotry|intolerant ideology]]. All liberals support, in knee-jerk fashion, the opposite of [[conservative]] principles, while lacking an actual ideology or values of their own.<ref>http://eaglerising.com/22901/liberal-crybabies-get-offended-by-caitlyn-jenner-costume/</ref> [[Secular left|Many of them]] [[Secularized Language|cannot understand]] Christian language.<ref>Williams, Thomas D., Ph.D. (December 26, 2016). [https://www.breitbart.com/big-government/2016/12/26/religiously-ignorant-liberals-mistake-new-king-at-christmas-for-donald-trump/ Religiously-Ignorant Liberals Mistake ‘New King’ at Christmas for Donald Trump]. ''Breitbart''. Retrieved December 26, 2016.</ref> Liberals are especially prone to believe [[Conspiracy theory|conspiracy theories]], particularly those that denigrate people or views they disagree with.
  
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Leaders in the [[Glorious Revolution]] of 1688,<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Oc-uXxPXfmwC|title=1688: The First Modern Revolution|author=Steven Pincus|year=2009|publisher=Yale University Press |isbn=978-0-300-15605-8|accessdate=7 February 2013}}</ref> the [[American Revolution]] of 1776 and the [[French Revolution]] of 1789 used liberal philosophy to justify the armed overthrow of royal [[tyranny]]. Liberalism started to spread rapidly especially after the French Revolution. The 19th century saw liberal governments established in nations across [[Liberalism in Europe|Europe]] and [[Liberalism and conservatism in Latin America|South America]], whereas it was well-established alongside [[Republicanism in the United States|republicanism]] in the [[Liberalism in the United States|United States]].<ref>{{cite book|author=Milan Zafirovski|title=Liberal Modernity and Its Adversaries: Freedom, Liberalism and Anti-Liberalism in the 21st Century|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GNlT9Qho0tAC&pg=PA237|year=2007|publisher=Brill|page=237|isbn=978-9004160521}}</ref> In [[Victorian Britain]], it was used to critique the political establishment, appealing to science and reason on behalf of the people.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Eddy|first1=Matthew Daniel|title=The Politics of Cognition: Liberalism and the Evolutionary Origins of Victorian Education|journal=British Journal for the History of Science|date=2017|volume=50|issue=4|pages=677–699|doi=10.1017/S0007087417000863|pmid=29019300|url=https://www.academia.edu/31947844}}</ref> During 19th and early 20th century, [[Liberalism in Turkey|liberalism in the Ottoman Empire]] and Middle East influenced periods of reform such as the [[Tanzimat]] and [[Al-Nahda]] as well as the rise of secularism, [[constitutionalism]] and [[nationalism]]. These changes, along with other factors, helped to create a sense of crisis within [[Islam]], which continues to this day, leading to [[Islamic revivalism]]. Before 1920, the main ideological opponent of [[classical liberalism]] was [[conservatism]], but liberalism then faced major ideological challenges from new opponents: [[fascism]] and [[communism]]. However, during the 20th century liberal ideas also spread even further—especially in Western Europe—as [[Liberal democracy|liberal democracies]] found themselves on the winning side in both world wars.<ref>Martin Conway. "The Limits of an Anti-liberal Europe". In {{cite book|author=Dieter Gosewinkel, ed.|title=Anti-liberal Europe: A Neglected Story of Europeanization|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ECIfAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA184|year=2014|publisher=Berghahn Books|page=184|isbn=9781782384267|quote=Liberalism, liberal values and liberal institutions formed an integral part of that process of European consolidation. Fifteen years after the end of the Second World War, the liberal and democratic identity of Western Europe had been reinforced on almost all sides by the definition of the West as a place of freedom. Set against the oppression in the Communist East, by the slow development of a greater understanding of the moral horror of Nazism, and by the engagement of intellectuals and others with the new states (and social and political systems) emerging in the non-European world to the South}}</ref>
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Polling data has consistently shown that a larger percentage of Americans identify as conservative, rather than as liberal, by a margin of 35% to 26% as of 2017; while the gap between self-identified conservatives and self-identified liberals has been narrowing in recent years,<ref>[http://news.gallup.com/poll/225074/conservative-lead-ideology-down-single-digits.aspx Conservative Lead in U.S. Ideology is Down to Single Digits]</ref> liberals and "progressives" oftentimes falsely claim that liberals outnumber conservatives. Liberals are especially active at secular universities, however.<ref>Lott, Maxim (January 18, 2019). [https://www.foxnews.com/politics/socialism-rising-universities-and-radical-profs-helping-steer-leftward-shift-in-politics Socialism rising: Universities and ‘radical’ profs helping steer leftward shift in politics, critics say]. ''Fox News''. Retrieved January 18, 2019.</ref>
  
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In Europe and North America, the establishment of [[social liberalism]] (often called simply "[[Modern liberalism in the United States|liberalism]]" in the United States) became a key component in the expansion of the [[welfare state]].<ref>[http://www.writing.upenn.edu/~afilreis/50s/schleslib.html "Liberalism in America: A Note for Europeans"] by [[Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr.]] (1956) from: ''The Politics of Hope'' (Boston: Riverside Press, 1962). "Liberalism in the U.S. usage has little in common with the word as used in the politics of any other country, save possibly Britain."</ref> Today, [[Liberal Party|liberal parties]] continue to wield power and influence [[Liberalism by country|throughout the world]]. However, liberalism still has challenges to overcome in Africa and Asia. The fundamental elements of [[Modernity|contemporary society]] have liberal roots. The early waves of liberalism popularised economic individualism while expanding [[constitution]]al [[government]] and [[parliament]]ary authority.<ref name="Gould, p. 3">Gould, p. 3.</ref> Liberals sought and established a constitutional order that prized important [[Civil liberties|individual freedoms]], such as  [[freedom of speech]] and [[freedom of association]]; an [[Independence of the judiciary|independent judiciary]] and public [[Jury trial|trial by jury]]; and the abolition of [[Aristocracy (class)|aristocratic]] privileges.<ref name="Gould, p. 3"/> Later waves of modern liberal thought and struggle were strongly influenced by the need to expand civil rights.<ref name="Worell470">Worell, p. 470.</ref> Liberals have [[Advocacy|advocated]] gender and racial equality in their drive to promote civil rights and a [[Civil rights movements|global civil rights movement]] in the 20th century achieved several objectives towards both goals. Continental European liberalism is divided between [[moderate]]s and [[Progressivism|progressives]], with the moderates tending to [[elitism]] and the progressives supporting the universalisation of fundamental institutions, such as [[universal suffrage]], [[Universal access to education|universal education]] and the expansion of [[Property|property rights]]. Over time, the moderates displaced the progressives as the main guardians of continental European liberalism.<ref name="Kirchner, p. 3"/>
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==Political positions and practices==
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'''Liberals support the following political positions and practices''':<ref>http://townhall.com/columnists/jonahgoldberg/2014/02/21/liberal-students-have-a-funny-definition-of-diversity-n1798157</ref>
  
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== Etymology and definition ==
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* Wasting money on ineffective government programs (the significant economic problems in the [[Eurozone]] due to government debt will no doubt increasingly discredit this aspect of liberal ideology and make things more difficult for advocates of liberal economic ideologies)
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Words such as ''[[wikt:Liberal|liberal]]'', ''[[wikt:Liberty|liberty]]'', ''[[wikt:Libertarianism|libertarian]]'' and ''[[libertine]]'' all trace their history to the Latin ''[[wikt:Liber|liber]]'', which means "[[wikt:Free|free]]".<ref name="Gross, p. 5">Gross, p. 5.</ref> One of the first recorded instances of the word ''liberal'' occurs in 1375, when it was used to describe the [[liberal arts]] in the context of an education desirable for a free-born man.<ref name="Gross, p. 5"/> The word's early connection with the classical education of a medieval university soon gave way to a proliferation of different denotations and connotations. ''Liberal'' could refer to "free in bestowing" as early as 1387, "made without stint" in 1433, "freely permitted" in 1530 and "free from restraint"—often as a pejorative remark—in the 16th and the 17th centuries.<ref name="Gross, p. 5"/> In 16th century [[Kingdom of England|England]], ''liberal'' could have positive or negative attributes in referring to someone's generosity or indiscretion.<ref name="Gross, p. 5"/> In ''[[Much Ado About Nothing]]'', [[William Shakespeare]] wrote of "a liberal villaine" who "hath [...] confest his vile encounters".<ref name="Gross, p. 5"/> With the rise of the [[Age of Enlightenment|Enlightenment]], the word acquired decisively more positive undertones, being defined as "free from narrow prejudice" in 1781 and "free from bigotry" in 1823.<ref name="Gross, p. 5"/> In 1815, the first use of the word "liberalism" appeared in English.<ref>Kirchner, pp. 2–3.</ref> In Spain, the ''[[Liberalism and radicalism in Spain|liberales]]'', the first group to use the liberal label in a political context,<ref>Colton and Palmer, p. 479.</ref> fought for decades for the implementation of the [[Spanish Constitution of 1812|1812 Constitution]]. From 1820 to 1823 during the ''[[Trienio Liberal]]'', [[Ferdinand VII of Spain|King Ferdinand VII]] was compelled by the ''liberales'' to swear to uphold the Constitution. By the middle of the 19th century, ''liberal'' was used as a politicised term for parties and movements worldwide.<ref>Emil J. Kirchner, ''Liberal Parties in Western Europe'', "Liberal parties were among the first political parties to form, and their long-serving and influential records, as participants in parliaments and governments, raise important questions [...]", Cambridge University Press, 1988, {{ISBN|978-0-521-32394-9}}.</ref>
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*Many liberals are increasingly attempting to limit free speech.<ref name="The slow death of free speech">[https://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2015/may/20/suzanne-fields-how-the-liberal-left-is-killing-fre/ The slow death of free speech] by Suzanne Fields, ''Washington Times'', 2015</ref><ref name="washingtonexaminer.com">[http://www.washingtonexaminer.com/why-does-the-left-want-to-suppress-free-speech/article/2532270 Why does the left want to suppress free speech?] by Michael Barone, Washington Examiner, 2013</ref>  
  
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Over time, the meaning of the word ''liberalism'' began to diverge in different parts of the world. According to the ''[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]'': "In the United States, liberalism is associated with the welfare-state policies of the New Deal programme of the Democratic administration of Pres. Franklin D. Roosevelt, whereas in Europe it is more commonly associated with a commitment to limited government and ''[[laissez-faire]]'' economic policies".<ref>"Liberalism", ''Encyclopædia Britannica''.</ref> Consequently, in the United States the ideas of [[individualism]] and ''laissez-faire'' economics previously associated with classical liberalism became the basis for the emerging school of [[Libertarianism in the United States|libertarian]] thought<ref>Rothbard, [http://archive.lewrockwell.com/rothbard/rothbard121.html ''The Libertarian Heritage: The American Revolution and Classical Liberalism]''.</ref> and are key components of [[Conservatism in the United States|American conservatism]].
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*In the [[United States]], the [[Democrat Party]] and liberals have moved so [[far left]] that there are now political figures involved in Democrat politics who are sympathetic to [[Communism]]. For example, [[Anita Dunn]], an American political strategist who served as [[White House]] Communications Director from April through November 2009 in [[Obama Administration]], said that [[Mao Zedong]] was her favorite political philosopher.<ref>[https://www.breitbart.com/big-government/2012/10/17/obama-debate-advisor-anita-dunn-mao/ Obama Debate Coach Named Mao as Favorite Political Philosopher] by Ben Shapiro, Bretbart News, 2012</ref> [[Bernie Sanders]], a leading candidate in the Democrat Party's 2016 presidential nomination, although he is an adherent of [[social democracy]], he also has a history of involvement with [[Marxism|Marxist]] organizations.<ref>[http://nypost.com/2016/01/16/dont-be-fooled-by-bernie-sanders-hes-a-diehard-communist/ Don’t be fooled by Bernie Sanders — he’s a diehard communist], New York Post by Paul Sperry, New York Post,January 16, 2016</ref><ref name="IS BERNIE SANDERS A COMMUNIST">[http://www.wnd.com/2016/01/is-bernie-sanders-a-communist/ IS BERNIE SANDERS A COMMUNIST?] by Joseph Farah, WND, 2016</ref><ref>[https://www.huffingtonpost.com/kenneth-d-ackerman/history-lesson-bernie-san_b_9355082.html History Lesson: Bernie Sanders is no 'Communist,' and 'Democratic Socialists' are as American as Apple Pie], Huffington Post, 2012</ref> Sanders shocked his fellow liberals by putting up a [[Soviet Union]] flag in his Senate office.<ref>[http://nypost.com/2016/01/16/dont-be-fooled-by-bernie-sanders-hes-a-diehard-communist/ Don’t be fooled by Bernie Sanders — he’s a diehard communist], New York Post by Paul Sperry, New York Post, January 16, 2016</ref> In 1998, the Congressional Progressive Caucus, which was founded by Sanders, had the song ''Red Revolution'' (a song advocating communist revolution) featured on a website that they shared with the Democratic Socialists of America.<ref name="IS BERNIE SANDERS A COMMUNIST"/>
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[[File:Hillary Clinton.jpg|right|200px|thumb|[[Hillary Clinton]] ]]
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* In 1993, Hugh E. Rodham, father of [[Hillary Clinton]], made the statement about the Democrat Party, which is a party strongly supported by liberals, “Democrats are one step short of Communism.”<ref name="constitution.com">[http://constitution.com/democrat-party-overrun-communist/  Before his death in 1993, Hugh E. Rodham, father of Hillary Clinton, made the statement, “Democrats are one step short of Communism.”], Constitution.com</ref> In 1988, the Communist Party USA (CPUSA), after decades of running their own presidential candidates, stopped running presidential candidates because the gap between Democrats and American communists had grown smaller.<ref name="youtube.com">[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_pjFfE1MNFk Communists, the Democrat Party and Snopes]</ref> In 2016, the CPUSA urged people not to vote for Donald Trump even if they disliked Hillary Clinton (an indirect endorsement of Clinton).<ref name="youtube.com"/>  Although there are still some very substantial differences between Communists and Democrats/liberals, the line between Communists/Democrats/liberals continues to blur in the United States.<ref name="constitution.com"/> Ironically, the leading Communist country in the world, [[Communist Party of China|Communist China]], has moved farther away from Communism and now has a mixed economy of [[capitalism]] and state owned enterprises.<ref>[China's The Most Viciously Free Market Economy On The Planet Right Now], Forbes, 2015</ref>
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* Denial of science<ref>[http://www.postlibertarian.com/2012/09/why-do-liberals-hate-science/ Why Do Liberals Hate Science?]</ref> (especially [[creation science]])
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* Government's ability to solve economic problems<ref name=studentNews>[http://www.studentnewsdaily.com/conservative-vs-liberal-beliefs Conservative vs. Liberal Beliefs]</ref>
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* [[Liberal Hypocrisy|Hypocrisy]]<ref>http://images.sodahead.com/polls/002849963/3038298682_real_verse_liberal_hypocrisy_xlarge.png</ref>
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* The belief that Islamic terrorism is not a huge threat, and that the main reason for Islamic extremists' hostility towards America is because of bad foreign policy <ref name=studentNews />
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* Brainwashing voters with propaganda
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* [[Liberal hedonism|Hedonism]]
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* Taxpayer-funded and state-encouraged [[abortion]]
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* Rejection of Biblical standards
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* Naive acceptance of the [[Idea of Progress]]
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* [[Hate|Hatred]]<ref>[http://www.conservapedia.com/Liberal_hate_speech]</ref>
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* [[Murder]] (through abortion, infanticide, assisted suicide, and euthanasia)
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* Censorship<ref>[http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2014/06/07/watch-what-you-say-the-new-liberal-power-elite-won-t-tolerate-dissent.html Watch What You Say, The New Liberal Power Elite Won’t Tolerate Dissent], [[The Daily Beast]]</ref>
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* Socialism<ref>[http://famguardian.org/subjects/Politics/Articles/Liberals.htm 60 Hard Truths about "Liberals"]</ref>
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* Unsuccessful Keynesian economics as opposed to sound free-market economics
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* Crying instead of accepting reality<ref>http://liberaltears.net/</ref>
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* Cessation of teacher-led [[prayer]] in classrooms and school/state-sponsored religious events.
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* Ending Western morality<ref>[http://townhall.com/columnists/johnhawkins/2012/07/13/5_ways_liberalism_destroys_virtue]</ref>
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* [[Gun control]]
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* Pseudo-intellectualism<ref>[http://eljam.blogspot.com/2005/09/i-hate-pseudo-intellectuals.html I hate pseudo-intellectuals]</ref>
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* Affirmative action<ref name=studentNews />
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* Opposition to government regulation or restriction of obscenity, pornography and violence in video games as a [[First Amendment]] right<ref>The [[Warren Court]], led by '''liberal''' Justices [[William O. Douglas]], [[Hugo Black]], [[Abe Fortas]], [[William Brennan]] and Chief Justice [[Earl Warren]] issued 36 decisions granting [[First Amendment]] rights to obscenity and pornography.  These decisions remain fully supported by liberals today.</ref>
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* Authoritarian government<ref>[http://econlog.econlib.org/archives/2014/07/liberal_authori.html Liberal Authoritarianism]</ref>
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* [[Authoritarianism]] mindset<ref>Richarson, Bradford (June 11, 2016). [https://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2016/jun/11/liberals-not-conservatives-more-likely-possess-psy/ Study from 2012 now corrected to show liberals, not conservatives, more authoritarian]. ''The Washington Times''. Retrieved November 29, 2018.</ref>
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* Government-funded medical care, such as [[Obamacare]]
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* [[Liberal Fascism|Fascist tendencies]] (see also: [[Homo-fascism]])
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* [[evolution and liberalism|Belief in evolution]]
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* Destroying the Christian foundations on which America was built.
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* Destroying conservative family values and replacing them with immoral [[Hollywood values]], such as abortion
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* Brainwashing through government-censored [[public education]]
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* Limiting personal freedom.<ref>[http://conservative.wikia.com/wiki/Democratic_Party Democratic Party]</ref> Liberal support for gun control is an example of this.
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* High progressive taxes<ref>[http://www.ijreview.com/2014/07/157256-course-lower-state-taxes-helps-growth-studys-results-prove/ This Nationwide Study Challenges Everything Liberals Have Told You About Raising Taxes]</ref> as a form of class warfare against wealthy business owners.<ref>[http://www.conservapedia.com/Progressive_taxation Progressive taxation]</ref>
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* Placement of men and women in the same jobs in the [[military]]
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* Slowly eroding the U.S. through [[Progressivism]].<ref>[http://americanprogressivism.wordpress.com/ What Is Progressivism?]</ref>
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* Legalized [[same-sex marriage|same-sex "marriage"]] and homosexual adoption
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* Failed [[tax and spend]] economics
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* Smearing<ref>http://www.truthnation.com/trumps-slogan-is-a-throwback-to-reagan-and-liberals-are-furious-make-america-great-again/</ref>
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* Libertine sexual morality. See: [[Evolutionary belief and sexual immorality]] and [[Liberal Christianity and marital infidelity]]
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* Economic sector regulations<ref name=studentNews />
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* Denial of conservative roles in history. For example, liberals frequently claim<ref>[http://www.deism.com/washington.htm George Washington and Deism]</ref> that George Washington was a deist when he was actually a devout Episcopalian.
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* Spreading of [[political correctness]]
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* Government mass-surveillance
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* Non-syndicalist [[labor union]]s
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* Many liberals engage in [[racism]]<ref>[https://townhall.com/columnists/johnhawkins/2013/03/26/25-examples-of-liberal-racism-in-quotes-n1549044 25 Examples of Liberal Racism in Quotes]</ref>
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* [[Bigotry]]
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* [[Trump Derangement Syndrome]]
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* Advocating incorrect policies<ref>[https://www.motherjones.com/kevin-drum/2016/04/liberals-smug-condescending]</ref>
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* Encouraging promiscuity and immorality through sexual education rather than teaching [[abstinence]] from premarital sex<ref>[http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,286671,00.html Democrats Aim To Kill Abstinence-Only Program Funding], [[Fox News]], Monday, June 25, 2007</ref>
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* A "[[living Constitution]]" that is reinterpreted as liberals prefer, rather than how it is thought to have been intended.
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* Government programs to [[rehabilitate criminals]]
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* Slander<ref>https://www.amazon.com/Slander-Liberal-About-American-Right/dp/1400049520</ref>
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* Gender "Equality"
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* [[Anti-Americanism]]
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* Abolition of the [[death penalty]]
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* [[Environmentalism]]<ref>and environmental organizations, for example [[Greenpeace]]</ref>
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* [[Globalism]], [[one-world government]], and opposition to national [[sovereignty]]
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* Wiping out national identity, which unites a country and makes it distinct from other countries<ref>Kraychik, Robert (July 24, 2018). [https://www.breitbart.com/big-journalism/2018/07/24/dennis-prager-leftists-dont-believe-in-national-identities/ Dennis Prager: Leftists ‘Don’t Believe in National Identities’]. ''Breitbart News''. Retrieved July 26, 2018.</ref>
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* Support for open borders with no border controls or [[border wall]]s
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* Support for [[amnesty]] for illegals, and for [[Voter fraud|non-citizens voting in U.S. elections]]<ref>Murphy, James (July 27, 2018). [https://www.thenewamerican.com/usnews/immigration/item/29650-liberal-cities-want-voting-rights-for-non-citizens-even-illegal-ones Liberal Cities Want Voting Rights for Non-Citizens — Even Illegal Ones]. ''The New American''. Retrieved July 28, 2018.</ref><ref>Dinan, Stephen (October 18, 2018). [https://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2018/oct/18/texas-democrats-ask-noncitizens-register-vote/ Texas Dems ask noncitizens to register to vote, send applications with citizenship box pre-checked]. ''The Washington Times''. Retrieved October 18, 2018.</ref>
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* Unconstitutionally mandated separation of church and state.
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* Opposition to full private property rights.<ref>For example, the liberal wing of the [[U.S. Supreme Court]] issued the 5-4 [[Kelo v. City of New London]] decision authorizing the taking of private property by government in order to give the property to another private entity rather than convert it to a public use.</ref>
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* Reinstatement of the [[Fairness Doctrine]]
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* Welfare
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* Opposition to domestic wire-tapping as authorized in the [[Patriot Act]]
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* Oppression of business rather than a laissez-faire capitalist economy
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* American liberals often have opposition to the U.S. Constitution and/or are often ignorant of what the U.S. Constitution states. Liberals seek to expand federal power at the expense of local government and silence the conservatives who hold them back, violating the 10th and 1st Amendments respectively.
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* [[Liberal Denial|Denial]] of traditional [[gender roles]]
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* Support of financially irresponsible policies
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* Encouragement of [[Global Warming|"global warming" alarmism]]
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* Rejection of logical<ref>[http://www.pjstar.com/article/20140711/OPINION/140719804/2011/OPINION Liberals are illogical, and good at it]</ref> standards
  
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Unlike Europe and Latin America, the word ''liberalism'' in North America almost exclusively refers to social liberalism. The dominant Canadian party is the [[Liberal Party of Canada|Liberal Party]] and the United States' [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic Party]] is usually considered liberal.<ref>Puddington, p. 142. "After a dozen years of centre-left Liberal Party rule, the Conservative Party emerged from the 2006 parliamentary elections with a plurality and established a fragile minority government."</ref><ref>Grigsby, pp. 106–07. [Talking about the Democratic Party] "Its liberalism is for the most part the later version of liberalism – modern liberalism."</ref><ref>Arnold, p. 3. "Modern liberalism occupies the left-of-center in the traditional political spectrum and is represented by the Democratic Party in the United States."</ref>
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'''Some liberals support:'''
  
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== Philosophy ==
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* High tolerance of government corruption as long as it is done by other liberals <ref>http://www.infowars.com/correction-liberals-not-conservatives-are-psychotic</ref>
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Liberalism—both as a political current and an intellectual tradition—is mostly a modern phenomenon that started in the 17th century, although some liberal philosophical ideas had precursors in [[classical antiquity]] and in [[History of China#Imperial China|Imperial China]].<ref name="BevirSAGE"/><ref name="FungCambridge"/> The [[List of Roman Emperors|Roman Emperor]] [[Marcus Aurelius]] praised, "the idea of a polity administered with regard to equal rights and equal freedom of speech, and the idea of a kingly government which respects most of all the freedom of the governed".<ref>Antoninus, p. 3.</ref> Scholars have also recognised a number of principles familiar to contemporary liberals in the works of several [[Sophism|Sophists]] and in the ''Funeral Oration'' by [[Pericles]].<ref name="Young, pp. 25–6">{{Harvnb|Young|2002|pp=25–26}}.</ref> Liberal philosophy symbolises an extensive intellectual tradition that has examined and popularised some of the most important and controversial principles of the modern world. Its immense scholarly and academic output has been characterised as containing "richness and diversity", but that diversity often has meant that liberalism comes in different formulations and presents a challenge to anyone looking for a clear definition.<ref name="Young, p. 24">{{Harvnb|Young|2002|p=24}}.</ref>
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* [[Tyranny]] to varying degrees.  In lesser forms, a [[Nanny State]] is preferred<ref>http://www.history.com/topics/british-history/george-iii</ref>
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* [[Elitism]]<ref>https://answers.yahoo.com/question/index?qid=20130604122602AANvhvF</ref> See: [[Liberal elite]]
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* [[Treason]]<ref>http://crooksandliars.com/2016/07/mikes-blog-round-25</ref>
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* [[Anti-Semitism]] (strong support for "[[Palestine]]", opposition to the state of [[Israel]], and even [[Holocaust denial]])
 +
* [[Genocide]] and [[eugenics]] in the form of [[abortion]] (see [[Abortion and eugenics]] and [[Margaret Sanger]])
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* Enforced celebration of homosexuality<ref>http://letterstotheeditorblog.dallasnews.com/2014/04/weve-gone-from-tolerance-of-homosexuality-to-forced-celebration-of-it.html/</ref>
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* Pedophilia<ref>[http://www.nowtheendbegins.com/liberals-hard-pressed-make-pedophilia-legal-get-ready-sharia-law/]</ref>
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* Bestiality as a human right<ref>[http://www.peterheck.com/libtree/liberty_tree/view/1677/liberals_repeal_ban_on_bestiality_in_the_military Liberals Repeal Ban on Bestiality in the Military]</ref> See: [[Liberalism and bestiality]]
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* [[Sadism]]<ref>http://catholiccitizens.org/views/66534/uses-disgust-%E2%80%A8%E2%80%A8/</ref>
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* [[Obesity]] via the [[Fat acceptance movement]] <ref>http://www.thepoliticalinsider.com/rosie-odonnell-said-she-will-leave-america-youll-love-the-reason/</ref>
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* Robbery and other forms of crime (see [[Gun control]])
 +
* A strong tendency to ban or censor things they do not like and make things they like compulsory – in other words, having the government control everything.<ref>Multiple references:
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*[https://www.washingtontimes.com/multimedia/collection/13-things-liberals-want-to-ban/ 13 Things Liberals Want To Ban]. ''The Washington Times''. Retrieved November 29, 2018.
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*Crowder, Steven (June 24, 2015). [https://www.louderwithcrowder.com/top-10-things-liberals-want-to-ban/ Top 10 Things Liberals Want to Ban]. ''Louder with Crowder''. Retrieved November 29, 2018.
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*Clayson, Dennis (May 16, 2018). [https://wcfcourier.com/news/opinion/clayson/if-liberals-don-t-like-it-they-ban-it/article_8ef54d06-5f65-11df-9f06-001cc4c002e0.html If liberals don't like it, they ban it]. ''The Courier''. Retrieved November 29, 2018.</ref>
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__TOC__ <!--Do not remove this. We want to keep the insights on the first screen of viewing-->
  
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=== Major themes ===
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== Liberal intolerance ==
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{{Individualism sidebar|expanded=Philosophies}}
 
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Though all liberal doctrines possess a common heritage, scholars frequently assume that those doctrines contain "separate and often contradictory streams of thought".<ref name="Young, p. 24"/> The objectives of [[List of liberal theorists|liberal theorists and philosophers]] have differed across various times, cultures and continents. The diversity of liberalism can be gleaned from the numerous adjectives that liberal thinkers and movements have attached to the very term "liberalism", including [[Classical liberalism|classical]], [[egalitarianism|egalitarian]], [[Economic liberalism|economic]], [[Social liberalism|social]], [[welfare state]], [[Ethics|ethical]], [[Humanism|humanist]], [[Deontological ethics|deontological]], [[Perfectionism (philosophy)|perfectionist]], [[Democracy|democratic]] and [[institution]]al,  to name a few.<ref>{{Harvnb|Young|2002|p=25}}.</ref> Despite these variations, liberal thought does exhibit a few definite and fundamental conceptions. At its very root, liberalism is a philosophy about the meaning of humanity and society.
 
  
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Political philosopher [[John Gray (philosopher)|John Gray]] identified the common strands in liberal thought as being individualist, egalitarian, [[meliorism|meliorist]] and [[Universalism|universalist]]. The individualist element avers the ethical primacy of the human being against the pressures of social [[collectivism]], the egalitarian element assigns the same [[Morality|moral]] worth and status to all individuals, the meliorist element asserts that successive generations can improve their sociopolitical arrangements and the universalist element affirms the moral unity of the human species and marginalises local [[Culture|cultural]] differences.<ref name="Gray, p. xii">Gray, p. xii.</ref> The meliorist element has been the subject of much controversy, defended by thinkers such as [[Immanuel Kant]] who believed in human progress while suffering criticism by thinkers such as [[Jean-Jacques Rousseau]], who instead believed that human attempts to improve themselves through social [[cooperation]] would fail.<ref>Wolfe, pp. 33–36.</ref> Describing the liberal temperament, Gray claimed that it "has been inspired by scepticism and by a fideistic certainty of divine revelation&nbsp;[...] it has exalted the power of reason even as, in other contexts, it has sought to humble reason's claims".{{Citation needed|date=May 2017}}
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''See also:'' [[Liberal intolerance]] and [[Liberal bigotry]]
  
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The liberal philosophical tradition has searched for validation and justification through several intellectual projects. The moral and political suppositions of liberalism have been based on traditions such as natural rights and [[Utilitarianism|utilitarian theory]], although sometimes liberals even requested support from scientific and religious circles.<ref name="Gray, p. xii"/> Through all these strands and traditions, scholars have identified the following major common facets of liberal thought: believing in equality and [[individual liberty]], supporting private property and individual rights, supporting the idea of limited constitutional government, and recognising the importance of related values such as [[Pluralism (political philosophy)|pluralism]], [[toleration]], autonomy, [[bodily integrity]] and [[Consent of the governed|consent]].<ref>{{Harvnb|Young|2002|p=45}}.</ref>
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Many modern liberals have a tendency of to be intolerant of ideas that contradict [[liberalism|liberal ideology]] which increasingly includes many strange notions<ref>Byas, Steve (August 8, 2018). [https://www.thenewamerican.com/usnews/politics/item/29740-the-growing-intolerance-of-the-left The Growing Intolerance of the Left]. ''The New American''. Retrieved August 8, 2018.</ref> (see: [[Liberal intolerance]]). For example, radical [[feminism|feminists]] commonly claim that one is not born a man or woman, but one becomes a man or woman through [[gender]] socialization.<ref>[https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/feminism-gender/#GenSocCon - Feminist Perspectives on Sex and Gender - Gender socialization], Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy</ref>
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[[Image:Coulter2006.jpg|thumb|right|220px|[[Anne Coulter]] on the ''Tonight Show with Jay Leno''. Leftists prevented Anne Coulter from speaking at [[University of California, Berkeley]] through threats of violence.<ref name="foxnews.com">[http://www.foxnews.com/us/2017/04/26/ann-coulter-cancels-berkeley-event-amid-protests.html Ann Coulter cancels Berkeley event amid protests, says decision 'a dark day for free speech in America'], Fox News, 2017</ref> ]]
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A Pew Research study found that “consistent liberals” were most likely to block others on [[social media]] for disagreeing with them politically.<ref>[https://hotair.com/archives/2014/10/21/pew-survey-consistent-liberals-most-likely-to-block-others-on-social-media-for-disagreeing-with-them-politically/ Pew survey: “Consistent liberals” most likely to block others on social media for disagreeing with them politically]</ref>
  
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=== Classical and modern ===
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=== Liberal intolerance and violence ===
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Enlightenment philosophers are given credit for shaping liberal ideas. These ideas were first drawn together and systematized as a distinct [[ideology]] by the English philosopher [[John Locke]], generally regarded as the father of modern liberalism.<ref name="Delaney, p. 18">Delaney, p. 18.</ref><ref name="Godwin et al., p. 12">Godwin et al., p. 12.</ref> [[Thomas Hobbes]] attempted to determine the purpose and the justification of governing authority in a post-civil war England. Employing the idea of a state of nature—a hypothetical war-like scenario prior to the state—he constructed the idea of a social contract that individuals enter into to guarantee their security and in so doing form the State, concluding that only an absolute sovereign would be fully able to sustain such a peace. Hobbes had developed the concept of the social contract, according to which individuals in the anarchic and brutal state of nature came together and voluntarily ceded some of their individual rights to an established state authority, which would create laws to regulate social interactions. Whereas Hobbes advocated a strong monarchical authority (the [[Leviathan (Hobbes book)|Leviathan]]), Locke developed the then radical notion that government acquires [[Consent of the governed|consent from the governed]] which has to be constantly present for the government to remain legitimate.<ref>Copleston, pp. 39–41.</ref> While adopting Hobbes's idea of a state of nature and social contract, Locke nevertheless argued that when the monarch becomes a tyrant, it constituted a violation of the social contract, which bestows life, liberty and property as a natural right. He concluded that the people have a right to overthrow a tyrant. By placing life, liberty and property as the supreme value of law and authority, Locke formulated the basis of liberalism based on social contract theory. To these early enlightenment thinkers, securing the most essential amenities of life—[[liberty]] and [[private property]] among them—required the formation of a "sovereign" authority with universal jurisdiction.<ref>{{Harvnb|Young|2002|pp=30–31}}</ref>
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{{See also|Left-wing violence in the Trump era}}
 +
As noted above, may liberals are increasingly attempting to limit free speech.<ref name="The slow death of free speech"/><ref name="washingtonexaminer.com"/> For example, there have been several intolerant, liberal mobs which have shut down conservative speakers at college campuses (in 2017, there were two cases in the United States where violence or threats of violence were used to shut down free speech at college campuses).<ref name="foxnews.com"/><ref>[http://www.mediaite.com/online/left-wing-hooliganism-wins-again-over-free-speech/ Intolerant Far-Left Mob Wins Again Over Free Speech, This Time at Berkeley], Mediaite, 2017</ref><ref>[https://www.cnn.com/2017/04/24/opinions/ann-coulter-berkeley-free-speech-randazza-opinion/ Dear Berkeley: Even Ann Coulter deserves free speech], CNN, 2017</ref>  
  
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His influential ''[[Two Treatises of Government|Two Treatises]]'' (1690), the foundational text of liberal ideology, outlined his major ideas. Once humans moved out of their [[State of nature|natural state]] and formed societies, Locke argued as follows: "Thus that which begins and actually constitutes any [[State (polity)|political society]] is nothing but the consent of any number of freemen capable of a majority to unite and incorporate into such a society. And this is that, and that only, which did or could give beginning to any lawful government in the world".<ref>Locke, p. 170.</ref> The stringent insistence that lawful government did not have a [[supernatural]] basis was a sharp break with the dominant theories of governance which advocated the divine right of kings<ref>Forster, p. 219.</ref> and echoed the earlier thought of [[Aristotle]]. One political scientist described this new thinking as follows: "In the liberal understanding, there are no citizens within the regime who can claim to rule by natural or supernatural right, without the consent of the governed".<ref>Zvesper, p. 93.</ref>
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[[Democrats]] used paid leftists agitators to disrupt [[Donald Trump]] rallies.<ref name="washingtontimes.com">[https://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2016/oct/18/undercover-video-shows-democrats-saying-they-hire-/ Democratic heads roll after video shows agitators planted at Trump rallies], ''Washington Times'', 2016</ref><ref name="frontpagemag.com">[http://www.frontpagemag.com/fpm/264543/undercover-video-democrats-caused-violence-trump-matthew-vadum UNDERCOVER VIDEO: DEMOCRATS CAUSED VIOLENCE AT TRUMP RALLIES], Frontpage Magazine, 2016</ref> As far as the paid agitators, veteran left-wing strategist Robert Creamer confirmed on hidden camera that [[Hillary Clinton]] “is fully in it” and  “Hillary knows through the chain of command what’s going on.”<ref name="frontpagemag.com"/> The agitators were sent to Trump rallies to anger Trump supporters and incite violence.<ref name="washingtontimes.com"/>
  
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Locke had other intellectual opponents besides Hobbes. In the ''First Treatise'', Locke aimed his guns first and foremost at one of the doyens of 17th century English conservative philosophy: [[Robert Filmer]]. Filmer's ''Patriarcha'' (1680) argued for the [[divine right of kings]] by appealing to [[Bible|biblical]] teaching, claiming that the authority granted to [[Adam]] by [[God]] gave successors of Adam in the male line of descent a right of dominion over all other humans and creatures in the world.<ref>Copleston, p. 33.</ref> However, Locke disagreed so thoroughly and obsessively with Filmer that the ''First Treatise'' is almost a sentence-by-sentence refutation of ''Patriarcha''. Reinforcing his respect for consensus, Locke argued that "conjugal society is made up by a voluntary compact between men and women".<ref name="Kerber, p. 189">Kerber, p. 189.</ref> Locke maintained that the grant of dominion in [[Book of Genesis|Genesis]] was not to [[Male privilege|men over women]], as Filmer believed, but to humans over animals.<ref name="Kerber, p. 189"/> Locke was certainly no [[feminism|feminist]] by modern standards, but the first major liberal thinker in history accomplished an equally major task on the road to making the world more pluralistic: the integration of women into [[social theory]].<ref name="Kerber, p. 189"/>
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There have been a number of attacks against President Donald Trump supporters after his election which the [[mainstream media]] underreported.<ref>[https://dailycaller.com/2016/11/17/heres-a-list-of-completely-substantiated-and-underreported-attacks-on-trump-supporters/ Here’s A List Of Completely Substantiated (And Underreported) Attacks On Trump Supporters], Daily Caller, 11/17/2016</ref> In addition, there have been a number of instances of leftists and Trump supporters clashing at Trump rallies after his election.<ref>[https://www.thesun.co.uk/news/3014061/violence-donald-trump-supporters-clash-rallies/ 'CIVIL WAR' Violence erupts as hundreds of Donald Trump supporters clash with rivals at US rallies], The Sun, March 2017</ref>
  
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[[File:Areopagitica 1644bw gobeirne.png|thumb|upright=0.9|right|[[John Milton]]'s ''[[Areopagitica]]'' (1644) argued for the importance of [[freedom of speech]]]]
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== Liberals and politics/law ==
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Locke also originated the concept of the [[separation of church and state]].<ref name=AFP>Feldman, Noah (2005). ''Divided by God''. Farrar, Straus and Giroux, p. 29 ("It took [[John Locke]] to translate the demand for liberty of conscience into a systematic argument for distinguishing the realm of government from the realm of religion.")</ref> Based on the social contract principle, Locke argued that the government lacked authority in the realm of individual conscience, as this was something rational people could not cede to the government for it or others to control. For Locke, this created a natural right in the liberty of conscience, which he argued must therefore remain protected from any government authority.<ref>Feldman, Noah (2005). ''Divided by God''. Farrar, Straus and Giroux, p. 29</ref> He also formulated a general defence for [[religious toleration]] in his ''Letters Concerning Toleration''. Three arguments are central: (1) earthly judges, the state in particular, and human beings generally, cannot dependably evaluate the truth-claims of competing religious standpoints; (2) even if they could, enforcing a single "[[Supremacism#Religious|true religion]]" would not have the desired effect because belief cannot be compelled by [[Religious violence|violence]]; (3) coercing religious uniformity would lead to more social disorder than allowing diversity.<ref>[[Alister McGrath|McGrath, Alister]]. 1998. ''Historical Theology, An Introduction to the History of Christian Thought.'' Oxford: Blackwell Publishers. pp. 214–15.</ref>
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[[File:ObamaCareSymbol.jpg|thumb|left|150px|[[ObamaCare]] graphic courtesy [[Newsbusters]].]]
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In the United States, liberals currently use two Clauses of the U.S. Constitution to try to expand their power: the Commerce Clause and the General Welfare Clause. The General Welfare Clause mentions "promoting the general welfare". This to a liberal means taxing the rich at increased rates and redistributing that money. The Commerce Clause, on the other hand, says that Congress has the power to regulate trade with foreign nations, between the states and with the Indian tribes. Since the days of [[Franklin Delano Roosevelt]] this clause has been interpreted very loosely and has resulted in the federal government expanding its power. The latest example is The Affordable Care Act (ACA), better known as [[Obamacare]]. In the ACA, the liberals justify the individual mandate by saying it regulates commerce between the states.  
  
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Locke was also influenced by the liberal ideas of [[Presbyterian]] politician and poet [[John Milton]], who was a staunch advocate of freedom in all its forms.<ref>{{Citation | first = Heinrich | last = Bornkamm | language = German | contribution = Toleranz. In der Geschichte des Christentums | title = Die Religion in Geschichte und Gegenwart | year = 1962}}, 3. Auflage, Band VI, col. 942</ref> Milton argued for [[disestablishment]] as the only effective way of achieving broad [[Religious toleration|toleration]]. Rather than force a man's conscience, government should recognise the persuasive force of the gospel.<ref>Hunter, William Bridges. ''A Milton Encyclopedia, Volume 8'' (East Brunswick, NJ: Associated University Presses, 1980). pp. 71, 72. {{ISBN|0-8387-1841-8}}.</ref> As assistant to [[Oliver Cromwell]], Milton also took part in drafting a constitution of the [[Independent politician|independents]] (''Agreement of the People''; 1647) that strongly stressed the equality of all humans as a consequence of democratic tendencies.<ref>{{Citation | first = W | last = Wertenbruch | contribution = Menschenrechte | title = Die Religion in Geschichte und Gegenwart | language = German | place = Tübingen, DE | year = 1960}}, 3. Auflage, Band IV, col. 869</ref> In his ''[[Areopagitica]]'', Milton provided one of the first arguments for the importance of freedom of speech—"the liberty to know, to utter, and to argue freely according to conscience, above all liberties". His central argument was that the individual is capable of using reason to distinguish right from wrong. To be able to exercise this right, everyone must have unlimited access to the ideas of his fellow men in "[[Marketplace of ideas|a free and open encounter]]" and this will allow the good arguments to prevail.
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The decline in liberal principles can be illustrated by how Franklin Delano Roosevelt opposed and condemned public sector unions, stating that the idea of collective bargaining can't be transferred from the private to the public sector, as that would result in the government being unable to carry out its duties. Yet today, decades later, [[Democrats]] and liberals are in lock-step with public sector unions, as they "donate" money to the reelection campaign in exchange for more taxpayer money in their wallets and fluffed up pensions.
  
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In a natural state of affairs, liberals argued, humans were driven by the instincts of survival and [[self-preservation]] and the only way to escape from such a dangerous existence was to form a common and supreme power capable of arbitrating between competing human desires.<ref name="Young 30">{{Harvnb|Young|2002|p=30}}.</ref> This power could be formed in the framework of a [[civil society]] that allows individuals to make a voluntary social contract with the sovereign authority, transferring their natural rights to that authority in return for the protection of life, liberty and property.<ref name="Young 30" /> These early liberals often disagreed about the most appropriate form of government, but they all shared the belief that liberty was natural and that its restriction needed strong justification.<ref name="Young 30" /> Liberals generally believed in limited government, although several liberal philosophers decried government outright, with [[Thomas Paine]] writing "government even in its best state is a necessary evil".<ref name="Young, p. 31">{{Harvnb|Young|2002|p=31}}.</ref>
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Current dictionaries describe the liberal ideology by pretending that a liberal is "a person who favors a political philosophy of progress and reform and the protection of civil liberties" or "a person who favors an economic theory of laissez-faire and self-regulating markets,"<ref>[http://wordnetweb.princeton.edu/perl/webwn?s=liberal&sub=Search+WordNet&o2=&o0=1&o7=&o5=&o1=1&o6=&o4=&o3=&h=00 Noun S: (n) liberal]</ref> or "open-minded or tolerant, especially free of or not bound by traditional or conventional ideas, values, etc." or "favorable to or in accord with concepts of maximum individual freedom possible, especially as guaranteed by law and secured by governmental protection of civil liberties."<ref>[http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/liberal liberal]</ref> In practical usage, the term "liberal" is more closely synonymous with "radical," "immoral," "anti-freedom," "elitist," or "bad."
  
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As part of the project to limit the powers of government, various liberal theorists such as [[James Madison]] and [[Montesquieu]] conceived the notion of [[separation of powers]], a system designed to equally distribute governmental authority among the [[Executive (government)|executive]], [[Legislature|legislative]] and [[Judiciary|judicial]] branches.<ref name="Young, p. 31" /> Governments had to realise, liberals maintained, that poor and improper governance gave the people authority to overthrow the ruling order through any and all possible means, even through outright violence and [[revolution]], if needed.<ref>{{Harvnb|Young|2002|p=32}}.</ref> Contemporary liberals, heavily influenced by social liberalism, have continued to support limited [[Constitution#Governmental constitutions|constitutional government]] while also advocating for [[Social services|state services]] and [[Provisioning|provisions]] to ensure equal rights. Modern liberals claim that formal or official guarantees of individual rights are irrelevant when individuals lack the material means to benefit from those rights and call for a [[Economic interventionism|greater role for government]] in the administration of economic affairs.<ref>{{Harvnb|Young|2002|pp=32–33}}.</ref> Early liberals also laid the groundwork for the separation of church and state. As heirs of the Enlightenment, liberals believed that any given social and political order emanated [[Consent of the governed|from human interactions]], not from [[Divine law|divine will]].<ref name="Gould, p. 4">Gould, p. 4.</ref> Many liberals were openly hostile to [[religious belief]] itself, but most concentrated their opposition to the union of religious and political authority, arguing that faith could prosper on its own, without official sponsorship or administration by the state.<ref name="Gould, p. 4"/>
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==Liberals and uncharitableness==
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''See also'': [[Liberals and uncharitableness]] and [[Atheism and charity]]
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[[File:Krdo13.jpg|thumbnail|250px|right|An [[Obamaville]] was a tent city or shanty town in the [[United States]] created by homeless people during [[Barack Hussein Obama|Barack Obama]]'s presidency.<ref>http://www.wnd.com/?pageId=174965</ref><ref>http://www.staradvertiser.com/news/20100627_Huge_tent_city_takes_root.html</ref><ref>http://newsbusters.org/blogs/noel-sheppard/2009/12/12/welcome-obamaville-sign-colorado-tent-city-media-mum</ref>  
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[[United States|American]] liberals have been observed to give less to charity than American conservatives.<ref name=georgeWill>[http://www.realclearpolitics.com/articles/2008/03/conservatives_more_liberal_giv.html Conservatives More Liberal Givers], [[RealClearPolitics]]</ref> ]]
  
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Beyond identifying a clear role for government in modern society, liberals also have obsessed over the meaning and nature of the most important principle in liberal philosophy, namely liberty. From the 17th century until the 19th century, liberals (from [[Adam Smith]] to [[John Stuart Mill]]) conceptualised liberty as the absence of interference from government and from other individuals, claiming that all people should have the freedom to develop their own unique abilities and capacities without being sabotaged by others.<ref name="Young, p. 33">{{Harvnb|Young|2002|p=33}}.</ref> Mill's ''[[On Liberty]]'' (1859), one of the classic texts in liberal philosophy, proclaimed, "the only freedom which deserves the name, is that of pursuing our own good in our own way".<ref name="Young, p. 33"/> Support for ''laissez-faire'' [[capitalism]] is often associated with this principle, with [[Friedrich Hayek]] arguing in ''[[The Road to Serfdom]]'' (1944) that reliance on free markets would preclude totalitarian control by the state.<ref>Wolfe, p. 74.</ref>
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In March 2008, [[George Will]] wrote at [[RealClearPolitics]] concerning the [[United States]]:
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{{cquote|Sixteen months ago, [[Arthur C. Brooks]], a professor at [[Syracuse University]], published "Who Really Cares: The Surprising Truth About Compassionate Conservatism." The surprise is that liberals are markedly less charitable than [[conservative]]s....
  
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[[File:Thomashillgreen.jpg|thumb|left|upright|[[Thomas Hill Green]] was an influential [[List of liberal theorists|liberal philosopher]] who in ''Prolegomena to Ethics'' (1884) established the first major foundations for what later became known as [[positive liberty]] and in a few years his ideas became the [[Liberal welfare reforms|official policy]] of the [[Liberal Party (UK)|Liberal Party]] in [[Liberalism in the United Kingdom|Britain]], precipitating the rise of social liberalism and the modern [[welfare state]]]]
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If many conservatives are liberals who have been mugged by reality, Brooks, a registered independent, is, as a reviewer of his book said, a social scientist who has been mugged by data. They include these findings:
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The development into maturity of classical liberalism took place before and after the French Revolution [[Liberalism in the United Kingdom|in Britain]] and was based on the following core concepts: [[classical economics]], [[free trade]], ''laissez-faire'' government with minimal intervention and taxation and a [[balanced budget]]. Classical liberals were committed to individualism, liberty and equal rights. Writers such as [[John Bright]] and [[Richard Cobden]] opposed both aristocratic privilege and property, which they saw as an impediment to the development of a class of [[yeoman]] farmers.<ref name="Vincent, pp. 29–30">Vincent, pp. 29–30</ref>
 
  
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Beginning in the late 19th century, a new conception of liberty entered the liberal intellectual arena. This new kind of liberty became known as [[positive liberty]] to distinguish it from the prior [[negative liberty|negative version]] and it was first developed by [[British philosophy|British philosopher]] [[Thomas Hill Green]]. Green rejected the idea that humans were driven solely by [[self-interest]], emphasising instead the complex circumstances that are involved in the evolution of our [[moral character]].<ref name="Adams, pp. 54–5">Adams, pp. 54–55.</ref> In a very profound step for the future of modern liberalism, he also tasked society and political institutions with the enhancement of individual freedom and identity and the development of moral character, will and reason and the state to create the conditions that allow for the above, giving the opportunity for genuine [[choice]].<ref name="Adams, pp. 54–5"/> Foreshadowing the new liberty as the freedom to act rather than to avoid suffering from the acts of others, Green wrote the following: {{quote|If it were ever reasonable to wish that the usage of words had been other than it has been [...] one might be inclined to wish that the term 'freedom' had been confined to the [...] power to do what one wills.<ref>Wempe, p. 123.</ref>|sign=|source=}}
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-- Although liberal families' incomes average 6 percent higher than those of conservative families, conservative-headed households give, on average, 30 percent more to charity than the average liberal-headed household ($1,600 per year vs. $1,227).
  
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Rather than previous liberal conceptions viewing society as populated by selfish individuals, Green viewed society as an organic whole in which all individuals have a [[duty]] to promote the [[common good]].<ref>Adams, p. 55.</ref> His ideas spread rapidly and were developed by other thinkers such as [[Leonard Trelawny Hobhouse]] and [[John A. Hobson]]. In a few years, this ''New Liberalism'' had become the essential social and political programme of the Liberal Party in Britain<ref>Adams, p. 58.</ref> and it would encircle much of the world in the 20th century. In addition to examining negative and positive liberty, liberals have tried to understand the proper relationship between liberty and democracy. As they struggled to expand [[Universal suffrage|suffrage rights]], liberals increasingly understood that people left out of the [[Voting|democratic decision-making process]] were liable to the "[[tyranny of the majority]]", a concept explained in Mill's ''On Liberty'' and in ''[[Democracy in America]]'' (1835) by [[Alexis de Tocqueville]].<ref name="Young, p. 36">{{Harvnb|Young|2002|p=36}}.</ref> As a response, liberals began demanding proper safeguards to thwart majorities in their attempts at suppressing the [[Minority rights|rights of minorities]].<ref name="Young, p. 36"/>
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-- Conservatives also donate more time and give more blood.<ref name=georgeWill />}}
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[[Atheism|Atheists]] and [[agnosticism|agnostics]] often reject [[Bible|Biblical]] [[morality]] (and therefore [[conservative Christianity]] ) and hold to [[moral relativism]].  Therefore, it is not surprising that [[per capita]] atheists and agnostics in [[United States|America]] [[Atheism and charity|give significantly less to charity than theists even when church giving is not counted for theists]].<ref>[http://www.barna.org/barna-update/article/12-faithspirituality/102-atheists-and-agnostics-take-aim-at-christians Atheists and Agnostics Take Aim at Christians]</ref>
  
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Besides liberty, liberals have developed several other principles important to the construction of their philosophical structure, such as equality, pluralism and toleration. Highlighting the confusion over the first principle, [[Voltaire]] commented that "equality is at once the most natural and at times the most chimeral of things".<ref>Wolfe, p. 63.</ref> All forms of liberalism assume in some basic sense that individuals are equal.<ref name="auto">{{Harvnb|Young|2002|p=39}}.</ref> In maintaining that people are naturally equal, liberals assume that they all possess the same right to liberty.<ref>{{Harvnb|Young|2002|pp=39–40}}.</ref> In other words, no one is inherently entitled to enjoy the benefits of liberal society more than anyone else and all people are [[Equality before the law|equal subjects before the law]].<ref name="Young, p. 40">{{Harvnb|Young|2002|p=40}}.</ref> Beyond this basic conception, liberal theorists diverge on their understanding of equality. American philosopher [[John Rawls]] emphasised the need to ensure not only equality under the law, but also the equal distribution of material resources that individuals required to develop their [[Motivation|aspirations]] in life.<ref name="Young, p. 40"/> Libertarian thinker [[Robert Nozick]] disagreed with Rawls, championing the former version of [[Equal opportunity|Lockean equality]] instead.<ref name="Young, p. 40"/>
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=== Liberal politicians and uncharitableness ===
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The political magazine the [[American Spectator]] featured an article which focused on [[liberal politicians and uncharitableness]] exposing the hypocrisy of the liberal politicians it featured.<ref>[http://www.liveleak.com/view?i=1c5_1238044128&c=1 Charity Donations and Liberal Hypocrisy]</ref>
  
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To contribute to the development of liberty, liberals also have promoted concepts like pluralism and toleration. By pluralism, liberals refer to the proliferation of opinions and beliefs that characterise a stable [[social order]].<ref>{{Harvnb|Young|2002|pp=42–43}}.</ref> Unlike many of their competitors and predecessors, liberals do not seek conformity and homogeneity in the way that people think. In fact, their efforts have been geared towards establishing a governing framework that [[Conflict resolution|harmonises and minimises conflicting views]], but still allows those views to exist and flourish.<ref>{{Harvnb|Young|2002|p=43}}.</ref> For liberal philosophy, pluralism leads easily to toleration. Since individuals will hold diverging viewpoints, liberals argue, they ought to uphold and respect the right of one another to disagree.<ref name="Young, p. 44">{{Harvnb|Young|2002|p=44}}.</ref> From the liberal perspective, toleration was initially connected to [[religious toleration]], with [[Baruch Spinoza]] condemning "the stupidity of religious persecution and ideological wars".<ref name="Young, p. 44"/> Toleration also played a central role in the [[Kantianism|ideas of Kant]] and John Stuart Mill. Both thinkers believed that society will contain different conceptions of a good ethical life and that people should be allowed to make their own choices without interference from the state or other individuals.<ref name="Young, p. 44"/>
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In addition, [[Barack Obama]] has been criticized concerning [[Barack Obama and uncharitableness|his lack of charitable giving]].
  
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=== Liberal economic theory ===
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==Liberals and superstition==
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{{main|Economic liberalism}}
 
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[[Adam Smith]]'s ''[[The Wealth of Nations]]'', published in 1776, was to provide most of the ideas of economics at least until the publication of [[John Stuart Mill]]'s ''Principles'' in 1848.<ref name="Mills, pp. 63, 68">Mills, pp. 63, 68</ref> Smith addressed the motivation for economic activity, the causes of [[Pricing|prices]] and the [[distribution of wealth]] and the [[Economic policy|policies]] the state should follow in order to maximise [[wealth]].<ref name="Mills, p. 64">Mills, p. 64</ref>
 
  
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Smith wrote that as long as [[Supply and demand|supply, demand]], [[price]]s and [[Competition (economics)|competition]] were left free of government regulation, the pursuit of material self-interest, rather than altruism, would maximise the wealth of a society<ref>''[https://books.google.com/books?id=KpWg1DYxRTwC&pg=PA81&lpg=PA81&dq=%22public+good%22&sa=X#v=onepage&q=%22public%20good%22 The Wealth of Nations]'', Strahan and Cadell, 1778</ref> through profit-driven production of goods and services. An "[[invisible hand]]" directed individuals and firms to work toward the nation's good as an unintended consequence of efforts to maximise their own gain. This provided a moral justification for the accumulation of wealth, which had previously been viewed by some as sinful.<ref name="Mills, p. 64"/>
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''See also:'' [[Irreligion and superstition]]
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[[Image:2384975035_230a0eac30.jpg‎‎|thumb|left|170px|The [[Wall Street Journal]] reported: "A comprehensive new study released by Baylor University yesterday, shows ...that the irreligious and the members of more liberal Protestant denominations, far from being resistant to [[superstition]], tend to be much more likely to believe in the paranormal and in [[pseudoscience]] than evangelical Christians."<ref>http://online.wsj.com/article/SB122178219865054585.html</ref>]]
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The [[Wall Street Journal]] reported: "A comprehensive new study released by Baylor University, shows that [[Conservative Christianity|traditional Christian religion]] greatly decreases belief in everything from the efficacy of palm readers to the usefulness of [[astrology]].<ref name=irrational>[http://online.wsj.com/article/SB122178219865054585.html Look Who's Irrational Now]</ref>
  
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Smith assumed that workers could be [[Salary|paid]] as low as was necessary for their survival, which was later transformed by [[David Ricardo]] and [[Thomas Robert Malthus]] into the "[[iron law of wages]]".<ref>Mills, p. 65</ref> His main emphasis was on the benefit of free internal and [[international trade]], which he thought could increase wealth through specialisation in production.<ref>Mills, p. 66</ref> He also opposed restrictive [[trade preference]]s, state grants of [[Monopoly|monopolies]] and [[employers' organisation]]s and [[trade union]]s.<ref>Mills, p. 67</ref> Government should be limited to defence, [[public work]]s and the [[administration of justice]], financed by [[Income tax|taxes based on income]].<ref>Mills, p. 68</ref> Smith was one of the progenitors of the idea, which was long central to classical liberalism and has resurfaced in the [[globalisation]] literature of the later 20th and early 21st centuries, that free trade promotes peace.<ref>See, e.g., [[Donald Markwell]], ''John Maynard Keynes and International Relations: Economic Paths to War and Peace'', Oxford University Press, 2006, chapter 1.</ref> Smith's economics was carried into practice in the 19th century with the lowering of tariffs in the 1820s, the repeal of the [[Poor Relief Act 1662|Poor Relief Act]] that had restricted the mobility of labour in 1834 and the end of the rule of the [[East India Company]] over India in 1858.<ref name="Mills, p. 69">Mills, p. 69</ref>
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Also, in September of 2008, the [[Wall Street Journal]] reported:
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{{cquote|The reality is that the [[New Atheism|New Atheist]] campaign, by discouraging [[religion]], won't create a new group of intelligent, skeptical, enlightened beings. Far from it: It might actually encourage new levels of mass superstition. And that's not a conclusion to take on faith &mdash; it's what the empirical data tell us.
  
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In addition to Smith's legacy, [[Say's law]], Malthus theories of population and Ricardo's iron law of wages became central doctrines of classical economics.<ref name="Mills, p. 76">Mills, p. 76</ref> [[Jean Baptiste Say]] challenged Smith's [[labour theory of value]], believing that prices were determined by utility and also emphasised the critical role of the entrepreneur in the economy. However, neither of those observations became accepted by British economists at the time. Malthus wrote ''[[An Essay on the Principle of Population]]'' in 1798,<ref>Mills, pp. 71–72</ref> becoming a major influence on classical liberalism. Malthus claimed that population growth would outstrip food production because population grew geometrically while food production grew arithmetically. As people were provided with food, they would reproduce until their growth outstripped the food supply. Nature would then provide a check to growth in the forms of vice and misery. No gains in income could prevent this and any welfare for the poor would be self-defeating. The poor were in fact responsible for their own problems which could have been avoided through self-restraint.<ref>Mills, p. 72.</ref>
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"What Americans Really Believe," a comprehensive new study released by Baylor University yesterday, shows that [[Conservative Christianity|traditional Christian religion]] greatly decreases belief in everything from the efficacy of palm readers to the usefulness of [[astrology]]. It also shows that the irreligious and the members of more liberal Protestant denominations, far from being resistant to superstition, tend to be much more likely to believe in the paranormal and in pseudoscience, such as evolution than evangelical Christians....
  
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Several liberals, including Adam Smith and Richard Cobden, argued that the free exchange of goods between nations would lead to world peace.<ref>Erik Gartzke, "[http://www.columbia.akadns.net/itc/journalism/stille/Politics%20Fall%202007/readings%20weeks%206-7/Economic%20Freedom%20and%20Peace%20--%20Garzke.pdf Economic Freedom and Peace]," in ''Economic Freedom of the World: 2005 Annual Report'' (Vancouver: Fraser Institute, 2005).</ref> Smith argued that as societies progressed the spoils of war would rise, but the costs of war would rise further, making war difficult and costly for industrialised nations.<ref>Michael Doyle, ''Ways of War and Peace: Realism, Liberalism, and Socialism'' (New York: Norton, 1997), p. 237 ({{ISBN|0-393-96947-9}}).</ref> Cobden believed that military expenditures worsened the welfare of the state and benefited a small but concentrated elite minority, summing up British [[imperialism]], which he believed was the result of the economic restrictions of mercantilist policies. To Cobden and many classical liberals, those who advocated peace must also advocate free markets.
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This is not a new finding. In his 1983 book "The Whys of a Philosophical Scrivener," skeptic and science writer Martin Gardner cited the decline of traditional religious belief among the better educated as one of the causes for an increase in [[pseudoscience]], cults and superstition. He referenced a 1980 study published in the magazine Skeptical Inquirer that showed irreligious college students to be by far the most likely to embrace paranormal beliefs, while born-again Christian college students were the least likely.<ref name=irrational />}}
  
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[[Utilitarianism]] provided the [[Legitimacy (political)|political justification]] for the implementation of [[economic liberalism]] by British governments, which was to dominate economic policy from the 1830s. Although utilitarianism prompted legislative and administrative reform and John Stuart Mill's later writings on the subject foreshadowed the welfare state, it was mainly used as a justification for ''laissez-faire''.<ref>Richardson, p. 32</ref> The central concept of utilitarianism, which was developed by [[Jeremy Bentham]], was that [[public policy]] should seek to provide "the greatest happiness of the greatest number". While this could be interpreted as a justification for state action to [[Poverty reduction|reduce poverty]], it was used by classical liberals to justify inaction with the argument that the net benefit to all individuals would be higher.<ref name="Mills, p. 76">Mills, p. 76</ref> His philosophy proved to be extremely influential on government policy and led to increased Benthamite attempts at government [[social control]], including [[Robert Peel]]'s [[Metropolitan Police]], [[prison reform]]s, the [[workhouse]]s and [[History of psychiatric institutions|asylums]] for the mentally ill.
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== Secular left ==
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''See also:'' [[Secular left]]
  
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==== Keynesian economics ====
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The [[secular left]] consists of [[leftist|left]]-wing secularists who are able to exert their influence in many countries.  They support "strict government [[secularism]]".<ref>http://www.secularleft.us/about</ref>
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{{main|Keynesian economics}}
 
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[[File:Keynes 1933.jpg|thumb|upright|[[John Maynard Keynes]] was one of the most influential economists of modern times and whose ideas, which are still [[2008–09 Keynesian resurgence|widely felt]], formalized modern [[liberal economic]] policy]]
 
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[[File:Lange-MigrantMother02.jpg|thumb|upright|The [[Great Depression]] with its periods of worldwide economic hardship formed the backdrop against which [[Keynesian Revolution]] took place (the image is [[Dorothea Lange]]'s ''[[Migrant Mother]]'' depiction of destitute [[pea-pickers]] in California, taken in March 1936)]]
 
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During the [[Great Depression]], the definitive liberal response to it was given by the English economist [[John Maynard Keynes]] (1883–1946). Keynes had been "brought up" as a classical liberal, but especially after World War I became increasingly a welfare or social liberal.<ref>See studies of Keynes by, e.g., [[Roy Harrod]], [[Robert Skidelsky]], Donald Moggridge, and [[Donald Markwell]].</ref> A prolific writer, among many other works, he had begun a theoretical work examining the relationship between unemployment, money and prices back in the 1920s.<ref>{{cite book|last=Pressman|first=Steven|title=Fifty Great Economists|year=1999|isbn=978-0-415-13481-1|pages=96–100|publisher=London: Routledge|location=London}}</ref> Keynes was deeply critical of the British government's [[austerity]] measures [[Great Depression in the United Kingdom|during the Great Depression]]. He believed that [[budget deficit]]s were a good thing, a product of [[recession]]s. He wrote: "For Government borrowing of one kind or another is nature's remedy, so to speak, for preventing business losses from being, in so severe a slump as the present one, so great as to bring production altogether to a standstill".<ref name="Cassidy2011">{{cite news|last=Cassidy|first=John|authorlink = John Cassidy (journalist)|title=The Demand Doctor|newspaper=The New Yorker|date=10 October 2011|url=https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2011/10/10/the-demand-doctor}}</ref> At the height of the Great Depression in 1933, Keynes published ''The Means to Prosperity'', which contained specific policy recommendations for tackling unemployment in a global recession, chiefly counter cyclical public spending. ''The Means to Prosperity'' contains one of the first mentions of the [[multiplier effect]].<ref name="Skid30s">{{cite book|last=Skidelsky|first=Robert|title=John Maynard Keynes: 1883–1946: Economist, Philosopher, Statesman|year=2003|isbn=978-0-330-488679|pages=494–500, 504, 509–510|publisher=Pan MacMillan Ltd}}</ref>
 
  
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Keynes's ''[[Masterpiece|magnum opus]]'', ''[[The General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money]]'', was published in 1936<ref>Keith Tribe, ''Economic careers: economics and economists in Britain, 1930–1970'' (1997), p. 61.</ref> and served as a theoretical justification for the [[Economic interventionism|interventionist policies]] Keynes favoured for tackling a recession. The ''General Theory'' challenged the earlier [[neo-classical economics|neo-classical economic]] paradigm, which had held that provided it was unfettered by government interference, the [[Market (economics)|market]] would naturally establish [[full employment]] equilibrium. [[Classical economics|Classical economists]] had believed in [[Say's law]], which simply put states that "[[supply creates its own demand]]" and that in a [[free market]] workers would always be willing to lower their wages to a level where employers could profitably offer them jobs. An innovation from Keynes was the concept of [[Sticky (economics)|price stickiness]], i.e. the recognition that in reality workers often refuse to lower their wage demands even in cases where a classical economist might argue it is [[rationality|rational]] for them to do so. Due in part to price stickiness, it was established that the interaction of "[[aggregate demand]]" and "[[aggregate supply]]" may lead to stable unemployment equilibria and in those cases it is the state and not the market that economies must depend on for their salvation. The book advocated activist economic policy by government to stimulate demand in times of high unemployment, for example by spending on public works. In 1928, he wrote: "Let us be up and doing, using our idle resources to increase our wealth. [...] With men and plants unemployed, it is ridiculous to say that we cannot afford these new developments. It is precisely with these plants and these men that we shall afford them".<ref name="Cassidy2011"/> Where the market failed to properly allocate resources, the government was required to stimulate the economy until private funds could start flowing again—a "prime the pump" kind of strategy designed to boost [[industrial production]].<ref>Colton and Palmer, p. 808.</ref>
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=== Decline of the secular left ===
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''See also:'' [[Decline of the secular left]] and [[Religious conservatism and politics]]
  
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=== Liberal feminist theory ===
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In some regions where the secular left has considerable influence, they [[Decline of the secular left|are losing]] an increasing amount of their power.
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{{main|Liberal feminism}}
 
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[[File:Mary Wollstonecraft by John Opie (c. 1797).jpg|thumb|upright|[[Mary Wollstonecraft]], widely regarded as the pioneer of [[liberal feminism]]]]
 
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[[Liberal feminism]], the dominant tradition in [[History of feminism|feminist history]], is an [[Individualism|individualistic]] form of [[feminist theory]] which focuses on women's ability to maintain their equality through their own actions and choices. Liberal feminists hope to eradicate all barriers to [[gender equality]], claiming that the continued existence of such barriers eviscerates the individual rights and freedoms ostensibly guaranteed by a liberal social order.<ref>Jensen, p. 2.</ref> They argue that society holds the false belief that women are by nature [[Gender inequality|less intellectually and physically capable]] than men; thus it tends to [[Sexism|discriminate against women]] in the [[Sexism in academia|academy]], the forum and the [[Occupational sexism|marketplace]]. Liberal feminists believe that "female subordination is rooted in a set of customary and legal constraints that blocks women's entrance to and success in the so-called public world". They strive for sexual equality via political and legal reform.<ref name="Tong, Rosemarie 1989">Tong, Rosemarie. 1989. Feminist Thought: A Comprehensive Introduction. Oxon, United Kingdom: Unwin Human Ltd. Chapter 1</ref>
 
  
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British [[List of women philosophers|philosopher]] [[Mary Wollstonecraft]] (1759–1797) is widely regarded as the pioneer of liberal feminism, with ''[[A Vindication of the Rights of Woman]]'' (1792) expanding the boundaries of liberalism to include women in the political structure of liberal society.<ref>Falco, pp. 47–48.</ref> In her writings such as ''A Vindication of the Rights of Woman'', Wollstonecraft commented on society's view of the woman and encouraged women to use their voices in making decisions separate from decisions previously made for them. Wollstonecraft "denied that women are, by nature, more pleasure seeking and pleasure giving than men. She reasoned that if they were confined to the same cages that trap women, men would develop the same flawed characters. What Wollstonecraft most wanted for women was personhood".<ref name="Tong, Rosemarie 1989"/>
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Religious conservatism is a big driver of [[social conservatism]].  Religious conservatism is growing in the world and it is affecting politics (see: [[Religious conservatism and politics]]).<ref>
 +
[http://www.sneps.net/RD/uploads/1-Shall%20the%20Religious%20Inherit%20the%20Earth.pdf Shall the Religious Inherit the Earth?: Demography and Politics in the Twenty-First Century by Eric Kaufmann, Belfer Center, Harvard University/Birkbeck College, University of London]</ref><ref>[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=H7vCDeKPRSo Eric Kaufmann - Religion, Demography and Politics in the 21st Century]</ref>
  
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[[John Stuart Mill]] was also an early proponent of feminism. In his article ''[[The Subjection of Women]]'' (1861, published 1869), Mill attempted to prove that the legal subjugation of women is wrong and that it should give way to perfect equality.<ref>John Stuart Mill: critical assessments, Volume 4, By [[John Cunningham Wood]]</ref><ref>Mill, J.S. (1869) [http://www.constitution.org/jsm/women.htm ''The Subjection of Women''], Chapter 1</ref> He believed that both sexes should have equal rights under the law and that "until conditions of equality exist, no one can possibly assess the natural differences between women and men, distorted as they have been. What is natural to the two sexes can only be found out by allowing both to develop and use their faculties freely".<ref>Mill, John Stuart (1869). The Subjection of Women (1869 first ed.). London: Longmans, Green, Reader & Dyer. Retrieved 10 December 2012.</ref> Mill frequently spoke of this imbalance and wondered if women were able to feel the same "genuine unselfishness" that men did in providing for their families. This unselfishness Mill advocated is the one "that motivates people to take into account the good of society as well as the good of the individual person or small family unit".<ref name="Tong, Rosemarie 1989"/> Similar to Mary Wollstonecraft, Mill compared sexual inequality to slavery, arguing that their husbands are often just as abusive as masters and that a human being controls nearly every aspect of life for another human being. In his book ''The Subjection of Women'', Mill argues that three major parts of women's lives are hindering them: society and gender construction, education and marriage.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/mill-moral-political/|title=Mill's Moral and Political Philosophy|last=Brink|first=David|date=9 October 2007|website=|publisher=Stanford University|access-date=1 October 2016}}</ref>
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==  Liberal Christianity and marital infidelity ==
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''See also:'' [[Liberal Christianity and marital infidelity]] and [[Liberal Christianity]]  
  
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[[Equity feminism]] is a form of liberal feminism discussed since the 1980s,<ref>{{cite book |title=Social Feminism |first=Naomi |last=Black |url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=kDYqAAAAYAAJ |year=1989 |publisher=Cornell University Press}}</ref><ref name=Halfmann>{{cite book |chapter-url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=Q83kxhOsgxYC&pg=PA79 |title=Industry and Politics in West Germany: Toward the Third Republic |editor-first=Peter J. |editor-last=Katzenstein |chapter=3. Social Change and Political Mobilization in West Germany |page=79 |first=Jost |last=Halfmann |quote=Equity-feminism differs from equality-feminism |year= 1989|isbn=978-0801495953 }}</ref> specifically a kind of classically liberal or libertarian feminism.<ref name=Stanford>{{cite web |url=http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/feminism-liberal/#EquFem |title=Liberal Feminism |publisher=Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy |date=18 October 2007 |access-date=24 February 2016}} (revised 30 September 2013)</ref> [[Steven Pinker]], an [[evolutionary psychologist]], defines equity feminism as "a moral doctrine about equal treatment that makes no commitments regarding open empirical issues in psychology or biology".<ref>{{cite book |last=Pinker |first=Steven |title=The Blank Slate: The Modern Denial of Human Nature |publisher=Viking |year=2002 |page=341}}</ref> Barry Kuhle asserts that equity feminism is compatible with [[evolutionary psychology]] in contrast to [[gender feminism]].<ref>{{cite journal |journal=[[Evolutionary Psychology (journal)|Evolutionary Psychology]] |url=http://www.epjournal.net/articles/evolutionary-psychology-is-compatible-with-equity-feminism-but-not-with-gender-feminism-a-reply-to-eagly-and-wood-2011/ |dead-url=yes |archive-date=16 January 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120116120314/http://www.epjournal.net/articles/evolutionary-psychology-is-compatible-with-equity-feminism-but-not-with-gender-feminism-a-reply-to-eagly-and-wood-2011/ |title=Evolutionary psychology is compatible with equity feminism |date=2011 |first=Barry X. |last=Kuhle}}</ref>
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According to a 2007 study reported in the ''Journal of Family Issues'', adherents of [[liberal Christianity]] are more likely to engage in marital infidelity than theologically [[Conservative Christianity|conservative Christians]].<ref>[http://www.sagepub.com/hillhsstudy/articles/Chapter10_Article%2001.pdf Are There Religious Variations in Marital Infidelity?]</ref>
  
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=== Social liberal theory ===
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As noted above, liberals are [[Evolution and liberalism|more likely]] to adhere to evolutionary belief than conservatives. A study conducted by the Australian National University, revealed that belief in evolution is associated with moral permissiveness.<ref>[http://creation.com/morals-decline-linked-to-belief-in-evolution Morals decline linked to evolution]</ref>
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{{main|Social liberalism}}
 
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[[File:Jean Charles Simonde de Sismondi (1773-1842).png|thumb|upright|[[Sismondi]] in 1819 wrote the first critique of the free market from a liberal perspective]]
 
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[[Jean Charles Léonard Simonde de Sismondi]]'s ''Nouveaux principes d'économie politique, ou de la richesse dans ses rapports avec la population'' (1819) represents the first comprehensive liberal critique of early capitalism and laissez-faire economics, and his writings, which were studied by [[John Stuart Mill]] and [[Karl Marx]] among many others, had a profound influence on both liberal and socialist responses to the failures and contradictions of industrial society.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Stewart |first1=Ross E. |title=Sismondi's Forgotten Ethical Critique of Early Capitalism |journal=Journal of Business Ethics |date=1984 |volume=3 |issue=3 |pages=227–234|doi=10.1007/BF00382924 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Spiegel |first1=Henry William |title=The Growth of Economic Thought |date=1991 |publisher=Duke University Press |pages=302–303}}</ref><ref name="Gareth">{{cite book |author1=Stedman Jones, Gareth |editor1-last=Aprile |editor1-first=Sylvie |editor2-last=Bensimon |editor2-first=Fabrice |title=La France et l'Angleterre au XIXe siècle. Échanges, représentations, comparaisons |chapter=Saint-Simon and the Liberal origins of the Socialist critique of Political Economy |date=2006 |publisher=Créaphis |pages=21–47}}</ref> By the end of the 19th century, the [[Classical liberalism#Evolution of core beliefs|principles of classical liberalism]] were being increasingly challenged by downturns in [[economic growth]], a growing perception of the [[Diseases of poverty|evils of poverty]], unemployment and relative deprivation present within modern industrial cities as well as the agitation of [[organised labour]]. The ideal of the [[Self-made man|self-made individual]], who through hard work and talent could make his or her place in the world, seemed increasingly implausible. A major political reaction against the changes introduced by [[industrialisation]] and ''laissez-faire'' capitalism came from conservatives concerned about social balance, although [[socialism]] later became a more important force for change and reform. Some [[Victorian literature|Victorian writers]], including [[Charles Dickens]], [[Thomas Carlyle]] and [[Matthew Arnold]], became early influential critics of social injustice.<ref name="Richardson, pp. 36–37">Richardson, pp. 36–37.</ref>
 
  
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New liberals began to adapt the old language of liberalism to confront these difficult circumstances, which they believed could only be resolved through a broader and more interventionist conception of the state. An equal right to liberty could not be established merely by ensuring that individuals did not physically interfere with each other, or merely by having laws that were impartially formulated and applied. More positive and proactive measures were required to ensure that every individual would have an [[equal opportunity]] of success.<ref name='eatwell'>{{cite book|last=Eatwell|first=Roger|author2=Wright, Anthony|title=Contemporary political ideologies|publisher=Continuum International Publishing Group|year=1999|isbn=9780826451736}}</ref>
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== American liberalism ==
  
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[[File:PSM V03 D380 John Stuart Mill.jpg|thumb|upright|[[John Stuart Mill]]'s ''[[On Liberty]]'' greatly influenced the course of 19th century liberalism]]
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''See also:'' [[American liberalism]] and [[Liberal elite|Liberal elitism]]
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[[John Stuart Mill]] contributed enormously to liberal thought by combining elements of classical liberalism with what eventually became known as the new liberalism. Mill's 1859 ''[[On Liberty]]'' addressed the nature and limits of the [[Power (philosophy)|power]] that can be legitimately exercised by society over the [[individual]].<ref>Mill, John Stuart ''On Liberty'' Penguin Classics, 2006 {{ISBN|978-0-14-144147-4}} pp. 90–91.</ref> He gave an impassioned defence of free speech, arguing that free [[discourse]] is a [[necessary condition]] for intellectual and social progress. Mill defined "[[social liberty]]" as protection from "the tyranny of political rulers". He introduced a number of different concepts of the form tyranny can take, referred to as social tyranny and [[tyranny of the majority]], respectively. Social liberty meant limits on the ruler's power through obtaining recognition of political liberties or rights and by the establishment of a system of "[[constitutional]] checks".<ref>Mill, John Stuart ''On Liberty'' Penguin Classics, 2006 {{ISBN|978-0-14-144147-4}} pp. 10–11.</ref>
 
  
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His definition of liberty, influenced by [[Joseph Priestley]] and [[Josiah Warren]], was that the [[individual]] ought to be free to do as he wishes unless he harms others.<ref>John Stuart Mill (1806–1873), "The Contest in America". Harper's New Monthly Magazine. Volume 24. Issue 143. pp. 683–684. Harper & Bros. New York. April 1862. [http://digital.library.cornell.edu/cgi/t/text/pageviewer-idx?c=harp;cc=harp;rgn=full%20text;idno=harp0024-5;didno=harp0024-5;view=image;seq=00693;node=harp0024-5%3A1 Cornell.edu].</ref> However, although Mill's initial [[Philosophy and economics|economic philosophy]] supported [[free market]]s and argued that [[progressive tax]]ation penalised those who worked harder,<ref>[http://www.irefeurope.org/col_docs/doc_51_fr.pdf IREF | Pour la liberte economique et la concurrence fiscale] (PDF) {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090327011315/http://www.irefeurope.org/col_docs/doc_51_fr.pdf |date=27 March 2009 }}</ref> he later altered his views toward a more socialist bent, adding chapters to his ''Principles of Political Economy'' in defence of a socialist outlook and defending some socialist causes,<ref>{{cite book|author1=Mill, John Stuart|author2= Bentham, Jeremy |editor=Ryan, Alan.|title=Utilitarianism and other essays|edition=|publisher=Penguin Books|year=2004|location=London|isbn=978-0-14-043272-5|page=11}}</ref> including the radical proposal that the whole wage system be abolished in favour of a co-operative wage system.
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[[File:FDRoosevelt by Perskie.png|thumbnail|right|200px|[[Franklin D. Roosevelt]] ]]
  
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Another early liberal convert to greater government intervention was [[Thomas Hill Green]]. Seeing the effects of alcohol, he believed that the state should foster and protect the social, political and economic environments in which individuals will have the best chance of acting according to their consciences. The state should intervene only where there is a clear, proven and strong tendency of a liberty to enslave the individual.<ref>Nicholson, P. P., "T. H. Green and State Action: Liquor Legislation", ''History of Political Thought'', 6 (1985), 517–50. Reprinted in A. Vincent, ed., ''The Philosophy of T. H. Green'' (Aldershot: Gower, 1986), pp. 76–103</ref> Green regarded the national state as legitimate only to the extent that it upholds a system of rights and obligations that is most likely to foster individual self-realisation.
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As noted above, [[American liberalism]] is a political ideology that dominates the [[Democratic Party]]. Its heroes include [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]], [[Eleanor Roosevelt]], and [[Martin Luther King]].
  
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The New Liberalism or social liberalism movement emerged about 1900 in Britain.<ref>[[Michael Freeden]], ''The New Liberalism: An Ideology of Social Reform'' (Oxford UP, 1978).</ref> The New Liberals, which included intellectuals like L. T. Hobhouse and [[John A. Hobson]], saw individual liberty as something achievable only under favorable social and economic circumstances.<ref name="adams">{{Cite book|last=Adams|first=Ian|title=Political Ideology Today (Politics Today)|publisher=[[Manchester University Press]]|isbn=978-0719060205|year=2001|location=Manchester}}</ref> In their view, the poverty, squalor and ignorance in which many people lived made it impossible for freedom and individuality to flourish. New Liberals believed that these conditions could be ameliorated only through collective action coordinated by a strong, welfare-oriented and interventionist state.<ref>The Routledge Encyclopaedia of Philosophy, p. 599</ref> It supports a [[mixed economy]] that includes both [[public property|public]] and private property in [[capital good]]s.<ref name="Stanislao G. Pugliese 1999. p. 99">Stanislao G. Pugliese. ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=Yhys8SMGHM0C&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false Carlo Rosselli: socialist heretic and antifascist exile]''. Harvard University Press, 1999. p. 99.</ref><ref name="Noel W. Thompson 2006. pp. 60–1">Noel W. Thompson. ''Political economy and the Labour Party: the economics of democratic socialism, 1884–2005''. 2nd edition. Oxon, England; New York, New York: Routledge, 2006. pp. 60–61.</ref>
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According to the Gallup Organization, in the United States, 25% of the population were liberals and 36% were conservatives in 2016.<ref>[US Conservatives Outnumber Liberals by Narrowing Margin], Gallup, January of 2017</ref>
  
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Principles that can be described as liberal socialist have been based upon or developed by the following philosophers: John Stuart Mill, [[Eduard Bernstein]], [[John Dewey]], [[Carlo Rosselli]], [[Norberto Bobbio]] and [[Chantal Mouffe]].<ref>Nadia Urbinati. ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=YoS6bMf4toQC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false J.S. Mill's political thought: a bicentennial reassessment]''. Cambridge, England, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2007 p. 101.</ref> Other important liberal socialist figures include Guido Calogero, [[Piero Gobetti]], Leonard Trelawny Hobhouse and [[R. H. Tawney]].<ref name="ref72">Steve Bastow, James Martin. ''[http://research.gold.ac.uk/1882/ Third way discourse: European ideologies in the twentieth century]''. Edinburgh, Scotland, UK: Edinburgh University Press, Ltd, 2003. p. 72.</ref> [[Liberal socialism]] has been particularly prominent in British and Italian politics.<ref name="ref72" />
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In 2017, the ''Financial Times'' declared about [[American liberalism]]:
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{{Cquote|...as Democrats struggle to reinvent themselves in the wake of Donald Trump’s victory, their party remains captured by a toxic mix of [[identity politics]] and corporate interests. The establishment wing is still convinced that racism and [[misogyny]], not economic populism, sank Mrs Clinton, and that wooing big corporate donors is still the way to victory in the next election.
  
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=== Anarcho-capitalist theory ===
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While money matters, and there may have been some voters who turned away from Mrs Clinton because of gender, the key reason that the Democrats lost in 2016 and are struggling to rebrand themselves is that they have failed to grasp two things.
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{{main|Anarcho-capitalism}}
 
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[[File:Gustavedemolinari.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Gustave de Molinari]] (1819–1912)]]
 
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[[File:Die Gartenlaube (1863) b 269.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Julius Faucher]] (1820–1878)]]
 
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[[Classical liberalism]] advocates [[free trade]] under the rule of law.  [[Anarcho-capitalism]] goes one step further, with law enforcement and the courts being provided by private companies.  Various theorists have espoused legal philosophies similar to anarcho-capitalism. One of the first liberals to discuss the possibility of [[privatizing]] protection of individual liberty and property was France's [[Jakob Mauvillon]] in the 18th century. Later in the 1840s, [[Julius Faucher]] and [[Gustave de Molinari]] advocated the same. In his essay ''The Production of Security'', Molinari argued: "No government should have the right to prevent another government from going into competition with it, or to require consumers of security to come exclusively to it for this commodity". Molinari and this new type of anti-state liberal grounded their reasoning on liberal ideals and classical economics. Historian and libertarian [[Ralph Raico]] argues that what these liberal philosophers "had come up with was a form of individualist anarchism, or, as it would be called today, anarcho-capitalism or market anarchism".<ref>Raico, Ralph (2004) [https://www.mises.org/story/1787 ''Authentic German Liberalism of the 19th century''] Ecole Polytechnique, [http://www.crea.polytechnique.fr/index.htm Centre de Recherce en Epistemologie Appliquee], Unité associée au CNRS</ref> Unlike the liberalism of Locke, which saw the state as evolving from society, the anti-state liberals saw a fundamental conflict between the voluntary interactions of people, i.e. society; and the institutions of force, i.e. the state. This society versus state idea was expressed in various ways: natural society vs. artificial society, liberty vs. authority, society of contract vs. society of authority and industrial society vs. militant society, just to name a few.<ref name="Molinari-1849">Molinari, Gustave de (1849) [http://praxeology.net/GM-PS.htm The Production of Security] {{webarchive|url=https://www.webcitation.org/5QjP50k9o?url=http://praxeology.net/GM-PS.htm |date=31 July 2007 }} (trans. J. Huston McCulloch). Retrieved 15 July 2006.</ref> The anti-state liberal tradition in Europe and the United States continued after Molinari in the early writings of [[Herbert Spencer]] as well as in thinkers such as [[Paul Émile de Puydt]] and [[Auberon Herbert]]. However, the first person to use the term anarcho-capitalism was [[Murray Rothbard]], who in the mid-20th century synthesized elements from the [[Austrian School]] of economics, classical liberalism and 19th-century American [[individualist anarchist]]s [[Lysander Spooner]] and [[Benjamin Tucker]] (while rejecting their [[labor theory of value]] and the norms they derived from it).<ref>"A student and disciple of the Austrian economist Ludwig von Mises, Rothbard combined the laissez-faire economics of his teacher with the absolutist views of human rights and rejection of the state he had absorbed from studying the individualist American anarchists of the 19th century such as Lysander Spooner and Benjamin Tucker." Blackwell Encyclopaedia of Political Thought, 1987, {{ISBN|978-0-631-17944-3}}, p. 290</ref> Anarcho-capitalism advocates the elimination of the state in favor of [[Self-ownership|individual sovereignty]], [[private property]] and [[free markets]]. Anarcho-capitalists believe that in the absence of [[statute]] (law by [[decree]] or [[legislation]]), society would improve itself through the discipline of the free market (or what its proponents describe as a "[[voluntary society]]").<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |last=Morris |first=Andrew |authorlink= |editor-first=Ronald |editor-last=Hamowy |editor-link=Ronald Hamowy |encyclopedia=The Encyclopedia of Libertarianism |chapter-url= https://books.google.com/books?id=yxNgXs3TkJYC |year=2008 |publisher= [[SAGE Publications|SAGE]]; [[Cato Institute]] |location= Thousand Oaks, CA |doi=10.4135/9781412965811.n8 |isbn= 978-1-4129-6580-4 |oclc=750831024| lccn = 2008009151 |pages=13–14 |quote= |ref= |chapter=Anarcho-Capitalism |title= }}</ref><ref name=Stringham51>Edward Stringham, ''Anarchy and the law: the political economy of choice,'' [https://books.google.com/books?id=nft4e62nicsC&pg=PA51&dq=anarcho-capitalism+libertarian&sa=X&ct=result&resnum=8#v=onepage&q=anarcho-capitalism%20libertarian p. 51].</ref>
 
  
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In an anarcho-capitalist society, [[law enforcement]], [[court]]s and all other security services would be operated by privately funded competitors rather than centrally through [[taxation]]. [[Money]], along with all other [[goods and services]], would be [[free banking|privately and competitively provided]] in an [[open market]]. Therefore, personal and economic activities under anarcho-capitalism would be regulated by victim-based [[dispute resolution organizations]] under [[tort]] and [[contract]] law, rather than by statute through centrally determined punishment under political monopolies.<ref name="libertarianpapers">[http://libertarianpapers.org/articles/2011/lp-3-3.pdf "Review of Kosanke's Instead of Politics – Don Stacy"] Libertarian Papers VOL. 3, ART. NO. 3 (2011)</ref> A Rothbardian anarcho-capitalist society would operate under a mutually agreed-upon libertarian "legal code which would be generally accepted, and which the courts would pledge themselves to follow".<ref>Rothbard, Murray. For A New Liberty. [https://www.mises.org/rothbard/newliberty11.asp 12 The Public Sector, III: Police, Law, and the Courts]</ref> This pact would recognize [[self-ownership]] and the [[non-aggression principle]] (NAP), although methods of enforcement vary.
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Firstly, most Americans today care more about jobs than identity, and secondly, the same downward mobility that pushed the white working class towards Mr Trump is moving up the socio-economic food chain, and fast. As research by groups from the International Monetary Fund to the OECD to McKinsey has shown, the technology-related job disruption that resulted in rust belt job losses and wage stagnation since 2000 is beginning to affect white-collar workers across nearly every sector....
  
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== History ==
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But Democrats over-estimated the power and relevance of identity politics (there are still more whites without a college degree than minorities), and underestimated the breadth and depth of labour disruption. In any case, says Robert Johnson, president of the Institute for New Economic Thinking, “it was always a mistake to separate out issues of race and class, because they go hand in hand. In economically insecure times, fear of the ‘other’ increases.” It is a phenomenon exploited by Mr Trump.<ref>[https://www.ft.com/content/b34f5536-2c02-11e7-bc4b-5528796fe35c Economics, not identity, is key to reviving American liberalism], Financial Times, 2017</ref>}}
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{{main|History of liberalism}}
 
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<!---- This section should be a summary of the article "History of liberalism" according with WP:SUMMARY. ---->
 
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{{cleanup|section|reason=Needs better presentation and content summarization|date=May 2017}}
 
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[[File:John Locke.jpg|thumb|upright|[[John Locke]] was the first to develop a liberal philosophy, including the [[Right to property|right to private property]] and the [[consent of the governed]]]]
 
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Isolated strands of liberal thought had existed in [[Western philosophy]] since the [[Ancient Greeks]] and in [[Eastern philosophy]] since the [[Song dynasty|Song]] and [[Ming dynasty|Ming]] period. These ideas were first drawn together and systematized as a distinct ideology, by the English philosopher [[John Locke]], generally regarded as the father of modern liberalism.<ref name="Delaney, p. 18"/><ref name="Godwin et al., p. 12"/><ref name="FungCambridge">{{cite book|last1=Fung|first1=Edmund S. K.|title=The Intellectual Foundations of Chinese Modernity: Cultural and Political Thought in the Republican Era|date=2010|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1139488235|page=130|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7muduLXtSGMC&pg=PA130|accessdate=16 May 2017}}</ref><ref name="BevirSAGE">{{cite book|last1=Bevir|first1=Mark|title=Encyclopedia of Political Theory: A–E, Volume 1|year=2010|publisher=[[SAGE Publications]]|isbn=978-1412958653|page=164|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wVIoCtB3m74C&pg=PA164|accessdate=19 May 2017}}</ref> The first major signs of liberal politics emerged in modern times. These ideas began to coalesce at the time of the [[English Civil War]]s. The [[Levellers]], a radical political movement, during the war called for [[Freedom of religion in the United Kingdom|freedom of religion]], frequent convening of parliament and equality under the law. The impact of these ideas steadily increased during the [[Early modern Britain|17th century in England]], culminating in the Glorious Revolution of 1688, which enshrined [[parliamentary sovereignty]] and the [[right of revolution]] and led to the establishment of what many consider the first modern, liberal state.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Oc-uXxPXfmwC|title=1688: The First Modern Revolution|author=Steven Pincus|year=2009|publisher=Yale University Press |isbn=978-0-300-15605-8 |accessdate=7 February 2013}}</ref> The development of liberalism continued throughout the 18th century with the burgeoning Enlightenment ideals of the era. This was a period of profound intellectual vitality that questioned old traditions and influenced several [[Monarchies in Europe|European monarchies]] throughout the 18th century. Political tension between England and its [[Thirteen Colonies|American colonies]] grew after 1765 and the [[Seven Years' War]] over the issue of [[No taxation without representation|taxation without representation]], culminating in the [[United States Declaration of Independence|Declaration of Independence]] of a new republic, and the resulting [[American Revolutionary War]] to defend it. After the war, the leaders debated about how to move forward. The [[Articles of Confederation]], written in 1776, now appeared inadequate to provide security, or even a functional government. The [[United States in Congress Assembled|Confederation Congress]] called a [[Philadelphia Convention|Constitutional Convention]] in 1787, which resulted in the writing of a new [[Constitution of the United States]] establishing a [[Federation|federal]] government. In the context of the times, the Constitution was a republican and liberal document.<ref>Roberts, p. 701.</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Milan Zafirovski|title=Liberal Modernity and Its Adversaries: Freedom, Liberalism and Anti-Liberalism in the 21st Century|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GNlT9Qho0tAC|year=2007|publisher=Brill|pages=237–38|isbn=978-90-04-16052-1}}</ref> It remains the oldest liberal governing document in effect worldwide.
 
  
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[[File:Montesquieu 1.png|thumb|left|upright|[[Baron de Montesquieu|Montesquieu]] argued for the [[separation of powers|separation of the powers of government]]]]
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In recent years, American liberals have experienced a number of political losses and many liberals in the United States have become embittered (see: [[American liberalism and 21st century political losses]]),
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In Europe, liberalism has a long tradition dating back to the 17th century.<ref name="ReferenceA">German songs like ''[[Die Gedanken sind frei]]'' (''Thoughts Are Free'') can be dated even centuries before that.</ref> The French Revolution began in 1789. The two key events that marked the triumph of liberalism were the [[abolition of feudalism in France]] on the night of 4 August 1789, which marked the collapse of feudal and old traditional rights and privileges and restrictions as well as the passage of the [[Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen]] in August.<ref>{{cite book|author=Jon Meacham|title=Thomas Jefferson: President and Philosopher|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tvBMBAAAQBAJ&pg=PT131|year=2014|publisher=Random House|page=131|isbn=9780385387514}}</ref> During the [[Napoleonic Wars]], the French brought to Western Europe the liquidation of the [[Feudalism|feudal system]], the liberalization of [[property law]]s, the end of [[Manorialism|seigneurial dues]], the abolition of [[guild]]s, the legalization of [[divorce]], the disintegration of [[Jewish ghettos in Europe|Jewish ghettos]], the collapse of the [[Spanish Inquisition|Inquisition]], the final end of the [[Holy Roman Empire]], the elimination of church courts and religious authority, the establishment of the [[metric system]] and equality under the law for all men.<ref>Colton and Palmer, pp. 428–29.</ref> His most lasting achievement, the [[Napoleonic code|Civil Code]], served as "an object of emulation all over the globe",<ref>Lyons, p. 94.</ref> but it also perpetuated further discrimination against women under the banner of the "natural order".<ref>Lyons, pp. 98–102.</ref>
 
  
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The development into maturity of classical liberalism took place before and after the French Revolution in Britain.<ref name="Vincent, pp. 29–30"/> [[Adam Smith]]'s ''[[The Wealth of Nations]]'', published in 1776, was to provide most of the ideas of economics at least until the publication of [[John Stuart Mill]]'s ''Principles'' in 1848.<ref name="Mills, pp. 63, 68"/> Smith addressed the motivation for economic activity, the causes of prices and the distribution of wealth and the policies the state should follow in order to maximise wealth.<ref name="Mills, p. 64">Mills, p. 64</ref> The [[radicalism (historical)|radical liberal movement]] began in the 1790s in England and concentrated on parliamentary and electoral reform, emphasizing natural rights and [[popular sovereignty]]. Radicals like [[Richard Price]] and [[Joseph Priestley]] saw parliamentary reform as a first step toward dealing with their many grievances, including the treatment of [[English Dissenters|Protestant Dissenters]], the slave trade, high prices and high taxes.<ref>Turner, p. 86</ref>
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[[Democrats]] and most media outlets in the [[U.S.]] are blatantly liberal.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mrc.org/biasbasics/biasbasics1.asp|title=Media Bias basics|publisher=[[Media Research Center]]}}</ref> Liberalism in North America today practices three primary tactics to attack the Republican Party, and sometimes to attack American values in general. These three liberal tactics can be pronounced using the following [[acronym]]: SIN. Liberals (1) '''s'''hift the subject, they (2) '''i'''gnore the facts, and they (3) '''n'''ame call.<ref>Scott Baker. [http://www.theblaze.com/stories/did-herman-cain-give-the-dont-miss-speech-at-cpac/ Did Herman Cain Give the ‘Don’t Miss’ Speech at CPAC?], ''[[The Blaze]], February 12, 2011.</ref><ref>[[YouTube]]. [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-N3-j3HM7-A& Herman Cain: "Stupid People Are Ruining America"], February 11, 2011.</ref>
  
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In [[Liberalism and conservatism in Latin America|Latin America]], liberal unrest dates back to the 18th century, when liberal agitation in Latin America led to [[Latin American wars of independence|independence]] from the imperial power of Spain and Portugal. The new regimes were generally liberal in their political outlook and employed the philosophy of [[positivism]], which emphasized the truth of modern science, to buttress their positions.<ref>Arturo Ardao, "Assimilation and transformation of positivism in Latin America". ''Journal of the History of Ideas'' (1963): 515–522. [http://pics3441.upmf-grenoble.fr/articles/cult/assimilation_and_transformation_of_positivism_in_latin_america.pdf Online]. {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150212190612/http://pics3441.upmf-grenoble.fr/articles/cult/assimilation_and_transformation_of_positivism_in_latin_america.pdf|date=12 February 2015}}; [https://www.jstor.org/stable/2707981 also in JSTOR].</ref> In the United States, a [[American Civil War|vicious war]] ensured the integrity of the nation and the abolition of slavery in the [[Southern United States|South]]. Historian Don Doyle has argued that the Union victory in the [[American Civil War]] (1861–1865) gave a major boost to the course of liberalism.<ref>Don H. Doyle, ''The Cause of All Nations: An International History of the American Civil War'' (2014)</ref>
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* Liberals typically support a "mixed" economy, a policy similar to that of [[fascism]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://fora.tv/2008/01/30/Liberal_Traits_of_Fascism|title=Video discussion about how modern liberalism is actually fascist by author Jonah Goldberg.}}</ref>
  
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During 19th and early 20th century in the Ottoman Empire and Middle East, liberalism influenced periods of reform such as the [[Tanzimat]] and [[Al-Nahda]]; the rise of secularism, constitutionalism and nationalism; and different intellectuals and religious group and movements, like the [[Young Ottomans]] and [[Islamic Modernism]]. Prominent of the era were [[Rifa'a al-Tahtawi]], [[Namık Kemal]] and [[İbrahim Şinasi]]. However, the reformist ideas and trends did not reach the common population successfully as the books, periodicals and newspapers were accessible primarily to intellectuals and segments of an emerging middle class while many [[Muslim]]s saw them as foreign influences on the [[Liberalism and progressivism in the Muslim world|world of Islam]]. That perception complicated reformist efforts made by Middle Eastern states.<ref name="Abdelmoula">{{cite book|last1=Abdelmoula|first1=Ezzeddine|title=Al Jazeera and Democratization: The Rise of the Arab Public Sphere|year=2015|publisher=[[Routledge]]|isbn=978-1317518471|pages=50–52|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vP7qBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA50|accessdate=7 May 2017}}</ref><ref>Roderic. H. Davison, Essays in Ottoman and Turkish History, 1774–1923 – The Impact of West, Texas 1990, pp. 115-116.</ref> These changes, along with other factors, helped to create a sense of crisis within Islam, which continues to this day. This led to [[Islamic revivalism]].<ref name="LindgrenRoss">{{cite book|last1=Lindgren|first1=Allana|last2=Ross|first2=Stephen|title=The Modernist World|year=2015|publisher=[[Routledge]]|isbn=978-1317696162|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YFvLCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA440|accessdate=6 May 2017}}</ref>
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* Liberals claimed a monopoly on [[compassion]], [[decency]], and [[social justice]] (as defined by themselves), posing as the sole defenders of [[civic virtue]] against a horde of backwoodsmen, racists, and religious fanatics. [https://www.americanthinker.com/2008/03/the_disgrace_of_liberalism.html]
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{{cquote|There's another goal, from my point of view, which is to try to lay the groundwork for a radical political force which would conceive of itself as distinctly to the left of moderate, reformist American liberals. And that has two aspects. One is to try to change that liberalism, to transform it by analysis, critique, and activism; the second is to build a radical movement which would be an autonomous force in its own right, which would be distinct from the traditional American liberal consensus. This radical part of the program involves not simply supporting the liberal students against conservative students and conservative professors, but trying to act on them, to push them to the left. It also involves trying to find and support, even trying to help create, networks of radical students in law school and of radical professors around the country — students and teachers who see themselves as wanting to go a lot further than most people want to go.<ref>[http://66.218.69.11/search/cache?ei=UTF-8&p=liberal+teachers&fr=yfp-t-501&fp_ip=MX&u=duncankennedy.net/documents/Liberal%2520Values%2520in%2520Legal%2520Education.pdf&w=liberal+liberals+teachers+teacher&d=BNZFhPReRjC1&icp=1&.intl=us Liberal Values in Legal Education] Duncan Kennedy (professor at Harvard Law School)</ref>}}
  
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[[File:Eugène Delacroix - La liberté guidant le peuple.jpg|thumb|The iconic painting ''[[Liberty Leading the People]]'' by [[Eugène Delacroix]], a tableau of the [[July Revolution]] in 1830]]
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===Liberal Rankings of Congress Members===
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[[Abolitionism|Abolitionist]] and [[suffrage]] movements spread, along with representative and democratic ideals. France established an [[French Third Republic|enduring republic]] in the 1870s. However, nationalism also spread rapidly after 1815. A mixture of liberal and nationalist sentiment in [[Liberalism and radicalism in Italy|Italy]] and Germany brought about the unification of the two countries in the late 19th century. A liberal regime came to power in Italy and ended the secular power of the Popes. However, the [[Holy See|Vatican]] launched a counter crusade against liberalism. [[Pope Pius IX]] issued the ''[[Syllabus of Errors]]'' in 1864, condemning liberalism in all its forms. In many countries, liberal forces responded by [[Suppression of the Society of Jesus|expelling the Jesuit order]]. By the end of the nineteenth century, the principles of classical liberalism were being increasingly challenged and the ideal of the self-made individual seemed increasingly implausible. Victorian writers like [[Charles Dickens]], [[Thomas Carlyle]] and [[Matthew Arnold]] were early influential critics of social injustice.<ref name="Richardson, pp. 36–37"/>
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The National Journal compiles the votes of each congress member each year and uses the information to create rankings<ref>[http://nationaljournal.com/voteratings/index.htm How the House voted]</ref> of how liberal each member of the United States [[Congress]] is. In addition to showing the voting records of each member and given an overall all ranking of liberalness, the National Journal also ranks congress members by liberalness in the areas of social, economic, and foreign policy.
  
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Liberalism gained momentum in the beginning of the 20th century. The bastion of [[autocracy]], the [[Nicholas II|Russian Tsar]], was overthrown in the [[February Revolution|first phase]] of the [[Russian Revolution]]. The Allied victory in the [[First World War]] and the collapse of four empires seemed to mark the triumph of liberalism across the European continent, not just among the [[Allies of World War I|victorious allies]], but also in Germany and the newly created states of [[Eastern Europe]]. Militarism, as typified by Germany, was defeated and discredited. As Blinkhorn argues, the liberal themes were ascendant in terms of "cultural pluralism, religious and ethnic toleration, national self-determination, free market economics, representative and responsible government, free trade, unionism, and the peaceful settlement of international disputes through a new body, the [[League of Nations]]".
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=== American liberalism, demographics and expected tipping point in the decline of American liberalism ===
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''See also:'' [[American atheism]] and [[Decline of atheism]] and [[Global atheism]]
  
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In the Middle East, liberalism led to constitutional periods, like the Ottoman [[First Constitutional Era (Ottoman Empire)|First]] and [[Second Constitutional Era (Ottoman Empire)|Second Constitutional Era]] and the [[Persian Constitutional Revolution|Persian constitutional period]], but it declined in the late 1930s due the growth and opposition of [[Islamism]] and [[Pan-Arabism|pan-Arab]] [[Arab nationalism|nationalism]].<ref>{{cite book|last1=Kurzman|first1=Charles|title=Liberal Islam: A Source Book|year=1998|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0195116229|page=10|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4n8HSe9SfXMC&pg=PA10|accessdate=25 May 2017}}</ref><ref name="Moaddel1">{{cite book|last1=Moaddel|first1=Mansoor|title=Islamic Modernism, Nationalism, and Fundamentalism: Episode and Discourse|year=2005|publisher=University of Chicago Press|isbn=978-0226533339|page=4|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Dk6BLopmn3gC&pg=PA4}}</ref><ref name="lapidus">{{cite book |title=A History of Islamic Societies |last=Lapidus |first=Ira Marvin |authorlink= |year=2002 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |location= |isbn=978-0521779333 |page=496 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=I3mVUEzm8xMC&pg=PA496}}</ref><ref name="LorentzIran">{{cite book|last1=Lorentz|first1=John H.|title=The A to Z of Iran|year=2010|publisher=Scarecrow Press|isbn=978-1461731917|page=224|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oV9WwxXbCB8C&pg=PA224|accessdate=9 May 2017}}</ref><ref name="LindgrenRoss"/> However, there were various examples of intellectuals who advocated liberal values and ideas. Prominent liberals during the period were [[Taha Hussein]], [[Ahmed Lutfi el-Sayed]], [[Tawfiq al-Hakim]], [[Abd El-Razzak El-Sanhuri]], [[Abd El-Razzak El-Sanhuri]] and [[Muhammad Mandur]].<ref>{{cite book|last1=Hanssen|first1=Jens|last2=Weiss|first2=Max|title=Arabic Thought beyond the Liberal Age: Towards an Intellectual History of the Nahda|year=2016|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|isbn=978-1107136335|page=299|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dPF7DQAAQBAJ&pg=PA299|accessdate=10 May 2017}}</ref>
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Due to the explosive growth of [[global Christianity]] in traditional cultures and their influence on Western [[Christianity]] and the higher birth rate of [[Conservative Christianity|conservative Christians]] and religious conservatives, social conservatism is expected to rise.
  
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[[File:Franklin D. Roosevelt TIME Man of the Year 1933 color photo.jpg|thumb|left|upright|Color photo of [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]] as the [[Time Person of the Year|Man of the Year]] of ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]'', January 1933]]
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The Birkbeck College, University of London professor Eric Kaufman wrote in his 2010 book ''Shall the Righteous Inherit the Earth?'' concerning America:
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In the United States, [[Modern liberalism in the United States|modern liberalism]] traces its history to the popular presidency of [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]], who initiated the [[New Deal]] in response to the [[Great Depression in the United States|Great Depression]] and won an [[List of Presidents of the United States|unprecedented four elections]]. The [[New Deal coalition]] established by Roosevelt left a decisive legacy and influenced many future American presidents, including [[John F. Kennedy]].<ref>Alterman, p. 32.</ref> Meanwhile, the definitive liberal response to the Great Depression was given by the British economist [[John Maynard Keynes]], who had begun a theoretical work examining the relationship between unemployment, money and prices back in the 1920s.<ref>{{cite book|last=Pressman|first=Steven|title=Fifty Great Economists|year=1999|isbn=978-0-415-13481-1|pages=96–100|publisher=London: routledge|location=London}}</ref> The worldwide Great Depression, starting in 1929, hastened the discrediting of liberal economics and strengthened calls for state control over economic affairs. Economic woes prompted widespread unrest in the European political world, leading to the rise of [[fascism]] as an ideology and a movement arrayed against both liberalism and [[communism]], especially in [[Nazi Germany]] and [[Kingdom of Italy|Italy]].<ref>Heywood, pp. 218–26.</ref> The rise of fascism in the 1930s eventually culminated in [[World War II]], the deadliest conflict in human history. The [[Allies of World War II|Allies]] prevailed in the war by 1945 and their victory set the stage for the [[Cold War]] between the [[Communist state|Communist]] [[Eastern Bloc]] and the liberal [[Western Bloc]].
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{{cquote|High evangelical fertility rates more than compensated for losses to liberal Protestant sects during the twentieth century. In recent decades, white secularism has surged, but Latino and Asian religious immigration has taken up the slack, keeping secularism at bay. Across denominations, the fertility advantage of religious fundamentalists of all colours is significant and growing. After 2020, their demographic weight will to tip the balance in the [[Culture War|culture wars]] towards the conservative side, ramping up pressure on hot-button issues such as abortion. By the end of the century, three quarters of America may be pro-life. Their activism will leap over the borders of the 'Redeemer Nation' to evangelize the world. Already, the rise of the World Congress of Families has launched a global religious right, its arms stretching across the bloody lines of the War on Terror to embrace the entire Abrahamic family.<ref>[http://questionevolution.blogspot.com/2012/05/why-are-years-2012-and-2020-key-years.html Why are 2012 and 2020 key years for Christian creationists and pro-lifers?]</ref>}}
  
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[[Liberalism in Iran|In Iran]], liberalism enjoyed wide popularity. In April 1951, the [[National Front (Iran)|National Front]] became the governing coalition when democratically elected [[Mohammad Mosaddegh]], a liberal nationalist, took office as the [[Prime Minister of Iran|Prime Minister]]. However, his way of governing entered in conflict with Western interest and he was removed from power in a [[1953 Iranian coup d'état|coup on 19 August 1953]]. The coup ended the dominance of liberalism in the country's politics.<ref name="jrisen">{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/library/world/mideast/041600iran-cia-index.html|publisher=The New York Times|title=Secrets of History: The C.I.A. in Iran|author=[[James Risen]]|date=16 April 2000|accessdate=3 November 2006}}</ref><ref>''Clandestine Service History: Overthrow of Premier Mossadeq of Iran'' (March 1954). p. iii.</ref><ref name="CN-IC-01">{{cite book|title=Ends of British Imperialism: The Scramble for Empire, Suez, and Decolonization|year=2007|publisher=I.B.Tauris|isbn=9781845113476|pages=775 of 1082|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NQnpQNKeKKAC&pg=PA775&lpg=PA775}}</ref><ref name="FP 2013">{{cite journal|title=CIA Admits It Was Behind Iran's Coup|first=Malcolm|last=Bryne|date=18 August 2013|journal=Foreign Policy |url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2013/08/19/cia-admits-it-was-behind-irans-coup/}}</ref><ref>The CIA's history of the 1953 coup in Iran is made up of the following documents: a historian's note, a summary introduction, a lengthy narrative account written by Dr. Donald N. Wilber and as appendices five planning documents he attached. Published on 18 June 2000 under the title [https://www.nytimes.com/library/world/mideast/041600iran-cia-index.html "The C.I.A. in Iran"] by ''The New York Times''.</ref>
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==Liberalism in Europe today==
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[[File:Francois Hollande and Vladimir Putin, Moscow 6 dec 2014 - 05-cropped.jpg|thumb|left|200px|The [[France|French]] liberal politician [[François Hollande]] was the President of the French Republic from 2012 until 2017. ]]
 +
In Europe, on the other hand, parties that call themselves ''liberal'' are moderate in outlook, ranging from centre-left to centre-right, promote typically economic and business freedom. The Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe<ref>[http://www.alde.eu Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe in the European Parliament]</ref> is a party of the European Parliament that represents most ''liberal'' parties from European countries. Similar policies are promoted by many ''liberal'' parties throughout the world,<ref>[http://www.liberal-international.org/ World Federation of Liberalism]</ref> such as the Liberal Party of Australia.<ref>[http://www.liberal.org.au/ Liberal Party of Australia]</ref>
  
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Among the various regional and national movements, the [[civil rights movement]] in the United States during the 1960s strongly highlighted the liberal efforts for [[Social equality|equal rights]].<ref>Mackenzie and Weisbrot, p. 178.</ref> The [[Great Society]] project launched by [[President of the United States|President]] [[Lyndon B. Johnson]] oversaw the creation of [[Medicare (United States)|Medicare]] and [[Medicaid]], the establishment of [[Head Start Program|Head Start]] and the [[Job Corps]] as part of the [[War on Poverty]] and the passage of the landmark [[Civil Rights Act of 1964]], an altogether rapid series of events that some historians have dubbed the "Liberal Hour".<ref>Mackenzie and Weisbrot, p. 5.</ref>
+
Trade unions and socialist parties often criticize politicians for promoting lower taxes on business, or more flexible hiring and firing laws, by calling them "liberals" or [[neoliberal]]s. Thus, just as in the US, "liberal" may occasionally be used as a term of abuse. But when someone is called "liberal" in Europe, it has an entirely different meaning than in the US. In fact, the US meaning of liberal is more similar to the politics of both European [[socialist]]/[[social democracy|social democratic]] or Social/progressive liberal parties, in contrast to conservative or fiscal liberal parties which again falls into the right-wing part of the political spectrum.<ref>[http://www.pes.org Party of European Socialism]</ref>
  
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[[File:Nizhny Novgorod. Anti-Corruption Rally (26 March 2017).jpg|thumb|[[2017 Russian protests]], organized by Russia's liberal opposition]]
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==Historical Liberalism ==
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The Cold War featured extensive ideological competition and several [[proxy war]]s, but the widely feared [[World War III]] between the Soviet Union and the United States never occurred. While communist states and liberal democracies competed against one another, an [[1973 oil crisis|economic crisis]] in the 1970s inspired a move away from [[Keynesian economics]], especially under [[Margaret Thatcher]] in the United Kingdom and [[Ronald Reagan]] in the United States. This trend, called "[[neoliberalism]]" by its opponents, lasted through the 1980s and the 1990s.{{citation needed|date=December 2017}} Meanwhile, nearing the end of the 20th century communist states in Eastern Europe [[Revolutions of 1989|collapsed precipitously]], leaving liberal democracies as the only major forms of government in the West.
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[[File:JohnStuartMill.jpg|thumbnail|right|200px||[[John Stuart Mill]] was a [[classical liberal]]. ]]
  
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At the beginning of World War II, the number of democracies around the world was about the same as it had been forty years before.<ref>Colomer, p. 62.</ref> After 1945, liberal democracies spread very quickly, but then retreated. In ''The Spirit of Democracy'', Larry Diamond argues that by 1974 "dictatorship, not democracy, was the way of the world" and that "barely a quarter of independent states chose their governments through competitive, free, and fair elections". Diamond goes on to say that democracy bounced back and by 1995 the world was "predominantly democratic".<ref>{{cite book|author=Larry Diamond|title=The Spirit of Democracy: The Struggle to Build Free Societies Throughout the World|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vx3JTGSB5JcC&pg=PA7|year=2008|publisher=Henry Holt|page=7|isbn=978-0-8050-7869-5}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Freedom in the World 2016|publisher=Freedom House|url=https://freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-world/freedom-world-2016?gclid=COLduYD4ys4CFVUvgQodDPkNvw|date=2016-01-27}}</ref>
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In history, the word "liberal" has meant different things at different times, and was associated with individual liberty in prior centuries. In the postwar period, liberals supported government intervention in the economy and welfare state policies, as well as peaceful coexistence with the communist block, which are not liberal policies in the sense of classical liberalism. After the end of the cold war, with the demise of socialism and communism, many liberals embraced some ideas from economic neo-liberalism, and coined it the "Third Way". In the area of [[national security]] and foreign policy liberals in the [[U.S.]] failed to define a consistent stance, even after the events of 9/11 and the beginning of the war in Iraq.  Liberals generally support affirmative action, gay marriage, and abortion.<ref>[http://ai.eecs.umich.edu/people/conway/TS/Bailey/Greenberg-Bailey/Homosexual%20Eugenics.pdf Parental Selection of Children’s Sexual Orientation], '''PDF''', "Political liberals tend, for whatever reason, to be ardent supporters of both gay rights and pro-choice programs." Greenberg and Bailey</ref>
  
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== Criticism and support ==
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=== Original meaning: Classical Liberalism ===
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[[File:Fusilamiento de Torrijos (Gisbert).jpg|thumb|Execution of [[José María de Torrijos y Uriarte]] and his men in 1831 as Spanish King [[Ferdinand VII of Spain|Ferdinand VII]] took [[History of Spain (1810–73)#The Ominous Decade (1823–1833)|repressive measures]] against the liberal forces in his country]]
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Liberalism is a political philosophy with freedom as its core value. The term was originally applied to supporters of individual liberties and equal rights, but, in America, the term has come to represent a movement of social change that often conflicts with [[conservative]] values such as moral values and traditions derived from Northern European Protestantism.
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[[File:Raif Badawi cropped.jpg|thumb|upright|In 2014, [[Raif Badawi]], a [[Saudi Arabia]]n writer and the creator of the website Free Saudi Liberals, was sentenced to ten years in prison and 1,000 lashes for "insulting Islam"]]
 
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Liberalism has drawn both criticism and support in its history from various ideological groups. Less friendly to the goals of liberalism has been [[conservatism]]. [[Edmund Burke]], considered by some to be the first major proponent of modern conservative thought, offered a blistering critique of the French Revolution by assailing the liberal pretensions to the power of rationality and to the natural equality of all humans.<ref name="Grigsby, p. 108">Grigsby, p. 108.</ref>
 
  
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Some confusion remains about the relationship between social liberalism and [[socialism]], despite the fact that many variants of socialism distinguish themselves markedly from liberalism by [[anti-capitalism|opposing capitalism]], [[hierarchy]] and [[private property]]. Socialism formed as a group of related yet divergent ideologies in the 19th century such as [[Christian socialism]], [[communism]] (with the writings of [[Karl Marx]]) and [[social anarchism]] (with the writings of [[Mikhail Bakunin]]), the latter two influenced by the [[Paris Commune]]. These ideologies—as with liberalism and conservatism—fractured into several major and minor movements in the following decades.<ref>Grigsby, pp. 119–22.</ref> Marx rejected the foundational aspects of liberal theory, hoping to destroy both the state and the liberal distinction between society and the individual while fusing the two into a collective whole designed to overthrow the developing capitalist order of the 19th century.<ref>Koerner, pp. 9–12.</ref> Today, socialist parties and ideas remain a political force with varying degrees of power and influence on all continents leading national governments in many countries.
+
See [[Classical Liberal]]ism. Compare [[Libertarianism]].
  
−
[[Vladimir Lenin]] stated that—in contrast with [[Marxism]]—liberal science defends [[wage slavery]].<ref>{{cite book|last1=Selsam|first1=Howard|last2=Martel|first2=Harry|authorlink1=Howard Selsam|title=Reader in Marxist Philosophy|year=1963|publisher=[[International Publishers]]|isbn=978-0717801671|page=37|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CsoSQ6vD8fUC&pg=PA37|accessdate=1 June 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Lenin|first1=Vladimir|authorlink1=Vladimir Lenin|title=On Culture and Cultural Revolution|date=2008|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CsoSQ6vD8fUC&pg=PA37|publisher=Wildside Press LLC|isbn=978-1434463524|page=34|accessdate=1 June 2017}}</ref> However, some proponents of liberalism like [[George Henry Evans]], [[Silvio Gesell]] and [[Thomas Paine]] were critics of wage slavery.<ref>[http://www.ssa.gov/history/paine4.html Social Security Online History Pages]</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Rodriguez|first1=Junius P.|authorlink1=Junius P. Rodriguez|title=Slavery in the United States: A Social, Political, and Historical Encyclopedia, Volumen 1|year=2007|publisher=ABC-CLIO|page=500|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4X44KbDBl9gC&pg=PA500|accessdate=1 June 2017|isbn=9781851095445}}</ref> One of the most outspoken critics of liberalism was the [[Roman Catholic Church]],<ref>{{cite book|last=Grew |first=Raymond|chapter=Liberty and the Catholic Church in 19th century Europe|title=Freedom and Religion in the 19th Century|editor=Richard Helmstadter|publisher=Stanford University Press|year=1997|isbn=978-0-8047-3087-7|page=201}}</ref> which resulted in lengthy power struggles between national governments and the Church. In the same vein, conservatives have also attacked what they perceive to be the reckless liberal pursuit of progress and material gains, arguing that such preoccupations undermine traditional social values rooted in community and continuity.<ref>Koerner, p. 14.</ref> However, a few variations of conservatism, like [[liberal conservativism]], expound some of the same ideas and principles championed by classical liberalism, including "small government and thriving capitalism".<ref name="Grigsby, p. 108"/>
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== Influential/famous liberals  ==
 +
''See also:'' [[Infamous liberals]]
  
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[[Social democracy]], an ideology advocating progressive modification of [[capitalism]], emerged in the 20th century and was influenced by socialism. Broadly defined as a project that aims to correct through government reformism what it regards as the intrinsic defects of capitalism by reducing inequalities,<ref>Lightfoot, p. 17.</ref> social democracy was also not against the state. Several commentators have noted strong similarities between social liberalism and social democracy, with one political scientist even calling American liberalism "bootleg social democracy" due to the absence of a significant social democratic tradition in the United States that liberals have tried to rectify.<ref>Susser, p. 110.</ref> Another movement associated with modern democracy, [[Christian democracy]], hopes to spread [[Catholic social teaching|Catholic social ideas]] and has gained a large following in some European nations.<ref>Riff, pp. 34–36.</ref> The early roots of Christian democracy developed as a reaction against the [[industrialisation]] and [[urbanisation]] associated with ''laissez-faire'' liberalism in the 19th century.<ref>Riff, p. 34.</ref> Despite these complex relationships, some scholars have argued that liberalism actually "rejects ideological thinking" altogether, largely because such thinking could lead to unrealistic expectations for human society.<ref>Wolfe, p. 116.</ref>
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* [[Margaret Sanger]]
 +
[[Image:President Barack Obama.jpg|thumb|150px|[[Barack Hussein Obama|Barack Obama]] ]]
 +
* [[Barack Hussein Obama]]<ref>[http://www.businessinsider.com/cheney-obama-is-the-worst-president-of-my-lifetime-2014-7 CHENEY: Obama Is 'The Worst President Of My Lifetime']</ref>
  
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[[Fascism and ideology#Liberalism|Fascists accuse liberalism]] of materialism and a lack of spiritual values.<ref name="massaschussetts1">Marvin Perry, Myrna Chase, Margaret Jacob, James R. Jacob. ''Western Civilization: Ideas, Politics, and Society – From 1600, Volume 2''. 9th ed. Boston, Massaschussetts: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company, 2009 pp. 760.</ref> In particular, fascism opposes liberalism for its [[materialism]], [[rationalism]], [[individualism]] and [[utilitarianism]].<ref name="revolution1994">Sternhell, Zeev, Mario Sznajder and Maia Ashéri. ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=hnv0F88nLawC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false The Birth of Fascist Ideology: From Cultural Rebellion to Political Revolution]'' (Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 1994) 7.</ref> Fascists believe that the liberal emphasis on individual freedom produces national divisiveness,<ref name="massaschussetts1"/> but many fascists agree with liberals in their support of [[private property rights]] and a [[market economy]].<ref name="revolution1994"/>
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* [[Elizabeth Warren]]
  
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Scholars have praised the influence of liberal internationalism, claiming that the rise of [[globalisation]] "constitutes a triumph of the liberal vision that first appeared in the eighteenth century" while also writing that liberalism is "the only comprehensive and hopeful vision of world affairs".<ref>Venturelli, p. 247.</ref>
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* [[Bernie Sanders]]
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* [[George Soros]]
 +
 
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* [[Emmanuel Macron]]
 +
 
 +
* [[Saul Alinsky]]
 +
 
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* [[Noam Chomsky]]
 +
 
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* [[John Maynard Keynes]]
 +
 
 +
* [[David Thorstad]],<ref>http://hunterbear.org/shooting_lupus.htm</ref> a founding member of NAMBLA.
 +
 
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* [[Al Gore]]
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* [[Pope Francis]]
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* [[Lee Harvey Oswald]]
 +
 
 +
* [[Howard Zinn]]
 +
 
 +
* [[Hillary Rodham Clinton]]
 +
 
 +
* [[Albert Einstein]]
 +
 
 +
* [[Bill Nye]]
 +
 
 +
* [[John Wayne Gacy]] - In an interview where he denied killing any of his victims, [[serial killer]] John Wayne Gacy said he was [[bisexuality|bisexual]]<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=YDyGCgAAQBAJ&pg=PT129 John Wayne Gacy: Defending a Monster], Transcript</ref> and "very liberal".<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=YDyGCgAAQBAJ&pg=PT20 John Wayne Gacy: Defending a Monster], Transcript</ref> Gacy was also a [[Democrat Party]] activist who had his picture taken with [[Rosalynn Carter]].<ref>[http://www.digitaljournal.com/image/45527 Johnwaynegacyrosalynncarter.jpg]</ref>
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 +
* [[Gene Roddenberry]]
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 +
==Liberal Organizations of thought==
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*[[AARP|AARP - American Association of Retired People]]
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*[[ACLU|ACLU - American Civil Liberties Union]]
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*[[ACORN|ACORN - Association of Community Organizations for Reform Now]]
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*[[AFL-CIO|AFL-CIO - American Federation of Labor and Congress of Industrial Organizations]]
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*[[Amnesty International|AI - Amnesty International]]
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*[[A.N.S.W.E.R.|ANSWER - Act Now to Stop War and End Racism]]
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*[[CAIR|CAIR - Council on American-Islamic Relations]]
 +
*[[Committees of Correspondence for Democracy and Socialism]]
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*[[Democratic National Committee]]
 +
*[[Greenpeace]]
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*[[MoveOn.org]]
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[[File:Margaret Sanger and Charles V. Drysdale cph.3b18067.jpg|thumbnail|200px|right|[[Margaret Sanger]] was the founder of [[Planned Parenthood]] ]]
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*[[NARAL|NARAL - National Abortion and Reproductive Rights Action League]]
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*[[NAACP|NAACP - National Association for the Advancement of Colored People]]
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*[[National Committee for an Effective Congress]]
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*[[National Education Association]]
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*[[National Organization of Women|NOW - National Organization of Women]]
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*[[PETA|PETA - People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals]]
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*[[Planned Parenthood|Planned Parenthood Federation of America]]
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*[[Progressives for Obama]]
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*[[Rainbow/PUSH Coalition]]
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*[[SEIU|SEIU - Service Employees International Union]]
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*[[U.S. Peace Council]]
 +
Source: [http://web.archive.org/web/20060509044946/http://www.politixgroup.com/lo.htm The Politix Group]
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 +
==Quotes on Liberals==
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"I never use the words [[Democrats]] and [[Republicans]]. It's [[liberals]] and [[Americans]]." -James Watt, Secretary of the Interior under [[Ronald Reagan]]
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 +
"The trouble with our liberal friends is not that they're ignorant; it's just that they know so much that isn't so." -[[Ronald Reagan]]
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“Liberals see racism where it doesn't exist, fabricate it when they can't find it and ignore it within their own ranks.” ―[[Michelle Malkin]]
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 +
"Words mean nothing to liberals. They say whatever will help advance their cause at the moment, switch talking points in a heartbeat, and then act indignant if anyone uses the exact same argument they were using five minutes ago." -[[Ann Coulter]]<ref>[http://townhall.com/columnists/johnhawkins/2010/11/23/the_25_best_quotes_about_liberals The 25 Best Quotes About Liberals]</ref>
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"The reason any conservative's failing is always major news is that it allows liberals to engage in their very favorite taunt: Hypocrisy! Hypocrisy is the only sin that really inflames them. Inasmuch as liberals have no morals, they can sit back and criticize other people for failing to meet the standards that liberals simply renounce. It's an intriguing strategy. By openly admitting to being philanderers, draft dodgers, liars, weasels and cowards, liberals avoid ever being hypocrites." -Ann Coulter
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"If you can somehow force a liberal into a point-counterpoint argument, his retorts will bear no relation to what you've said -- unless you were in fact talking about your looks, your age, your weight, your personal obsessions, or whether you are a fascist. In the famous liberal two-step, they leap from one idiotic point to the next, so you can never nail them. It's like arguing with someone with Attention Deficit Disorder." -[[Ann Coulter]]
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"Inside many liberals is a totalitarian screaming to get out. They don't like to have another point of view in the room that they don't squash and the way they try to squash it is by character assassination and name calling." -David Horowitz
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"End results that work that don't involve government threaten liberals." -[[Rush Limbaugh]]
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"I'd like to know why well-educated idiots keep apologizing for lazy and complaining people who think the world owes them a living. I'd like to know why they make excuses for cowards who spit in the faces of the police and then run behind the judicial sob sisters. I can't understand these people who carry placards to save the life of some criminal, yet have no thought for the innocent victim." -John Wayne
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==Quotes by Liberals==
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[[File:JoeBiden.jpg|thumbnail|right|200px|[[Joe Biden]] ]]
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"The number one job facing the middle class, and it happens to be, as Barack says, a three-letter word: jobs. J-O-B-S." -[[Joe Biden]]
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"There is no reason the nation of Africa cannot, and should not, join the ranks of the worlds most prosperous nations." -Joe Biden<ref>[https://www.facebook.com/StupidStuffDemocratsSay Stupid Stuff Democrats Say]</ref>
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"Romney wants to give EIGHT HUNDRED MILLION BILLION in tax breaks to the rich." -Joe Biden
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"Will the Mars Rover be able to show the flag the astronauts planted there before?" -Sheila Jackson Lee
 +
 
 +
"Isn't it a little racist to call it Black Friday?" -Joy Behar
 +
 
 +
"Is there such a thing as a man-made stroke? …I know what this [Republican] party is capable of." -Joy Behar
 +
 
 +
"During my service in the United States Congress, I took the initiative in creating the Internet." -[[Al Gore]]
 +
 
 +
"The center of the earth is about a million degrees." -Al Gore
 +
 
 +
"A zebra does not change its spots." -Al Gore
 +
 
 +
"The government lied about inventing the HIV virus as a means of genocide against people of color. The government lied." -[[Jeremiah Wright]]
 +
 
 +
"Every month that we do not have an economic recovery package 500 million Americans lose their jobs." -[[Nancy Pelosi]]
 +
 
 +
"My favorite word, that is really easy, my favorite word is 'the word'." -Nancy Pelosi
 +
 
 +
"We have to pass the bill so that you can find out what is in it” -Nancy Pelosi
 +
 
 +
"Why can't I just eat my waffle?" -[[Barack Hussein Obama]]
 +
 
 +
"Over the last 15 months, we’ve traveled to every corner of the United States. I’ve now been in 57 states? I think one left to go." -[[Barack Hussein Obama]]
 +
 
 +
"Welcome to Cinco de Quattro!" -Barack Obama
 +
 
 +
"The time has changed for come." -Barack Obama
 +
 
 +
"They support democratic institutions in Kyrzakhstan" -John Kerry
 +
 
 +
"My fear is that the whole island (of Guam) will become so overly populated that it will tip over and capsize." -Democrat Congressman Hank Johnson<ref>[http://townhall.com/columnists/johnhawkins/2013/08/17/the-25-stupidest-liberal-quotes-of-the-last-decade-n1666619 The 25 Stupidest Liberal Quotes Of The Last Decade]</ref>
 +
 
 +
"Winnie the Pooh seems to me to be a fundamental text on national security." -Obama foreign policy adviser Richard Danzig
 +
 
 +
"If you take out the killings, Washington actually has a very very low crime rate." -Former D.C. Mayor Marion Barry<ref>http://conservative.wikia.com/wiki/Hilarious_Liberal_Quotes</ref>
 +
 
 +
"What right does Congress have to go around making laws just because they deem it necessary?" -Marion Barry
 +
 
 +
"My appetite is so good that I can eat the table cloth right off the chair." -Democrat Congressman Joe Moakley
 +
 
 +
"Those who died in the earthquake, their lives will never be the same again." -Barbara Boxer
 +
 
 +
"I have to march because my mother couldn't have an abortion." -Maxine Water<ref>http://www.azquotes.com/quote/687234</ref>
 +
 
 +
"I dare you, you little fruitcake!" -Democrat Congressman Pete Stark
 +
 
 +
"I root for hurricanes" -James Wolcott
 +
 
 +
"I've got a secret for you: Kiss my a**." -George McGovern
 +
 
 +
"The American people will never knowingly adopt Socialism. But under the name of 'liberalism' they will adopt every fragment of the Socialist program, until one day America will be a Socialist nation, without knowing how it happened." -[[Norman Thomas]], six-time U.S. Presidential candidate for the Socialist Party of America<ref>http://quotes.liberty-tree.ca/quote_blog/Norman.Thomas.Quote.FFB1</ref>
 +
 
 +
"We're going to take things away from you on behalf of the common good." -Hillary Rodham Clinton<ref>Hawkins, John (June 16, 2015). [https://townhall.com/columnists/johnhawkins/2015/06/16/draft-n2012995 20 Hillary Clinton Quotes You Should Read Before Voting For Her]. ''Townhall''. Retrieved May 16, 2017.</ref>
 +
 
 +
"Reagan will raise taxes, and so will I. He won't tell you. I just did." -Walter Mondale
 +
 
 +
== Modern liberalism and the use of mockery rather than reasonable argumentation ==
 +
''See also:'' [[Atheism and mockery]]
 +
 
 +
In a ''BloombergView'' article, Stephen L. Carter wrote about modern liberalism:
 +
{{Cquote|But the left has work to do, not only on policy and organization but also on attitude. Too many of my [[progressivism|progressive]] friends seem to have forgotten how to make actual arguments, and have become expert instead at condemnation, derision and mockery. On issue after issue, they’re very good at explaining why no one could oppose their policy positions except for the basest of motives. As to those positions themselves, they are too often announced with a zealous solemnity suggesting that their views are Holy Writ -- and those who disagree are cast into the outer political darkness. In short, the left has lately been dripping with hubris, which in classic literature always portends a fall.<ref>[https://www.bloomberg.com/view/articles/2016-11-11/trump-and-the-fall-of-liberalism Trump and the Fall of Liberalism] by Stephen L. Carter, BloombergView</ref>}}
 +
 
 +
== Liberal influence in extreme ideologies (and vice-versa) ==
 +
{{See also|Similarities between Communism, Nazism and liberalism|Communism and Nazism}}
 +
 
 +
Although the following individuals were not liberals, they shared several left-wing/liberal views in their ideologies, which overlapped with American/European liberalism.
 +
 
 +
=== Marxist/communist figures ===
 +
*[[Karl Marx]]—opposed religion and supported taking it completely out of public life; supported the disestablishment of the family; strong support for labor, socialism, and an expansive government.<ref>''The Communist Manifesto''</ref> Admired by many liberals,<ref>Multiple references:
 +
*Dedaj, Paulina (May 5, 2018). [http://www.foxnews.com/entertainment/2018/05/05/moviemaker-michael-moore-wishes-karl-marx-happy-200th-birthday.html Moviemaker Michael Moore wishes Karl Marx a happy 200th birthday]. ''Fox News''. Retrieved May 5, 2018.
 +
*Duke, Selwyn (May 2, 2018). [https://www.thenewamerican.com/reviews/opinion/item/28951-ny-times-hails-marx-on-his-birthday-you-were-right New York Times Hails Marx on His Birthday: “You Were Right!”] ''The New American''. Retrieved May 5, 2018.
 +
*Sunkara, Bhaskar (January 25, 2013). [https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2013/jan/25/karl-marx-relevant-21st-century Why the ideas of Karl Marx are more relevant than ever in the 21st century]. ''The Guardian''. Retrieved May 5, 2018.
 +
*Cooper, Ryan (May 4, 2018). [http://theweek.com/articles/770718/time-normalize-karl-marx It's time to normalize Karl Marx]. ''The Week''. Retrieved May 5, 2018.</ref> including [[European Commission]] president [[Jean-Claude Juncker]].<ref>Multiple references:
 +
*Hale, Virginia (May 5, 2018). [https://www.breitbart.com/london/2018/05/05/eu-president-heartfelt-defence-karl-marx/ EU Chief Jean-Claude Juncker Defies Protests to Deliver Heartfelt Defence of Karl Marx]. ''Breitbart News''. Retrieved May 5, 2018.
 +
*Byas, Steve (May 5, 2018). [https://www.thenewamerican.com/world-news/europe/item/28979-european-commission-president-praises-karl-marx-s-contributions-to-european-union European Commission President Praises Karl Marx’s Contributions to European Union]. ''The New American''. Retrieved May 5, 2018.
 +
*Byas, Steve (April 29, 2018). [https://www.thenewamerican.com/world-news/europe/item/28934-eu-commission-president-juncker-set-to-honor-karl-marx European Commission President Juncker Set to Honor Karl Marx]. ''The New American''. Retrieved May 5, 2018.</ref>
 +
*[[Vladimir Lenin]]—socialist, supported an expansive government, supported [[one-world government]]
 +
*[[Che Guevara]]—socialist, admired by many liberals<ref>[http://gatewaypundit.blogspot.com/2007/05/illegal-immigrants-rally-in-support-of.html Illegal Immigrants Rally For Dead Marxist Che Guevara]</ref><ref>[http://www.che-mart.com/WhoisChe.php Che-Mart]</ref><ref>Jones, Nigel (January 2, 2009). [https://www.telegraph.co.uk/comment/personal-view/4077397/It-is-a-sad-reflection-of-our-time-that-Che-Guevara-is-seen-as-a-hero.html It is a sad reflection of our time that Che Guevara is seen as a hero] ''The Telegraph''. Retrieved April 20, 2018.</ref><ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Che_Guevara_in_popular_culture&oldid=833775290</ref><ref>Reiland, Ralph R. (August 12, 2018). [https://www.thenewamerican.com/culture/item/29769-che-guevara-romanticizing-tyranny Che Guevara: Romanticizing Tyranny]. ''The New American''. Retrieved August 12, 2018.</ref>
 +
*[[Mao Zedong]]—socialist. Introduced [[Maoism]], some American liberals admire him<ref>Shapiro, Ben (October 17, 2012). [https://www.breitbart.com/big-government/2012/10/17/obama-debate-advisor-anita-dunn-mao/ Obama Debate Coach Named Mao as Favorite Political Philosopher]. ''Breitbart News''. Retrieved April 20, 2018.</ref>
 +
*[[Fidel Castro]]—socialist, opposition to religion, government-run healthcare. In addition, Castro is admired by numerous American/European liberals.<ref>Wootson, Cleve R., Jr. (November 26, 2016). [https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/worldviews/wp/2016/11/26/trudeau-called-castro-a-remarkable-leader-twitter-imagined-what-he-would-say-about-stalin/?tid=pm_world_pop Trudeau called Castro a ‘remarkable leader.’ Twitter imagined what he would say about Stalin.] ''The Washington Post''. Retrieved November 28, 2016.</ref><ref>Lott, Jeremy (November 26, 2016). [http://www.washingtonexaminer.com/jill-stein-praises-fidel-castro-a-symbol-of-the-struggle-for-justice/article/2608223 Jill Stein praises Fidel Castro: 'A symbol of the struggle for justice']. ''Washington Examiner''. Retrieved November 28, 2016.</ref><ref>Richardson, Valerie (November 28, 2016). [https://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2016/nov/28/aaron-mair-sierra-club-president-fidel-castro-had-/ Sierra Club president: Fidel Castro had ‘more honor’ than Donald Trump]. ''The Washington Times''. Retrieved November 28, 2016.</ref><ref name="O'ReillyNov.29.2016">[http://www.billoreilly.com/show?action=viewTVShow&showID=4323#3 The O'Reilly Factor - Monday, November 28, 2016]. ''billoreilly.com''. Retrieved November 29, 2016.</ref>
 +
*[[Hugo Chavez]]—socialist. Admired by many American/European liberals.<ref>Kew, Ben (May 4, 2017). [https://www.breitbart.com/national-security/2017/05/04/ten-influential-public-figures-praised-venezuelas-descent-socialist-hell/ 10 Famous People Who Praised Venezuela’s Descent Into Socialist Hell]. ''Breitbart News''. Retrieved May 5, 2017.</ref>
 +
*[[Joseph Stalin]]—socialist. Introduced [[Stalinism]], admired by many (European-) socialists/liberals.<ref>https://www.tni.org/es/node/7617</ref>
 +
 
 +
=== Fascists ===
 +
:''See also:'' [[Liberalism#Nazism and socialism|Nazism and socialism]]
 +
 
 +
*[[Adolf Hitler]]—supported animal "rights,"<ref>[ https://books.google.com/books?id=e7FME0btkH0C&pg=PA62&lpg=PA62&dq=hitler+animal+rights&source=bl&ots=PIxjDRDBj1&sig=tbJisPm39hMcxj1g6xL0Kh0sn7g&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi3qZP7xOPTAhVr4oMKHeTMA_c4FBDoAQhKMAc#v=onepage&q=hitler%20animal%20rights&f=false Animal Rights: Current Debates and New Directions], pg. 62.</ref><ref>Harrison, David; Paterson, Tony (September 22, 2002). [http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1407954/Thanks-to-Hitler-hunting-with-hounds-is-still-verboten.html Thanks to Hitler, hunting with hounds is still verboten]. ''The Telegraph''. Retrieved May 9, 2017.</ref><ref name="EllisWash."/> environmentalism,<ref name="EllisWash.">Washington, Ellis (March 26, 2011). [http://www.wnd.com/2011/03/279449/ The Nazi Cult of the Organic']. ''WND''. Retrieved May 9, 2017.</ref><ref>[http://www.columbia.edu/~lnp3/mydocs/ecology/nazi_ecology.htm Nazi "Ecology"], Frank Furedi, ''columbia.edu''. Retrieved May 9, 2017.</ref><ref>Musser, Mark (February 6, 2016). [https://www.americanthinker.com/articles/2016/02/yale_professor_on_nazi_environmentalism_so_close_yet_so_far.html Yale Professor on Nazi Environmentalism: So Close, yet So Far]. ''American Thinker''. Retrieved May 9, 2017.</ref> gun control (see [[Gun Control in Nazi Germany]]),<ref>Halbrook, Stephen (December 2, 2013). [https://www.nationalreview.com/2013/12/how-nazis-used-gun-control-stephen-p-halbrook/ How the Nazis Used Gun Control]. ''National Review''. Retrieved March 26, 2018.</ref><ref>Kline, Audrey D. (May 9, 2014). [https://mises.org/library/gun-control-nazi-germany Gun Control in Nazi Germany]. ''Mises Institute''. Retrieved March 26, 2018.</ref><ref>Wolverton, II, J.D., Joe (January 30, 2017). [https://www.thenewamerican.com/usnews/item/14367-nazi-gun-control-laws-a-familiar-road-to-citizen-disarmament Nazi Gun Control Laws: a Familiar Road to Citizen Disarmament?] ''The New American''. Retrieved May 9, 2017.</ref><ref>Stupp, Herbert W. (July 13, 2015). [https://spectator.org/63424_hitler-and-gun-control/ Hitler and Gun Control]. ''The American Spectator''. Retrieved May 9, 2017.</ref><ref>Hoft, Joe (March 24, 2018). [https://thegatewaypundit.com/2018/03/reminder-hitler-also-used-children-to-promote-gun-control/ FLASHBACK: Hitler Also Used Children to Promote Gun Control]. ''The Gateway Pundit''. Retrieved March 26, 2018.</ref> socialism,<ref>http://louderwithcrowder.com/myth-busted-actually-yes-hitler-was-a-socialist-liberal/</ref> single-payer healthcare (see [[Health care in Nazi Germany]]), and a large expansionist government, and had an intolerance for opposing views.
 +
*[[Benito Mussolini]]—a socialist from a socialist family who only split from mainstream socialism due to his support for Italy during [[World War I]] rather than supporting a [[one-world government|globalist workers' revolution]].<ref>[http://www.biography.com/people/benito-mussolini-9419443 Benito Mussolini]. ''Biography.com''. Retrieved May 9, 2017.</ref><ref>[http://www.encyclopedia.com/people/history/italian-history-biographies/benito-mussolini Benito Mussolini]. ''Encyclopedia.com'' (from the Encyclopedia of World Biography''). 2004. Retrieved May 9, 2017.</ref> Prior to [[World War I]], Mussolini wrote for socialist publications and spoke highly of Marx.<ref>Greenspan, Jesse (October 25, 2012). [http://www.history.com/news/9-things-you-may-not-know-about-mussolini 9 Things You May Not Know About Mussolini]. ''History.com''. Retrieved May 9, 2017.</ref> He used gun control to help gain power.<ref>Quammen, E. David (August 12, 2013). [http://www.teapartytribune.com/2013/08/12/italian-gun-control-right-before-mussolini-seized-total-control/ Italian ‘gun control’ right before Mussolini seized total control….]. ''Tea Party Tribune''. Retrieved May 9, 2017.</ref>
  
 
== See also ==
 
== See also ==
−
{{div col|colwidth=30em}}
 
−
* ''[[The American Prospect]]'', an American political magazine that backs social liberal policies
 
−
* [[Constitutional liberalism]]
 
−
* [[Friedrich Naumann Foundation]], a global advocacy organisation that supports liberal ideas and policies
 
−
* ''[[The Liberal]]'', a former British magazine dedicated to coverage of liberal politics and liberal culture
 
−
* [[:Category:Liberalism by country|Liberalism by country]]
 
−
* [[Muscular liberalism]]
 
−
* [[Orange Book liberalism]]
 
−
* [[Rule according to higher law]]
 
−
{{div col end}}
 
−
 
−
== Notes ==
 
−
{{reflist}}
 
−
{{notelist}}
 
  
−
== References and further reading ==
+
*[[Conservative vs. liberal]]
−
{{refbegin|30em}}
+
*[[Liberal corporate tyranny]]
−
* Adams, Ian. ''Ideology and politics in Britain today''. Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1998. {{ISBN|0-7190-5056-1}}.
+
*[[Left-wing war on women]]
−
* [[Eric Alterman|Alterman, Eric]]. ''Why We're Liberals''. New York: Viking Adult, 2008. {{ISBN|0-670-01860-0}}.
 
−
* Ameringer, Charles. ''Political parties of the Americas, 1980s to 1990s''. Westport: Greenwood Publishing Group, 1992. {{ISBN|0-313-27418-5}}.
 
−
* [[Samir Amin|Amin, Samir]]. ''The liberal virus: permanent war and the americanization of the world''. New York: Monthly Review Press, 2004.
 
−
* Antoninus, Marcus Aurelius. ''The Meditations of Marcus Aurelius Antoninus''. New York: Oxford University Press, 2008. {{ISBN|0-19-954059-4}}.
 
−
* Arnold, N. Scott. ''Imposing values: an essay on liberalism and regulation''. New York: Oxford University Press, 2009. {{ISBN|0-495-50112-3}}.
 
−
* Auerbach, Alan and Kotlikoff, Laurence. ''Macroeconomics'' Cambridge: MIT Press, 1998. {{ISBN|0-262-01170-0}}.
 
−
* Barzilai, Gad. ''Communities and Law: Politics and Cultures of Legal Identities'' University of Michigan Press, 2003. {{ISBN|978-0-472-03079-8}}.
 
−
* Bell, Duncan. "What is Liberalism?" ''Political Theory'', 42/6 (2014).
 
−
* Brack, Duncan and Randall, Ed (eds.). ''Dictionary of Liberal Thought''. London: Politico's Publishing, 2007. {{ISBN|978-1-84275-167-1}}.
 
−
* [[George Brandis]], Tom Harley & [[Donald Markwell]] (editors). ''Liberals Face the Future: Essays on Australian Liberalism'', Melbourne: Oxford University Press, 1984.
 
−
* [[Alan Bullock]] & [[Maurice Shock]] (editors). ''The Liberal Tradition: From Fox to Keynes'', Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1967.
 
−
* Chodos, Robert et al. ''The unmaking of Canada: the hidden theme in Canadian history since 1945''. Halifax: James Lorimer & Company, 1991. {{ISBN|1-55028-337-5}}.
 
−
* Coker, Christopher. ''Twilight of the West''. Boulder: Westview Press, 1998. {{ISBN|0-8133-3368-7}}.
 
−
* Colomer, Josep Maria. ''Great Empires, Small Nations''. New York: Routledge, 2007. {{ISBN|0-415-43775-X}}.
 
−
* Cook, Richard. ''The Grand Old Man''. Whitefish: Kessinger Publishing, 2004. {{ISBN|1-4191-6449-X}}.
 
−
* Delaney, Tim. ''The march of unreason: science, democracy, and the new fundamentalism''. New York: Oxford University Press, 2005. {{ISBN|0-19-280485-5}}.
 
−
* Diamond, Larry. ''The Spirit of Democracy''. New York: Macmillan, 2008. {{ISBN|0-8050-7869-X}}.
 
−
* Dobson, John. ''Bulls, Bears, Boom, and Bust''. Santa Barbara: ABC-CLIO, 2006. {{ISBN|1-85109-553-5}}.
 
−
* Dorrien, Gary. ''The making of American liberal theology''. Louisville: Westminster John Knox Press, 2001. {{ISBN|0-664-22354-0}}.
 
−
* Farr, Thomas. ''World of Faith and Freedom''. New York: Oxford University Press US, 2008. {{ISBN|0-19-517995-1}}.
 
−
* Falco, Maria. ''Feminist interpretations of Mary Wollstonecraft''. State College: Penn State Press, 1996. {{ISBN|0-271-01493-8}}.
 
−
* Fawcett, Edmund. ''Liberalism: The Life of an Idea''. Princeton: [[Princeton University Press]], 2014. {{ISBN|978-0-691-15689-7}}.
 
−
* Flamm, Michael and Steigerwald, David. ''Debating the 1960s: liberal, conservative, and radical perspectives''. Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield, 2008. {{ISBN|0-7425-2212-1}}.
 
−
* Frey, Linda and Frey, Marsha. ''The French Revolution''. Westport: Greenwood Press, 2004. {{ISBN|0-313-32193-0}}.
 
−
* Gallagher, Michael et al. ''Representative government in modern Europe''. New York: McGraw Hill, 2001. {{ISBN|0-07-232267-5}}.
 
−
* Gifford, Rob. ''China Road: A Journey into the Future of a Rising Power''. Random House, 2008. {{ISBN|0-8129-7524-3}}.
 
−
* Godwin, Kenneth et al. ''School choice tradeoffs: liberty, equity, and diversity''. Austin: University of Texas Press, 2002. {{ISBN|0-292-72842-5}}.
 
−
* Gould, Andrew. ''Origins of liberal dominance''. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1999. {{ISBN|0-472-11015-2}}.
 
−
* Gray, John. ''Liberalism''. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1995. {{ISBN|0-8166-2801-7}}.
 
−
* Grigsby, Ellen. ''Analyzing Politics: An Introduction to Political Science''. Florence: Cengage Learning, 2008. {{ISBN|0-495-50112-3}}.
 
−
* Gross, Jonathan. ''Byron: the erotic liberal''. Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc., 2001. {{ISBN|0-7425-1162-6}}.
 
−
* Hafner, Danica and Ramet, Sabrina. ''Democratic transition in Slovenia: value transformation, education, and media''. College Station: Texas A&M University Press, 2006. {{ISBN|1-58544-525-8}}.
 
−
* Handelsman, Michael. ''Culture and Customs of Ecuador''. Westport: Greenwood Press, 2000. {{ISBN|0-313-30244-8}}.
 
−
* [[Louis Hartz|Hartz, Louis]]. ''The liberal tradition in America''. New York: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 1955. {{ISBN|0-15-651269-6}}.
 
−
* {{Cite book|last= Heywood|first=Andrew|year=2003|title=Political Ideologies: An Introduction|location= New York|publisher=[[Palgrave Macmillan]]|isbn= 978-0-333-96177-3|ref=harv}}
 
−
* Hodge, Carl. ''Encyclopedia of the Age of Imperialism, 1800–1944''. Westport: Greenwood Publishing Group, 2008. {{ISBN|0-313-33406-4}}.
 
−
* Jensen, Pamela Grande. ''Finding a new feminism: rethinking the woman question for liberal democracy''. Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield, 1996. {{ISBN|0-8476-8189-0}}.
 
−
* Johnson, Paul. ''The Renaissance: A Short History''. New York: Modern Library, 2002. {{ISBN|0-8129-6619-8}}.
 
−
* {{cite journal|last=Kanazawa|first=Satoshi|authorlink=Satoshi Kanazawa|year=2010|title=Why Liberals and Atheists Are More Intelligent|url=http://personal.lse.ac.uk/kanazawa/pdfs/SPQ2010.pdf |journal= [[Social Psychology Quarterly]]|volume=73|issue=1|pages=33–57|jstor=25677384|ref=harv|doi=10.1177/0190272510361602|citeseerx=10.1.1.395.4490}}
 
−
* Karatnycky, Adrian. ''Freedom in the World''. Piscataway: Transaction Publishers, 2000. {{ISBN|0-7658-0760-2}}.
 
−
* Karatnycky, Adrian et al. ''Nations in transit, 2001''. Piscataway: Transaction Publishers, 2001. {{ISBN|0-7658-0897-8}}.
 
−
* Kelly, Paul. ''Liberalism''. Cambridge: Polity Press, 2005. {{ISBN|0-7456-3291-2}}.
 
−
* Kirchner, Emil. ''Liberal parties in Western Europe''. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1988. {{ISBN|0-521-32394-0}}.
 
−
* Knoop, Todd. ''Recessions and Depressions'' Westport: Greenwood Press, 2004. {{ISBN|0-313-38163-1}}.
 
−
* Koerner, Kirk. ''Liberalism and its critics''. Oxford: Taylor & Francis, 1985. {{ISBN|0-7099-1551-9}}.
 
−
* Leroux, Robert, ''Political Economy and Liberalism in France: The Contributions of Frédéric Bastiat'', London and New York, 2011.
 
−
* Leroux, Robert, Davi M. Hart (eds), ''French Liberalism in the 19th Century'', London and New York: London, 2012.
 
−
* Lightfoot, Simon. ''Europeanizing social democracy?: The rise of the Party of European Socialists''. New York: Routledge, 2005. {{ISBN|0-415-34803-X}}.
 
−
* [[Domenico Losurdo|Losurdo, Domenico]]. ''Liberalism: a counter-history''. London: Verso, 2011.
 
−
* Lyons, Martyn. ''Napoleon Bonaparte and the Legacy of the French Revolution''. New York: St. Martin's Press, Inc., 1994. {{ISBN|0-312-12123-7}}.
 
−
* Mackenzie, G. Calvin and Weisbrot, Robert. ''The liberal hour: Washington and the politics of change in the 1960s''. New York: Penguin Group, 2008. {{ISBN|1-59420-170-6}}.
 
−
* Manent, Pierre and Seigel, Jerrold. ''An Intellectual History of Liberalism''. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1996. {{ISBN|0-691-02911-3}}.
 
−
* [[Donald Markwell]]. ''[[John Maynard Keynes]] and International Relations: Economic Paths to War and Peace'', Oxford University Press, 2006.
 
−
* Mazower, Mark. ''Dark Continent''. New York: Vintage Books, 1998. {{ISBN|0-679-75704-X}}.
 
−
* Monsma, Stephen and Soper, J. Christopher. ''The Challenge of Pluralism: Church and State in Five Democracies''. Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield, 2008. {{ISBN|0-7425-5417-1}}.
 
−
* [[Robert Roswell Palmer|Palmer, R.R.]] and Joel Colton. ''A History of the Modern World''. New York: McGraw Hill, Inc., 1995. {{ISBN|0-07-040826-2}}.
 
−
* Perry, Marvin et al. ''Western Civilization: Ideas, Politics, and Society''. Florence, KY: Cengage Learning, 2008. {{ISBN|0-547-14742-2}}.
 
−
* Pierson, Paul. ''The New Politics of the Welfare State''. New York: Oxford University Press, 2001. {{ISBN|0-19-829756-4}}.
 
−
* Puddington, Arch. ''Freedom in the World: The Annual Survey of Political Rights and Civil Liberties''. Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield, 2007. {{ISBN|0-7425-5897-5}}.
 
−
* Riff, Michael. ''Dictionary of modern political ideologies''. Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1990. {{ISBN|0-7190-3289-X}}.
 
−
* Rivlin, Alice. ''Reviving the American Dream'' Washington D.C.: Brookings Institution Press, 1992. {{ISBN|0-8157-7476-1}}.
 
−
* Ros, Agustin. ''Profits for all?: the cost and benefits of employee ownership''. New York: Nova Publishers, 2001. {{ISBN|1-59033-061-7}}.
 
−
* Routledge, Paul et al. ''The geopolitics reader''. New York: Routledge, 2006. {{ISBN|0-415-34148-5}}.
 
−
* {{cite book|last= Russell|first=Bertrand|authorlink= Bertrand Russell|year=2000|origyear=1945|title=History of Western Philosophy|location=London|publisher=[[Routledge]]|isbn=978-0-415-22854-1|ref=harv|title-link=A History of Western Philosophy}}
 
−
* [[Alan Ryan|Ryan, Alan]]. ''The Philosophy of John Stuart Mill''. Humanity Books: 1970. {{ISBN|978-1-57392-404-7}}.
 
−
* [[Alan Ryan|Ryan, Alan]]. ''The Making of Modern Liberalism'' (Princeton UP, 2012).
 
−
* [[Alan Ryan|Ryan, Alan]]. ''On Politics: A History of Political Thought: From Herodotus to the Present''. Allen Lane, 2012. {{ISBN|978-0-87140-465-7}}.
 
−
* Shell, Jonathan. ''The Unconquerable World: Power, Nonviolence, and the Will of the People''. New York: Macmillan, 2004. {{ISBN|0-8050-4457-4}}.
 
−
* Shaw, G. K. ''Keynesian Economics: The Permanent Revolution''. Aldershot, England: Edward Elgar Publishing Company, 1988. {{ISBN|1-85278-099-1}}.
 
−
* Sinclair, Timothy. ''Global governance: critical concepts in political science''. Oxford: Taylor & Francis, 2004. {{ISBN|0-415-27662-4}}.
 
−
* Song, Robert. ''Christianity and Liberal Society''. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2006. {{ISBN|0-19-826933-1}}.
 
−
* Stacy, Lee. ''Mexico and the United States''. New York: Marshall Cavendish Corporation, 2002. {{ISBN|0-7614-7402-1}}.
 
−
* Steinberg, David I. ''Burma: the State of Myanmar''. Georgetown University Press, 2001. {{ISBN|0-87840-893-2}}.
 
−
* Steindl, Frank. ''Understanding Economic Recovery in the 1930s''. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 2004. {{ISBN|0-472-11348-8}}.
 
−
* Susser, Bernard. ''Political ideology in the modern world''. Upper Saddle River: Allyn and Bacon, 1995. {{ISBN|0-02-418442-X}}.
 
−
* {{cite journal|last=Trivers|first=Robert L.|authorlink=Robert Trivers|year=1971|title=The Evolution of Reciprocal Altruism|url=http://greatergood.berkeley.edu/images/uploads/Trivers-EvolutionReciprocalAltruism.pdf|journal=[[The Quarterly Review of Biology]]|volume=46|number=1|pages=35–57|jstor=2822435|ref=harv|doi=10.1086/406755}}.
 
−
* Van den Berghe, Pierre. ''The Liberal dilemma in South Africa''. Oxford: Taylor & Francis, 1979. {{ISBN|0-7099-0136-4}}.
 
−
* Van Schie, P. G. C. and Voermann, Gerrit. ''The dividing line between success and failure: a comparison of Liberalism in the Netherlands and Germany in the 19th and 20th Centuries''. Berlin: LIT Verlag Berlin-Hamburg-Münster, 2006. {{ISBN|3-8258-7668-3}}.
 
−
* Various authors. ''Countries of the World & Their Leaders Yearbook 08'', Volume 2. Detroit: Thomson Gale, 2007. {{ISBN|0-7876-8108-3}}.
 
−
* Venturelli, Shalini. ''Liberalizing the European media: politics, regulation, and the public sphere''. New York: Oxford University Press, 1998. {{ISBN|0-19-823379-5}}.
 
−
* Wallerstein, Immanuel. ''The Modern World-System IV: Centrist Liberalism trimphant 1789–1914''. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 2011.
 
−
* Wempe, Ben. ''T. H. Green's theory of positive freedom: from metaphysics to political theory''. Exeter: Imprint Academic, 2004. {{ISBN|0-907845-58-4}}.
 
−
* Whitfield, Stephen. ''Companion to twentieth-century America''. Hoboken: Wiley-Blackwell, 2004. {{ISBN|0-631-21100-4}}.
 
−
* [[Alan Wolfe|Wolfe, Alan]]. ''The Future of Liberalism''. New York: Random House, Inc., 2009. {{ISBN|0-307-38625-2}}.
 
−
* Worell, Judith. ''Encyclopedia of women and gender'', Volume I. Amsterdam: Elsevier, 2001. {{ISBN|0-12-227246-3}}.
 
−
* {{cite book|last=Young|first=Shaun|year=2002|title=Beyond Rawls: An Analysis of the Concept of Political Liberalism|location=Lanham, MD|publisher=[[University Press of America]]|isbn= 978-0-7618-2240-0|ref=harv}}
 
−
* Zvesper, John. ''Nature and liberty''. New York: Routledge, 1993. {{ISBN|0-415-08923-9}}.
 
  
−
=== Britain ===
+
==References==
−
* Adams, Ian. ''Ideology and politics in Britain today''. Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1998. {{ISBN|0-7190-5056-1}}.
+
{{Reflist|colwidth=30em}}
−
* Cook, Richard. ''The Grand Old Man''. Whitefish: Kessinger Publishing, 2004. {{ISBN|1-4191-6449-X}} on Gladstone.
 
−
* Falco, Maria. ''Feminist interpretations of Mary Wollstonecraft''. State College: Penn State Press, 1996. {{ISBN|0-271-01493-8}}.
 
−
* Forster, Greg. ''John Locke's politics of moral consensus''. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005. {{ISBN|0-521-84218-2}}.
 
−
* Gross, Jonathan. ''Byron: the erotic liberal''. Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc., 2001. {{ISBN|0-7425-1162-6}}.
 
−
* Locke, John.  ''A Letter Concerning Toleration: Humbly Submitted''.  CreateSpace, 2009.  {{ISBN|978-1-4495-2376-3}}.
 
−
* [[John Locke|Locke, John]]. ''Two Treatises of Government''. reprint, New York: Hafner Publishing Company, Inc., 1947. {{ISBN|0-02-848500-9}}.
 
−
* Wempe, Ben. ''T. H. Green's theory of positive freedom: from metaphysics to political theory''. Exeter: Imprint Academic, 2004. {{ISBN|0-907845-58-4}}.
 
  
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=== France ===
+
==See also==
−
* Frey, Linda and Frey, Marsha. ''The French Revolution''. Westport: Greenwood Press, 2004. {{ISBN|0-313-32193-0}}.
+
{|background="none" width="100%" border="0"
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* Hanson, Paul. ''Contesting the French Revolution''. Hoboken: Blackwell Publishing, 2009. {{ISBN|1-4051-6083-7}}.
+
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* Leroux, Robert, ''Political Economy and Liberalism in France: The Contributions of Frédéric Bastiat'', London and New York, Routledge, 2011.
+
* [[Conservative resources]]
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* Leroux, Robert, and David Hart (eds), ''French Liberalism in the 19th century.  An Anthology'', London and New York, Routledge, 2012.
+
* [[Conservapedia:Articles about liberals|Articles about liberals]]
−
* Lyons, Martyn. ''Napoleon Bonaparte and the Legacy of the French Revolution''. New York: St. Martin's Press, Inc., 1994. {{ISBN|0-312-12123-7}}.
+
* [[Classical liberal]]
−
* Shlapentokh, Dmitry. ''The French Revolution and the Russian Anti-Democratic Tradition''. Edison, NJ: Transaction Publishers, 1997. {{ISBN|1-56000-244-1}}.
+
* [[Drinking Liberally]]
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{{refend}}
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* [[Godless liberal]]
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{{refend}}
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* [[Last wordism]]
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* [[Essay:Liberal celebrity obsession|Liberal celebrity obsession]]
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* [[Essay:Liberal Behavior on Conservapedia|Liberal Behavior on Conservapedia]]
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* [[Liberal Christianity]]
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* [[Liberal Christianity and marital infidelity]]
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* [[Liberal Democrats]]
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* [[Liberal Elite]]
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* [[Essay: Liberal Falsehoods|Liberal Falsehoods]]
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* [[Liberal Fascism]] tendencies.  
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* [[Liberal friendship]]
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* [[Liberal Gloss]]
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* [[Liberal grading]]
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* [[Liberal hypocrisy]]
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* [[Essay:Liberal hysteria|Liberal hysteria]]
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* [[Essay:Liberal Intellectualism|Liberal Intellectualism]]
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* [[Liberal labels]]
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* [[Slander: Liberal Lies About the American Right|Liberal Lies About the American Right]]
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* [[Liberal logic]]
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* [[The Liberal Mind: The Psychological Causes of Political Madness|Liberal Mind]]
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* [[Liberal Party]]
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* [[Liberal supremacist]]
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* [[Massachusetts liberal]]
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* [[Progressives]]
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* [[Scientific Illiteracy and Liberals]]
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* [[European Liberalism]]
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* [[Liberal and conservative]]
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* [[Liberal anger]]
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* [[Liberal competitiveness]]
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* [[Liberal concealment]]
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* [[Liberal conscience]]
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* [[Liberal dislikes]]
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* [[Liberal excuses]]
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* [[Liberal fear]]
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* [[Liberal gossip]]
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* [[Liberal guilt]]
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* [[Liberal confusion]]
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* [[Liberal hedonism]]
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* [[Liberal hyperbole]]
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* [[Liberal infiltration]]
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* [[Liberal media hype]]
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* [[Liberal opinion]]
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* [[Liberal relativism]]
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* [[Liberal revisionists]]
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* [[Liberal self-righteousness]]
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* [[Liberalism-ism]]
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* [[Liberals and conservatives]]
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* [[Essay:Liberal Intelligence]]
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* [[Essay:Incoherence of liberal thought]]
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* [[Essay:Liberal Predictions of the Decade]]
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|}
  
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== External links ==
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==Further Information==
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* [http://www.britannica.com/bps/additionalcontent/14/117903/liberalism# "Liberalism"]. An article by the ''[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]''.
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* [[Best New Conservative Words#New Liberal Terms|New Liberal Terms]]
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* {{cite SEP|url-id=liberalism|title=Liberalism}}
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* [[Conservative Links]]
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* {{Dmoz|Society/Politics/Liberalism/}}
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* http://www.studentnewsdaily.com/conservative-vs-liberal-beliefs/
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* [http://www.polyarchy.org/essays/english/liberalism.html "Liberalism/Antiliberalism"]. A critical survey.
 
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* [http://mason.gmu.edu/~ihs/guide.html "Guide to Classical Liberal Scholarship"].
 
  
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Revision as of 15:54, March 6, 2019

Elizabeth Warren

A liberal (alternately called a left-winger or leftist) is someone who advocates an increase in government spending, power, and control, such as ObamaCare. Liberals often support the censorship and denial of biblical Christianity[1] and consistently conservative viewpoints. Liberals who are a part of the secular left prefer atheism/agnosticism over the Christian faith, as atheism has no objective morality to hinder their big government plans.[2]

Increasingly, liberals side with the homosexual agenda, including homosexual "marriage". Liberals favor a welfare state where people receive endless entitlements without working.[3] The liberal ideology has degenerated into economically unsound views and intolerant ideology. All liberals support, in knee-jerk fashion, the opposite of conservative principles, while lacking an actual ideology or values of their own.[4] Many of them cannot understand Christian language.[5] Liberals are especially prone to believe conspiracy theories, particularly those that denigrate people or views they disagree with.

Polling data has consistently shown that a larger percentage of Americans identify as conservative, rather than as liberal, by a margin of 35% to 26% as of 2017; while the gap between self-identified conservatives and self-identified liberals has been narrowing in recent years,[6] liberals and "progressives" oftentimes falsely claim that liberals outnumber conservatives. Liberals are especially active at secular universities, however.[7]

Political positions and practices

Liberals support the following political positions and practices:[8]

  • Wasting money on ineffective government programs (the significant economic problems in the Eurozone due to government debt will no doubt increasingly discredit this aspect of liberal ideology and make things more difficult for advocates of liberal economic ideologies)
  • Many liberals are increasingly attempting to limit free speech.[9][10]
  • In the United States, the Democrat Party and liberals have moved so far left that there are now political figures involved in Democrat politics who are sympathetic to Communism. For example, Anita Dunn, an American political strategist who served as White House Communications Director from April through November 2009 in Obama Administration, said that Mao Zedong was her favorite political philosopher.[11] Bernie Sanders, a leading candidate in the Democrat Party's 2016 presidential nomination, although he is an adherent of social democracy, he also has a history of involvement with Marxist organizations.[12][13][14] Sanders shocked his fellow liberals by putting up a Soviet Union flag in his Senate office.[15] In 1998, the Congressional Progressive Caucus, which was founded by Sanders, had the song Red Revolution (a song advocating communist revolution) featured on a website that they shared with the Democratic Socialists of America.[13]
Hillary Clinton
  • In 1993, Hugh E. Rodham, father of Hillary Clinton, made the statement about the Democrat Party, which is a party strongly supported by liberals, “Democrats are one step short of Communism.”[16] In 1988, the Communist Party USA (CPUSA), after decades of running their own presidential candidates, stopped running presidential candidates because the gap between Democrats and American communists had grown smaller.[17] In 2016, the CPUSA urged people not to vote for Donald Trump even if they disliked Hillary Clinton (an indirect endorsement of Clinton).[17] Although there are still some very substantial differences between Communists and Democrats/liberals, the line between Communists/Democrats/liberals continues to blur in the United States.[16] Ironically, the leading Communist country in the world, Communist China, has moved farther away from Communism and now has a mixed economy of capitalism and state owned enterprises.[18]
  • Denial of science[19] (especially creation science)
  • Government's ability to solve economic problems[20]
  • Hypocrisy[21]
  • The belief that Islamic terrorism is not a huge threat, and that the main reason for Islamic extremists' hostility towards America is because of bad foreign policy [20]
  • Brainwashing voters with propaganda
  • Hedonism
  • Taxpayer-funded and state-encouraged abortion
  • Rejection of Biblical standards
  • Naive acceptance of the Idea of Progress
  • Hatred[22]
  • Murder (through abortion, infanticide, assisted suicide, and euthanasia)
  • Censorship[23]
  • Socialism[24]
  • Unsuccessful Keynesian economics as opposed to sound free-market economics
  • Crying instead of accepting reality[25]
  • Cessation of teacher-led prayer in classrooms and school/state-sponsored religious events.
  • Ending Western morality[26]
  • Gun control
  • Pseudo-intellectualism[27]
  • Affirmative action[20]
  • Opposition to government regulation or restriction of obscenity, pornography and violence in video games as a First Amendment right[28]
  • Authoritarian government[29]
  • Authoritarianism mindset[30]
  • Government-funded medical care, such as Obamacare
  • Fascist tendencies (see also: Homo-fascism)
  • Belief in evolution
  • Destroying the Christian foundations on which America was built.
  • Destroying conservative family values and replacing them with immoral Hollywood values, such as abortion
  • Brainwashing through government-censored public education
  • Limiting personal freedom.[31] Liberal support for gun control is an example of this.
  • High progressive taxes[32] as a form of class warfare against wealthy business owners.[33]
  • Placement of men and women in the same jobs in the military
  • Slowly eroding the U.S. through Progressivism.[34]
  • Legalized same-sex "marriage" and homosexual adoption
  • Failed tax and spend economics
  • Smearing[35]
  • Libertine sexual morality. See: Evolutionary belief and sexual immorality and Liberal Christianity and marital infidelity
  • Economic sector regulations[20]
  • Denial of conservative roles in history. For example, liberals frequently claim[36] that George Washington was a deist when he was actually a devout Episcopalian.
  • Spreading of political correctness
  • Government mass-surveillance
  • Non-syndicalist labor unions
  • Many liberals engage in racism[37]
  • Bigotry
  • Trump Derangement Syndrome
  • Advocating incorrect policies[38]
  • Encouraging promiscuity and immorality through sexual education rather than teaching abstinence from premarital sex[39]
  • A "living Constitution" that is reinterpreted as liberals prefer, rather than how it is thought to have been intended.
  • Government programs to rehabilitate criminals
  • Slander[40]
  • Gender "Equality"
  • Anti-Americanism
  • Abolition of the death penalty
  • Environmentalism[41]
  • Globalism, one-world government, and opposition to national sovereignty
  • Wiping out national identity, which unites a country and makes it distinct from other countries[42]
  • Support for open borders with no border controls or border walls
  • Support for amnesty for illegals, and for non-citizens voting in U.S. elections[43][44]
  • Unconstitutionally mandated separation of church and state.
  • Opposition to full private property rights.[45]
  • Reinstatement of the Fairness Doctrine
  • Welfare
  • Opposition to domestic wire-tapping as authorized in the Patriot Act
  • Oppression of business rather than a laissez-faire capitalist economy
  • American liberals often have opposition to the U.S. Constitution and/or are often ignorant of what the U.S. Constitution states. Liberals seek to expand federal power at the expense of local government and silence the conservatives who hold them back, violating the 10th and 1st Amendments respectively.
  • Denial of traditional gender roles
  • Support of financially irresponsible policies
  • Encouragement of "global warming" alarmism
  • Rejection of logical[46] standards

Some liberals support:

Liberal intolerance

See also: Liberal intolerance and Liberal bigotry

Many modern liberals have a tendency of to be intolerant of ideas that contradict liberal ideology which increasingly includes many strange notions[57] (see: Liberal intolerance). For example, radical feminists commonly claim that one is not born a man or woman, but one becomes a man or woman through gender socialization.[58]

Anne Coulter on the Tonight Show with Jay Leno. Leftists prevented Anne Coulter from speaking at University of California, Berkeley through threats of violence.[59]

A Pew Research study found that “consistent liberals” were most likely to block others on social media for disagreeing with them politically.[60]

Liberal intolerance and violence

See also: Left-wing violence in the Trump era

As noted above, may liberals are increasingly attempting to limit free speech.[9][10] For example, there have been several intolerant, liberal mobs which have shut down conservative speakers at college campuses (in 2017, there were two cases in the United States where violence or threats of violence were used to shut down free speech at college campuses).[59][61][62]

Democrats used paid leftists agitators to disrupt Donald Trump rallies.[63][64] As far as the paid agitators, veteran left-wing strategist Robert Creamer confirmed on hidden camera that Hillary Clinton “is fully in it” and “Hillary knows through the chain of command what’s going on.”[64] The agitators were sent to Trump rallies to anger Trump supporters and incite violence.[63]

There have been a number of attacks against President Donald Trump supporters after his election which the mainstream media underreported.[65] In addition, there have been a number of instances of leftists and Trump supporters clashing at Trump rallies after his election.[66]

Liberals and politics/law

ObamaCare graphic courtesy Newsbusters.

In the United States, liberals currently use two Clauses of the U.S. Constitution to try to expand their power: the Commerce Clause and the General Welfare Clause. The General Welfare Clause mentions "promoting the general welfare". This to a liberal means taxing the rich at increased rates and redistributing that money. The Commerce Clause, on the other hand, says that Congress has the power to regulate trade with foreign nations, between the states and with the Indian tribes. Since the days of Franklin Delano Roosevelt this clause has been interpreted very loosely and has resulted in the federal government expanding its power. The latest example is The Affordable Care Act (ACA), better known as Obamacare. In the ACA, the liberals justify the individual mandate by saying it regulates commerce between the states.

The decline in liberal principles can be illustrated by how Franklin Delano Roosevelt opposed and condemned public sector unions, stating that the idea of collective bargaining can't be transferred from the private to the public sector, as that would result in the government being unable to carry out its duties. Yet today, decades later, Democrats and liberals are in lock-step with public sector unions, as they "donate" money to the reelection campaign in exchange for more taxpayer money in their wallets and fluffed up pensions.

Current dictionaries describe the liberal ideology by pretending that a liberal is "a person who favors a political philosophy of progress and reform and the protection of civil liberties" or "a person who favors an economic theory of laissez-faire and self-regulating markets,"[67] or "open-minded or tolerant, especially free of or not bound by traditional or conventional ideas, values, etc." or "favorable to or in accord with concepts of maximum individual freedom possible, especially as guaranteed by law and secured by governmental protection of civil liberties."[68] In practical usage, the term "liberal" is more closely synonymous with "radical," "immoral," "anti-freedom," "elitist," or "bad."

Liberals and uncharitableness

See also: Liberals and uncharitableness and Atheism and charity

An Obamaville was a tent city or shanty town in the United States created by homeless people during Barack Obama's presidency.[69][70][71]

American liberals have been observed to give less to charity than American conservatives.[72]

In March 2008, George Will wrote at RealClearPolitics concerning the United States:

“ Sixteen months ago, Arthur C. Brooks, a professor at Syracuse University, published "Who Really Cares: The Surprising Truth About Compassionate Conservatism." The surprise is that liberals are markedly less charitable than conservatives....

If many conservatives are liberals who have been mugged by reality, Brooks, a registered independent, is, as a reviewer of his book said, a social scientist who has been mugged by data. They include these findings:

-- Although liberal families' incomes average 6 percent higher than those of conservative families, conservative-headed households give, on average, 30 percent more to charity than the average liberal-headed household ($1,600 per year vs. $1,227).

-- Conservatives also donate more time and give more blood.[72]

”

Atheists and agnostics often reject Biblical morality (and therefore conservative Christianity ) and hold to moral relativism. Therefore, it is not surprising that per capita atheists and agnostics in America give significantly less to charity than theists even when church giving is not counted for theists.[73]

Liberal politicians and uncharitableness

The political magazine the American Spectator featured an article which focused on liberal politicians and uncharitableness exposing the hypocrisy of the liberal politicians it featured.[74]

In addition, Barack Obama has been criticized concerning his lack of charitable giving.

Liberals and superstition

See also: Irreligion and superstition

The Wall Street Journal reported: "A comprehensive new study released by Baylor University yesterday, shows ...that the irreligious and the members of more liberal Protestant denominations, far from being resistant to superstition, tend to be much more likely to believe in the paranormal and in pseudoscience than evangelical Christians."[75]

The Wall Street Journal reported: "A comprehensive new study released by Baylor University, shows that traditional Christian religion greatly decreases belief in everything from the efficacy of palm readers to the usefulness of astrology.[76]

Also, in September of 2008, the Wall Street Journal reported:

“ The reality is that the New Atheist campaign, by discouraging religion, won't create a new group of intelligent, skeptical, enlightened beings. Far from it: It might actually encourage new levels of mass superstition. And that's not a conclusion to take on faith — it's what the empirical data tell us.

"What Americans Really Believe," a comprehensive new study released by Baylor University yesterday, shows that traditional Christian religion greatly decreases belief in everything from the efficacy of palm readers to the usefulness of astrology. It also shows that the irreligious and the members of more liberal Protestant denominations, far from being resistant to superstition, tend to be much more likely to believe in the paranormal and in pseudoscience, such as evolution than evangelical Christians....

This is not a new finding. In his 1983 book "The Whys of a Philosophical Scrivener," skeptic and science writer Martin Gardner cited the decline of traditional religious belief among the better educated as one of the causes for an increase in pseudoscience, cults and superstition. He referenced a 1980 study published in the magazine Skeptical Inquirer that showed irreligious college students to be by far the most likely to embrace paranormal beliefs, while born-again Christian college students were the least likely.[76]

”

Secular left

See also: Secular left

The secular left consists of left-wing secularists who are able to exert their influence in many countries. They support "strict government secularism".[77]

Decline of the secular left

See also: Decline of the secular left and Religious conservatism and politics

In some regions where the secular left has considerable influence, they are losing an increasing amount of their power.

Religious conservatism is a big driver of social conservatism. Religious conservatism is growing in the world and it is affecting politics (see: Religious conservatism and politics).[78][79]

Liberal Christianity and marital infidelity

See also: Liberal Christianity and marital infidelity and Liberal Christianity

According to a 2007 study reported in the Journal of Family Issues, adherents of liberal Christianity are more likely to engage in marital infidelity than theologically conservative Christians.[80]

As noted above, liberals are more likely to adhere to evolutionary belief than conservatives. A study conducted by the Australian National University, revealed that belief in evolution is associated with moral permissiveness.[81]

American liberalism

See also: American liberalism and Liberal elitism

Franklin D. Roosevelt

As noted above, American liberalism is a political ideology that dominates the Democratic Party. Its heroes include Franklin D. Roosevelt, Eleanor Roosevelt, and Martin Luther King.

According to the Gallup Organization, in the United States, 25% of the population were liberals and 36% were conservatives in 2016.[82]

In 2017, the Financial Times declared about American liberalism:

“ ...as Democrats struggle to reinvent themselves in the wake of Donald Trump’s victory, their party remains captured by a toxic mix of identity politics and corporate interests. The establishment wing is still convinced that racism and misogyny, not economic populism, sank Mrs Clinton, and that wooing big corporate donors is still the way to victory in the next election.

While money matters, and there may have been some voters who turned away from Mrs Clinton because of gender, the key reason that the Democrats lost in 2016 and are struggling to rebrand themselves is that they have failed to grasp two things.

Firstly, most Americans today care more about jobs than identity, and secondly, the same downward mobility that pushed the white working class towards Mr Trump is moving up the socio-economic food chain, and fast. As research by groups from the International Monetary Fund to the OECD to McKinsey has shown, the technology-related job disruption that resulted in rust belt job losses and wage stagnation since 2000 is beginning to affect white-collar workers across nearly every sector....

But Democrats over-estimated the power and relevance of identity politics (there are still more whites without a college degree than minorities), and underestimated the breadth and depth of labour disruption. In any case, says Robert Johnson, president of the Institute for New Economic Thinking, “it was always a mistake to separate out issues of race and class, because they go hand in hand. In economically insecure times, fear of the ‘other’ increases.” It is a phenomenon exploited by Mr Trump.[83]

”

In recent years, American liberals have experienced a number of political losses and many liberals in the United States have become embittered (see: American liberalism and 21st century political losses),

Democrats and most media outlets in the U.S. are blatantly liberal.[84] Liberalism in North America today practices three primary tactics to attack the Republican Party, and sometimes to attack American values in general. These three liberal tactics can be pronounced using the following acronym: SIN. Liberals (1) shift the subject, they (2) ignore the facts, and they (3) name call.[85][86]

  • Liberals typically support a "mixed" economy, a policy similar to that of fascism.[87]
“ There's another goal, from my point of view, which is to try to lay the groundwork for a radical political force which would conceive of itself as distinctly to the left of moderate, reformist American liberals. And that has two aspects. One is to try to change that liberalism, to transform it by analysis, critique, and activism; the second is to build a radical movement which would be an autonomous force in its own right, which would be distinct from the traditional American liberal consensus. This radical part of the program involves not simply supporting the liberal students against conservative students and conservative professors, but trying to act on them, to push them to the left. It also involves trying to find and support, even trying to help create, networks of radical students in law school and of radical professors around the country — students and teachers who see themselves as wanting to go a lot further than most people want to go.[88] ”

Liberal Rankings of Congress Members

The National Journal compiles the votes of each congress member each year and uses the information to create rankings[89] of how liberal each member of the United States Congress is. In addition to showing the voting records of each member and given an overall all ranking of liberalness, the National Journal also ranks congress members by liberalness in the areas of social, economic, and foreign policy.

American liberalism, demographics and expected tipping point in the decline of American liberalism

See also: American atheism and Decline of atheism and Global atheism

Due to the explosive growth of global Christianity in traditional cultures and their influence on Western Christianity and the higher birth rate of conservative Christians and religious conservatives, social conservatism is expected to rise.

The Birkbeck College, University of London professor Eric Kaufman wrote in his 2010 book Shall the Righteous Inherit the Earth? concerning America:

“ High evangelical fertility rates more than compensated for losses to liberal Protestant sects during the twentieth century. In recent decades, white secularism has surged, but Latino and Asian religious immigration has taken up the slack, keeping secularism at bay. Across denominations, the fertility advantage of religious fundamentalists of all colours is significant and growing. After 2020, their demographic weight will to tip the balance in the culture wars towards the conservative side, ramping up pressure on hot-button issues such as abortion. By the end of the century, three quarters of America may be pro-life. Their activism will leap over the borders of the 'Redeemer Nation' to evangelize the world. Already, the rise of the World Congress of Families has launched a global religious right, its arms stretching across the bloody lines of the War on Terror to embrace the entire Abrahamic family.[90] ”

Liberalism in Europe today

The French liberal politician François Hollande was the President of the French Republic from 2012 until 2017.

In Europe, on the other hand, parties that call themselves liberal are moderate in outlook, ranging from centre-left to centre-right, promote typically economic and business freedom. The Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe[91] is a party of the European Parliament that represents most liberal parties from European countries. Similar policies are promoted by many liberal parties throughout the world,[92] such as the Liberal Party of Australia.[93]

Trade unions and socialist parties often criticize politicians for promoting lower taxes on business, or more flexible hiring and firing laws, by calling them "liberals" or neoliberals. Thus, just as in the US, "liberal" may occasionally be used as a term of abuse. But when someone is called "liberal" in Europe, it has an entirely different meaning than in the US. In fact, the US meaning of liberal is more similar to the politics of both European socialist/social democratic or Social/progressive liberal parties, in contrast to conservative or fiscal liberal parties which again falls into the right-wing part of the political spectrum.[94]

Historical Liberalism

John Stuart Mill was a classical liberal.

In history, the word "liberal" has meant different things at different times, and was associated with individual liberty in prior centuries. In the postwar period, liberals supported government intervention in the economy and welfare state policies, as well as peaceful coexistence with the communist block, which are not liberal policies in the sense of classical liberalism. After the end of the cold war, with the demise of socialism and communism, many liberals embraced some ideas from economic neo-liberalism, and coined it the "Third Way". In the area of national security and foreign policy liberals in the U.S. failed to define a consistent stance, even after the events of 9/11 and the beginning of the war in Iraq. Liberals generally support affirmative action, gay marriage, and abortion.[95]

Original meaning: Classical Liberalism

Liberalism is a political philosophy with freedom as its core value. The term was originally applied to supporters of individual liberties and equal rights, but, in America, the term has come to represent a movement of social change that often conflicts with conservative values such as moral values and traditions derived from Northern European Protestantism.

See Classical Liberalism. Compare Libertarianism.

Influential/famous liberals

See also: Infamous liberals

Barack Obama

Liberal Organizations of thought

Margaret Sanger was the founder of Planned Parenthood

Source: The Politix Group

Quotes on Liberals

"I never use the words Democrats and Republicans. It's liberals and Americans." -James Watt, Secretary of the Interior under Ronald Reagan

"The trouble with our liberal friends is not that they're ignorant; it's just that they know so much that isn't so." -Ronald Reagan

“Liberals see racism where it doesn't exist, fabricate it when they can't find it and ignore it within their own ranks.” ―Michelle Malkin

"Words mean nothing to liberals. They say whatever will help advance their cause at the moment, switch talking points in a heartbeat, and then act indignant if anyone uses the exact same argument they were using five minutes ago." -Ann Coulter[101]

"The reason any conservative's failing is always major news is that it allows liberals to engage in their very favorite taunt: Hypocrisy! Hypocrisy is the only sin that really inflames them. Inasmuch as liberals have no morals, they can sit back and criticize other people for failing to meet the standards that liberals simply renounce. It's an intriguing strategy. By openly admitting to being philanderers, draft dodgers, liars, weasels and cowards, liberals avoid ever being hypocrites." -Ann Coulter

"If you can somehow force a liberal into a point-counterpoint argument, his retorts will bear no relation to what you've said -- unless you were in fact talking about your looks, your age, your weight, your personal obsessions, or whether you are a fascist. In the famous liberal two-step, they leap from one idiotic point to the next, so you can never nail them. It's like arguing with someone with Attention Deficit Disorder." -Ann Coulter

"Inside many liberals is a totalitarian screaming to get out. They don't like to have another point of view in the room that they don't squash and the way they try to squash it is by character assassination and name calling." -David Horowitz

"End results that work that don't involve government threaten liberals." -Rush Limbaugh

"I'd like to know why well-educated idiots keep apologizing for lazy and complaining people who think the world owes them a living. I'd like to know why they make excuses for cowards who spit in the faces of the police and then run behind the judicial sob sisters. I can't understand these people who carry placards to save the life of some criminal, yet have no thought for the innocent victim." -John Wayne

Quotes by Liberals

Joe Biden

"The number one job facing the middle class, and it happens to be, as Barack says, a three-letter word: jobs. J-O-B-S." -Joe Biden

"There is no reason the nation of Africa cannot, and should not, join the ranks of the worlds most prosperous nations." -Joe Biden[102]

"Romney wants to give EIGHT HUNDRED MILLION BILLION in tax breaks to the rich." -Joe Biden

"Will the Mars Rover be able to show the flag the astronauts planted there before?" -Sheila Jackson Lee

"Isn't it a little racist to call it Black Friday?" -Joy Behar

"Is there such a thing as a man-made stroke? …I know what this [Republican] party is capable of." -Joy Behar

"During my service in the United States Congress, I took the initiative in creating the Internet." -Al Gore

"The center of the earth is about a million degrees." -Al Gore

"A zebra does not change its spots." -Al Gore

"The government lied about inventing the HIV virus as a means of genocide against people of color. The government lied." -Jeremiah Wright

"Every month that we do not have an economic recovery package 500 million Americans lose their jobs." -Nancy Pelosi

"My favorite word, that is really easy, my favorite word is 'the word'." -Nancy Pelosi

"We have to pass the bill so that you can find out what is in it” -Nancy Pelosi

"Why can't I just eat my waffle?" -Barack Hussein Obama

"Over the last 15 months, we’ve traveled to every corner of the United States. I’ve now been in 57 states? I think one left to go." -Barack Hussein Obama

"Welcome to Cinco de Quattro!" -Barack Obama

"The time has changed for come." -Barack Obama

"They support democratic institutions in Kyrzakhstan" -John Kerry

"My fear is that the whole island (of Guam) will become so overly populated that it will tip over and capsize." -Democrat Congressman Hank Johnson[103]

"Winnie the Pooh seems to me to be a fundamental text on national security." -Obama foreign policy adviser Richard Danzig

"If you take out the killings, Washington actually has a very very low crime rate." -Former D.C. Mayor Marion Barry[104]

"What right does Congress have to go around making laws just because they deem it necessary?" -Marion Barry

"My appetite is so good that I can eat the table cloth right off the chair." -Democrat Congressman Joe Moakley

"Those who died in the earthquake, their lives will never be the same again." -Barbara Boxer

"I have to march because my mother couldn't have an abortion." -Maxine Water[105]

"I dare you, you little fruitcake!" -Democrat Congressman Pete Stark

"I root for hurricanes" -James Wolcott

"I've got a secret for you: Kiss my a**." -George McGovern

"The American people will never knowingly adopt Socialism. But under the name of 'liberalism' they will adopt every fragment of the Socialist program, until one day America will be a Socialist nation, without knowing how it happened." -Norman Thomas, six-time U.S. Presidential candidate for the Socialist Party of America[106]

"We're going to take things away from you on behalf of the common good." -Hillary Rodham Clinton[107]

"Reagan will raise taxes, and so will I. He won't tell you. I just did." -Walter Mondale

Modern liberalism and the use of mockery rather than reasonable argumentation

See also: Atheism and mockery

In a BloombergView article, Stephen L. Carter wrote about modern liberalism:

“ But the left has work to do, not only on policy and organization but also on attitude. Too many of my progressive friends seem to have forgotten how to make actual arguments, and have become expert instead at condemnation, derision and mockery. On issue after issue, they’re very good at explaining why no one could oppose their policy positions except for the basest of motives. As to those positions themselves, they are too often announced with a zealous solemnity suggesting that their views are Holy Writ -- and those who disagree are cast into the outer political darkness. In short, the left has lately been dripping with hubris, which in classic literature always portends a fall.[108] ”

Liberal influence in extreme ideologies (and vice-versa)

See also: Similarities between Communism, Nazism and liberalism and Communism and Nazism

Although the following individuals were not liberals, they shared several left-wing/liberal views in their ideologies, which overlapped with American/European liberalism.

Marxist/communist figures

Fascists

See also: Nazism and socialism

See also

References

  1. ↑ http://www.worldviewweekend.com/worldview-times/article.php?articleid=2062
  2. ↑ http://www.deathandtaxesmag.com/232212/fox-contributor-claims-rolling-stone-uva-story-part-of-liberal-plot-to-romanticize-being-a-victim-of-rape/
  3. ↑ Reform conservatives tackle the failed liberal welfare state, Washington Post
  4. ↑ http://eaglerising.com/22901/liberal-crybabies-get-offended-by-caitlyn-jenner-costume/
  5. ↑ Williams, Thomas D., Ph.D. (December 26, 2016). Religiously-Ignorant Liberals Mistake ‘New King’ at Christmas for Donald Trump. Breitbart. Retrieved December 26, 2016.
  6. ↑ Conservative Lead in U.S. Ideology is Down to Single Digits
  7. ↑ Lott, Maxim (January 18, 2019). Socialism rising: Universities and ‘radical’ profs helping steer leftward shift in politics, critics say. Fox News. Retrieved January 18, 2019.
  8. ↑ http://townhall.com/columnists/jonahgoldberg/2014/02/21/liberal-students-have-a-funny-definition-of-diversity-n1798157
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 The slow death of free speech by Suzanne Fields, Washington Times, 2015
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 Why does the left want to suppress free speech? by Michael Barone, Washington Examiner, 2013
  11. ↑ Obama Debate Coach Named Mao as Favorite Political Philosopher by Ben Shapiro, Bretbart News, 2012
  12. ↑ Don’t be fooled by Bernie Sanders — he’s a diehard communist, New York Post by Paul Sperry, New York Post,January 16, 2016
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 IS BERNIE SANDERS A COMMUNIST? by Joseph Farah, WND, 2016
  14. ↑ History Lesson: Bernie Sanders is no 'Communist,' and 'Democratic Socialists' are as American as Apple Pie, Huffington Post, 2012
  15. ↑ Don’t be fooled by Bernie Sanders — he’s a diehard communist, New York Post by Paul Sperry, New York Post, January 16, 2016
  16. ↑ 16.0 16.1 Before his death in 1993, Hugh E. Rodham, father of Hillary Clinton, made the statement, “Democrats are one step short of Communism.”, Constitution.com
  17. ↑ 17.0 17.1 Communists, the Democrat Party and Snopes
  18. ↑ [China's The Most Viciously Free Market Economy On The Planet Right Now], Forbes, 2015
  19. ↑ Why Do Liberals Hate Science?
  20. ↑ 20.0 20.1 20.2 20.3 Conservative vs. Liberal Beliefs
  21. ↑ http://images.sodahead.com/polls/002849963/3038298682_real_verse_liberal_hypocrisy_xlarge.png
  22. ↑ [1]
  23. ↑ Watch What You Say, The New Liberal Power Elite Won’t Tolerate Dissent, The Daily Beast
  24. ↑ 60 Hard Truths about "Liberals"
  25. ↑ http://liberaltears.net/
  26. ↑ [2]
  27. ↑ I hate pseudo-intellectuals
  28. ↑ The Warren Court, led by liberal Justices William O. Douglas, Hugo Black, Abe Fortas, William Brennan and Chief Justice Earl Warren issued 36 decisions granting First Amendment rights to obscenity and pornography. These decisions remain fully supported by liberals today.
  29. ↑ Liberal Authoritarianism
  30. ↑ Richarson, Bradford (June 11, 2016). Study from 2012 now corrected to show liberals, not conservatives, more authoritarian. The Washington Times. Retrieved November 29, 2018.
  31. ↑ Democratic Party
  32. ↑ This Nationwide Study Challenges Everything Liberals Have Told You About Raising Taxes
  33. ↑ Progressive taxation
  34. ↑ What Is Progressivism?
  35. ↑ http://www.truthnation.com/trumps-slogan-is-a-throwback-to-reagan-and-liberals-are-furious-make-america-great-again/
  36. ↑ George Washington and Deism
  37. ↑ 25 Examples of Liberal Racism in Quotes
  38. ↑ [3]
  39. ↑ Democrats Aim To Kill Abstinence-Only Program Funding, Fox News, Monday, June 25, 2007
  40. ↑ https://www.amazon.com/Slander-Liberal-About-American-Right/dp/1400049520
  41. ↑ and environmental organizations, for example Greenpeace
  42. ↑ Kraychik, Robert (July 24, 2018). Dennis Prager: Leftists ‘Don’t Believe in National Identities’. Breitbart News. Retrieved July 26, 2018.
  43. ↑ Murphy, James (July 27, 2018). Liberal Cities Want Voting Rights for Non-Citizens — Even Illegal Ones. The New American. Retrieved July 28, 2018.
  44. ↑ Dinan, Stephen (October 18, 2018). Texas Dems ask noncitizens to register to vote, send applications with citizenship box pre-checked. The Washington Times. Retrieved October 18, 2018.
  45. ↑ For example, the liberal wing of the U.S. Supreme Court issued the 5-4 Kelo v. City of New London decision authorizing the taking of private property by government in order to give the property to another private entity rather than convert it to a public use.
  46. ↑ Liberals are illogical, and good at it
  47. ↑ http://www.infowars.com/correction-liberals-not-conservatives-are-psychotic
  48. ↑ http://www.history.com/topics/british-history/george-iii
  49. ↑ https://answers.yahoo.com/question/index?qid=20130604122602AANvhvF
  50. ↑ http://crooksandliars.com/2016/07/mikes-blog-round-25
  51. ↑ http://letterstotheeditorblog.dallasnews.com/2014/04/weve-gone-from-tolerance-of-homosexuality-to-forced-celebration-of-it.html/
  52. ↑ [4]
  53. ↑ Liberals Repeal Ban on Bestiality in the Military
  54. ↑ http://catholiccitizens.org/views/66534/uses-disgust-%E2%80%A8%E2%80%A8/
  55. ↑ http://www.thepoliticalinsider.com/rosie-odonnell-said-she-will-leave-america-youll-love-the-reason/
  56. ↑ Multiple references:
  57. ↑ Byas, Steve (August 8, 2018). The Growing Intolerance of the Left. The New American. Retrieved August 8, 2018.
  58. ↑ - Feminist Perspectives on Sex and Gender - Gender socialization, Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
  59. ↑ 59.0 59.1 Ann Coulter cancels Berkeley event amid protests, says decision 'a dark day for free speech in America', Fox News, 2017
  60. ↑ Pew survey: “Consistent liberals” most likely to block others on social media for disagreeing with them politically
  61. ↑ Intolerant Far-Left Mob Wins Again Over Free Speech, This Time at Berkeley, Mediaite, 2017
  62. ↑ Dear Berkeley: Even Ann Coulter deserves free speech, CNN, 2017
  63. ↑ 63.0 63.1 Democratic heads roll after video shows agitators planted at Trump rallies, Washington Times, 2016
  64. ↑ 64.0 64.1 UNDERCOVER VIDEO: DEMOCRATS CAUSED VIOLENCE AT TRUMP RALLIES, Frontpage Magazine, 2016
  65. ↑ Here’s A List Of Completely Substantiated (And Underreported) Attacks On Trump Supporters, Daily Caller, 11/17/2016
  66. ↑ 'CIVIL WAR' Violence erupts as hundreds of Donald Trump supporters clash with rivals at US rallies, The Sun, March 2017
  67. ↑ Noun S: (n) liberal
  68. ↑ liberal
  69. ↑ http://www.wnd.com/?pageId=174965
  70. ↑ http://www.staradvertiser.com/news/20100627_Huge_tent_city_takes_root.html
  71. ↑ http://newsbusters.org/blogs/noel-sheppard/2009/12/12/welcome-obamaville-sign-colorado-tent-city-media-mum
  72. ↑ 72.0 72.1 Conservatives More Liberal Givers, RealClearPolitics
  73. ↑ Atheists and Agnostics Take Aim at Christians
  74. ↑ Charity Donations and Liberal Hypocrisy
  75. ↑ http://online.wsj.com/article/SB122178219865054585.html
  76. ↑ 76.0 76.1 Look Who's Irrational Now
  77. ↑ http://www.secularleft.us/about
  78. ↑ Shall the Religious Inherit the Earth?: Demography and Politics in the Twenty-First Century by Eric Kaufmann, Belfer Center, Harvard University/Birkbeck College, University of London
  79. ↑ Eric Kaufmann - Religion, Demography and Politics in the 21st Century
  80. ↑ Are There Religious Variations in Marital Infidelity?
  81. ↑ Morals decline linked to evolution
  82. ↑ [US Conservatives Outnumber Liberals by Narrowing Margin], Gallup, January of 2017
  83. ↑ Economics, not identity, is key to reviving American liberalism, Financial Times, 2017
  84. ↑ Media Bias basics. Media Research Center.
  85. ↑ Scott Baker. Did Herman Cain Give the ‘Don’t Miss’ Speech at CPAC?, The Blaze, February 12, 2011.
  86. ↑ YouTube. Herman Cain: "Stupid People Are Ruining America", February 11, 2011.
  87. ↑ Video discussion about how modern liberalism is actually fascist by author Jonah Goldberg..
  88. ↑ Liberal Values in Legal Education Duncan Kennedy (professor at Harvard Law School)
  89. ↑ How the House voted
  90. ↑ Why are 2012 and 2020 key years for Christian creationists and pro-lifers?
  91. ↑ Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe in the European Parliament
  92. ↑ World Federation of Liberalism
  93. ↑ Liberal Party of Australia
  94. ↑ Party of European Socialism
  95. ↑ Parental Selection of Children’s Sexual Orientation, PDF, "Political liberals tend, for whatever reason, to be ardent supporters of both gay rights and pro-choice programs." Greenberg and Bailey
  96. ↑ CHENEY: Obama Is 'The Worst President Of My Lifetime'
  97. ↑ http://hunterbear.org/shooting_lupus.htm
  98. ↑ John Wayne Gacy: Defending a Monster, Transcript
  99. ↑ John Wayne Gacy: Defending a Monster, Transcript
  100. ↑ Johnwaynegacyrosalynncarter.jpg
  101. ↑ The 25 Best Quotes About Liberals
  102. ↑ Stupid Stuff Democrats Say
  103. ↑ The 25 Stupidest Liberal Quotes Of The Last Decade
  104. ↑ http://conservative.wikia.com/wiki/Hilarious_Liberal_Quotes
  105. ↑ http://www.azquotes.com/quote/687234
  106. ↑ http://quotes.liberty-tree.ca/quote_blog/Norman.Thomas.Quote.FFB1
  107. ↑ Hawkins, John (June 16, 2015). 20 Hillary Clinton Quotes You Should Read Before Voting For Her. Townhall. Retrieved May 16, 2017.
  108. ↑ Trump and the Fall of Liberalism by Stephen L. Carter, BloombergView
  109. ↑ The Communist Manifesto
  110. ↑ Multiple references:
  111. ↑ Multiple references:
  112. ↑ Illegal Immigrants Rally For Dead Marxist Che Guevara
  113. ↑ Che-Mart
  114. ↑ Jones, Nigel (January 2, 2009). It is a sad reflection of our time that Che Guevara is seen as a hero The Telegraph. Retrieved April 20, 2018.
  115. ↑ https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Che_Guevara_in_popular_culture&oldid=833775290
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  117. ↑ Shapiro, Ben (October 17, 2012). Obama Debate Coach Named Mao as Favorite Political Philosopher. Breitbart News. Retrieved April 20, 2018.
  118. ↑ Wootson, Cleve R., Jr. (November 26, 2016). Trudeau called Castro a ‘remarkable leader.’ Twitter imagined what he would say about Stalin. The Washington Post. Retrieved November 28, 2016.
  119. ↑ Lott, Jeremy (November 26, 2016). Jill Stein praises Fidel Castro: 'A symbol of the struggle for justice'. Washington Examiner. Retrieved November 28, 2016.
  120. ↑ Richardson, Valerie (November 28, 2016). Sierra Club president: Fidel Castro had ‘more honor’ than Donald Trump. The Washington Times. Retrieved November 28, 2016.
  121. ↑ The O'Reilly Factor - Monday, November 28, 2016. billoreilly.com. Retrieved November 29, 2016.
  122. ↑ Kew, Ben (May 4, 2017). 10 Famous People Who Praised Venezuela’s Descent Into Socialist Hell. Breitbart News. Retrieved May 5, 2017.
  123. ↑ https://www.tni.org/es/node/7617
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  127. ↑ Nazi "Ecology", Frank Furedi, columbia.edu. Retrieved May 9, 2017.
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  129. ↑ Halbrook, Stephen (December 2, 2013). How the Nazis Used Gun Control. National Review. Retrieved March 26, 2018.
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  133. ↑ Hoft, Joe (March 24, 2018). FLASHBACK: Hitler Also Used Children to Promote Gun Control. The Gateway Pundit. Retrieved March 26, 2018.
  134. ↑ http://louderwithcrowder.com/myth-busted-actually-yes-hitler-was-a-socialist-liberal/
  135. ↑ Benito Mussolini. Biography.com. Retrieved May 9, 2017.
  136. ↑ Benito Mussolini. Encyclopedia.com (from the Encyclopedia of World Biography). 2004. Retrieved May 9, 2017.
  137. ↑ Greenspan, Jesse (October 25, 2012). 9 Things You May Not Know About Mussolini. History.com. Retrieved May 9, 2017.
  138. ↑ Quammen, E. David (August 12, 2013). Italian ‘gun control’ right before Mussolini seized total control….. Tea Party Tribune. Retrieved May 9, 2017.

See also

Further Information

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