Difference between revisions of "Ukrainian genocide"
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[[Image:Holodomor2.jpg|right|thumb|Genocide victims]] | [[Image:Holodomor2.jpg|right|thumb|Genocide victims]] | ||
| − | The word '''Holodomor''' (Ukrainian: Голодомор) is the name given to the [[genocide]] of the people of the [[Ukraine]] in | + | The word '''Holodomor''' (Ukrainian: Голодомор) is the name given to the [[genocide]] of the people of the [[Ukraine]] in 1932–1933 to bring about the implementation of [[Socialism]]. The name literally means "murder by hunger." It is sometimes known as Ukraine's "forced famine" or called "Ukraine's Unknown Holocaust." The Holodomor was a man-made [[famine]] carried out by [[leftist]]s under [[Stalin]] to intentionally destroy the nationalistic Ukrainian people who posed a threat to socialism. The Soviets forcibly collectivized almost all of the Ukrainian farms in the "breadbasket of the world" and stole the peasants' food, thereby creating a devastating famine. <ref>Rep. [[Henry Hyde]] said, "In an attempt to break the spirit of an independent-minded Ukrainian peasantry, and ultimately to secure [[collectivization]], Stalin ordered the expropriation of all foodstuffs in the hands of the rural population. The grain was shipped to other areas of the Soviet Union or sold on the international market. Peasants who refused to turn over grain to the state were deported or executed. Without food or grain, mass starvation ensued. This manmade famine was the consequence of [[economic planning|deliberate policies]] which aimed to destroy the political, cultural and human rights of the Ukrainian people." [http://www.artukraine.com/famineart/uscongr4.htm]</ref> Even though the man-made famine affected other areas, such as the Volga Basin, [[Kazakhstan]], and the Northern [[Caucasus]], the term ''Holodomor'' refers specifically to the genocide of the Ukrainians. |
| − | <ref> Rep. [[Henry Hyde]] said, "In an attempt to break the spirit of an independent-minded Ukrainian peasantry, and ultimately to secure [[collectivization]], Stalin ordered the expropriation of all foodstuffs in the hands of the rural population. The grain was shipped to other areas of the Soviet Union or sold on the international market. Peasants who refused to turn over grain to the state were deported or executed. Without food or grain, mass starvation ensued. This manmade famine was the consequence of deliberate policies which aimed to destroy the political, cultural and human rights of the Ukrainian people." [http://www.artukraine.com/famineart/uscongr4.htm] </ref> | + | |
| − | Even though the man-made famine affected other areas, such as the Volga Basin and the Northern [[Caucasus]], the term ''Holodomor'' refers specifically to the genocide of the Ukrainians. | + | |
== Causes == | == Causes == | ||
[[Image:Collectingcorpses.jpg|right|thumb|Collecting Corpses]] | [[Image:Collectingcorpses.jpg|right|thumb|Collecting Corpses]] | ||
| − | In 1930 collectivization began of the farms of [[Ukraine]] as part of [[Stalin]]'s [[Five Year Plans]]. The Ukrainian peasants, who had a long tradition of private ownership of farmland, stubbornly resisted the [[Soviets]] efforts. The man-made famine was caused in part due to this resistance, and in part to destroy the Ukrainian people. The people were a danger to the [[Soviet Union]] due to their nationalistic aspirations, that is their desire for independence.<ref>''Голод На Україні 1932-1933''. Selected articles. Compiled by Nadia Karatnycky. Suchasnist, 1985.</ref> At the time of the famine | + | In 1930 collectivization began of the farms of [[Ukraine]] as part of [[Stalin]]'s [[Five Year Plans]]. The Ukrainian peasants, who had a long tradition of private ownership of farmland, stubbornly resisted the [[Soviets]] efforts. The man-made famine was caused in part due to this resistance, and in part to destroy the Ukrainian people. The people were a danger to the [[Soviet Union]] due to their nationalistic aspirations, that is their desire for independence.<ref>''Голод На Україні 1932-1933''. Selected articles. Compiled by Nadia Karatnycky. Suchasnist, 1985.</ref> At the time of the famine 1932–34, Ukrainian intellectuals, writers, teachers, and political leaders were also harassed, persecuted, and executed.<ref>http://ukrainians.rutgers.edu/holodomor.htm</ref> |
==Results== | ==Results== | ||
| − | The total number of deaths surpassed those of [[World War I]]. In the years 1930-1937, collectivization and famine killed up to 11 million people across the Soviet Union, including 6.5 million Ukrainians and about 3 million children. The 1932-1933 famine killed 5 million people in [[Ukraine]], 18.8% of the population.<ref>Robert Conquest, [http://www.ditext.com/conquest/16.html The Death Roll] in ''The Harvest of Sorrow: Soviet Collectivization and the Terror-Famine''. Oxford University Press, 1986. ISBN 0-19-505180-7.</ref> At the height of the famine, over 25,000 people died every day, 1,000 an hour, or 17 a minute. [[Cannibalism]] was reported across the country.<ref>[http://www.ucca.org/famine/ Ukrainian Congress Committee of America]</ref> | + | The total number of deaths surpassed those of [[World War I]]. In the years 1930-1937, collectivization and famine killed up to 11 million people across the Soviet Union, including 6.5 million Ukrainians and about 3 million children. The 1932-1933 famine killed 5 million people in [[Ukraine]], 18.8% of the population.<ref>Robert Conquest, [http://www.ditext.com/conquest/16.html The Death Roll] in ''The Harvest of Sorrow: Soviet Collectivization and the Terror-Famine''. Oxford University Press, 1986. ISBN 0-19-505180-7.</ref> At the height of the famine, over 25,000 people died every day, 1,000 an hour, or 17 a minute. [[Cannibalism]] was reported across the country.<ref name="ucca.org">[http://www.ucca.org/famine/ Ukrainian Congress Committee of America]</ref> |
{{cquote|Our neighbour killed his wife, dismembered her body and was seen to make soup of her.<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/3229000.stm BBC News ''Ukraine marks great famine anniversary'']</ref>}} | {{cquote|Our neighbour killed his wife, dismembered her body and was seen to make soup of her.<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/3229000.stm BBC News ''Ukraine marks great famine anniversary'']</ref>}} | ||
| − | Famous [[ | + | Famous [[Russia]]n author Boris Pasternak, who visited the area, commented: |
{{cquote|What I saw could not be expressed in words. There was such inhuman, unimaginable misery, such a terrible disaster, that it began to seem almost abstract, it would not fit within the bounds of consciousness. I fell ill. For an entire year I could not write.<ref>[http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,963051,00.html TIME ''The War Against the Peasants'']</ref>}} | {{cquote|What I saw could not be expressed in words. There was such inhuman, unimaginable misery, such a terrible disaster, that it began to seem almost abstract, it would not fit within the bounds of consciousness. I fell ill. For an entire year I could not write.<ref>[http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,963051,00.html TIME ''The War Against the Peasants'']</ref>}} | ||
==Cover-up and "Controversy"== | ==Cover-up and "Controversy"== | ||
[[Image:Holodomorchildren.jpg|left|thumb|Starving children Poltava, 1933]] | [[Image:Holodomorchildren.jpg|left|thumb|Starving children Poltava, 1933]] | ||
| − | Holodomor was forcefully covered up by both the Soviet authorities and by various Soviet sympathizers in the West.<ref name=Conquest>Robert Conquest, ''The Harvest of Sorrow: Soviet Collectivization and the Terror-Famine''. Oxford University Press, 1986. ISBN 0-19-505180-7.</ref> At the time the genocide was committed, the Soviet authorities tried to keep any mention of it from coming out. Later, they kept any information from coming out from behind the Iron Curtain. Soviet historians tried to erase all evidence of this tragedy. They were aided by Western journalists like [[Walter Duranty]] of the ''New York Times'', who not only helped conceal all evidence of Holodomor, but also called other journalists who reported on it liars<ref | + | Holodomor was forcefully covered up by both the Soviet authorities and by various Soviet sympathizers in the West.<ref name=Conquest>Robert Conquest, ''The Harvest of Sorrow: Soviet Collectivization and the Terror-Famine''. Oxford University Press, 1986. ISBN 0-19-505180-7.</ref> At the time the genocide was committed, the Soviet authorities tried to keep any mention of it from coming out. Later, they kept any information from coming out from behind the Iron Curtain. Soviet historians tried to erase all evidence of this tragedy. They were aided by Western journalists like [[Walter Duranty]] of the ''New York Times'', who not only helped conceal all evidence of Holodomor, but also called other journalists who reported on it liars.<ref name="ucca.org"/><ref name=Conquest /> Only a very few journalists were honest enough to tell the story of the famine, such as [[Gareth Jones]]. |
| − | To this day there are still [[Stalinists]] and Russophiles who attempt to deny Holodomor was genocide, despite the fact that the governments of over | + | The lack of knowledge of this genocide was observed by English writer [[George Orwell]], who commented "''huge events like the Ukraine famine of 1933, involving the deaths of millions of people, have actually escaped the attention of the majority of English Russophiles"''.<ref>"''Notes on Nationalism''" in "The ''Collected Essays, Journalism and Letters of George Orwell''" ([[London]], 1968), Vol. 3, p. 370.</ref> The Soviets managed to cover this up until Ukraine's independence in 1991. Official Soviet documents recently declassified revealed that the genocide was indeed intended to target the Ukrainian people.<ref>http://5tv.com.ua/eng/newsline/184/0/33564/</ref> |
| + | |||
| + | To this day there are still [[Stalinism|Stalinists]] and Russophiles who attempt to deny Holodomor was genocide, despite the fact that the governments of over 22 nations have officially recognized it as genocide. These countries are: [[Argentina]], [[Australia]], [[Azerbaijan]], [[Belgium]], [[Brazil]], [[Canada]], [[Colombia]], [[Czech Republic]], [[Ecuador]], [[Estonia]], [[Republic of Georgia|Georgia]], [[Italy]], [[Hungary]], [[Latvia]], [[Lithuania]], [[Moldova]], [[Paraguay]], [[Poland]], [[Peru]], [[Spain]], [[United States of America|U.S.A.]] and Ukraine itself. Also included among those who recognized it as genocide is [[Pope John Paul II]].<ref>[http://www.skrobach.com/ukrhol.htm Official statement of Pope John Paul II.] (Archived link: https://web.archive.org/web/20070112200952/http://www.skrobach.com/ukrhol.htm)</ref> In 2003, the 70th anniversary of the famine, Soviet sympathizers in the [[United Nations|UN]] said the famine "ranks with the worst atrocities of our time" but did not use the word genocide.<ref name="news.bbc.co.uk">[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/4471256.stm BBC News ''Ukraine demands 'genocide' marked'']</ref> Russia still refuses to admit that it committed genocide. Douglas Tottle wrote a controversial book titled ''Fraud, Famine, and Fascism: The Ukrainian Genocide Myth from Hitler to Harvard'', attempting to blame the "myth" on nationalist propagandists. | ||
| + | |||
| + | In 2003 the Russian ambassador to Ukraine, Viktor Chernomyrdin, said "We're not going to apologise... there is nobody to apologise to.<ref name="news.bbc.co.uk"/>" The Russians were, however, well aware of what was really going on. One of Stalin's lieutenants claimed in 1933 that the genocide was working. He said it showed the peasants "who is the master here. It cost millions of lives, but the collective farm system is here to stay.<ref>[http://www.loc.gov/exhibits/archives/ukra.html Library of Congress, ''Revelations from the Russian Archives, Ukrainian Famine'']</ref>" In 1988, the U. S. Commission on the Ukraine Famine reported to [[Congress]], confirming that genocide was committed.<ref>[http://www.faminegenocide.com/resources/findings.html U. S. Commission on the Ukraine Famine reported to Congress]</ref> | ||
==Memorials and Remembrances== | ==Memorials and Remembrances== | ||
[[Image:Holodomor.jpg|right|thumb|Memorial in Kyiv]] | [[Image:Holodomor.jpg|right|thumb|Memorial in Kyiv]] | ||
| − | The fourth Sunday of November is officially Holodomor Remembrance Day<ref>http://www.artukraine.com/famineart/forcedfam.htm</ref> | + | The fourth Sunday of November is officially Holodomor Remembrance Day.<ref>http://www.artukraine.com/famineart/forcedfam.htm</ref> President [[Viktor Yushchenko]] has proposed a bill in [[Verkhovna Rada]], Ukraine's parliament, to strengthen punishment for denial of Holodomor.<ref>[http://ww8.president.gov.ua/en/news/data/1_14606.html President of Ukraine Official Website ''President proposes Holodomor bill'']</ref> There are many memorials for Holodomor victims throughout North America and Ukraine, the most famous being in [[Kiev|Kyiv]] (Kiev). |
==See also== | ==See also== | ||
[[Holodomor denial]] | [[Holodomor denial]] | ||
| + | <br>[[Atheism#Atheism and Mass Murder|Atheism and Mass Murder]] | ||
| + | |||
==Bibliography== | ==Bibliography== | ||
* Conquest, Robert. ''The Harvest of Sorrow: Soviet Collectivization and the Terror-Famine'' (1986). | * Conquest, Robert. ''The Harvest of Sorrow: Soviet Collectivization and the Terror-Famine'' (1986). | ||
| − | * Davies, R. W., M. B. Tauger, S. G. Wheatcroft, [http://sovietinfo.tripod.com/WCR-Ukraine_Famine.pdf Stalin, Grain Stocks and the Famine of 1932-1933], ''Slavic Review,'' Vol. 54, No. 3, Autumn 1995, pp. | + | * Davies, R. W., M. B. Tauger, S. G. Wheatcroft, [http://sovietinfo.tripod.com/WCR-Ukraine_Famine.pdf Stalin, Grain Stocks and the Famine of 1932-1933], ''Slavic Review,'' Vol. 54, No. 3, Autumn 1995, pp. 642–657. |
| − | * Ellman, Michael. [http://www.paulbogdanor.com/left/soviet/famine/ellman1933.pdf Stalin and the Soviet famine of 1932-33 Revisited], ''Europe-Asia Studies''. Vol. 59, No. 4, June 2007, pp. | + | * Ellman, Michael. [http://www.paulbogdanor.com/left/soviet/famine/ellman1933.pdf Stalin and the Soviet famine of 1932-33 Revisited], ''Europe-Asia Studies''. Vol. 59, No. 4, June 2007, pp. 663–93. |
| − | * Ellman, Michael. [http://www.paulbogdanor.com/left/soviet/famine/ellman.pdf The Role of Leadership Perceptions and of Intent in the Soviet Famine of 1931-1934], ''Europe-Asia Studies'', Vol. 57, No. 6, September 2005, pp. | + | * Ellman, Michael. [http://www.paulbogdanor.com/left/soviet/famine/ellman.pdf The Role of Leadership Perceptions and of Intent in the Soviet Famine of 1931-1934], ''Europe-Asia Studies'', Vol. 57, No. 6, September 2005, pp. 823–841. |
* Ellman, Michael. [http://www.hoover.org/publications/digest/13843937.html Bitter Harvest], ''Hoover Digest'', No. 1, 2008. | * Ellman, Michael. [http://www.hoover.org/publications/digest/13843937.html Bitter Harvest], ''Hoover Digest'', No. 1, 2008. | ||
* Kohut, Zenon E.; Nebesio, Bohdan Y.; and Yurkevich, Myroslav. ''Historical Dictionary of Ukraine.'' (2005). 854 pp. | * Kohut, Zenon E.; Nebesio, Bohdan Y.; and Yurkevich, Myroslav. ''Historical Dictionary of Ukraine.'' (2005). 854 pp. | ||
| − | * Tauger, Mark B. [http://www.as.wvu.edu/history/Faculty/Tauger/Tauger,%20%27The%201932%20Harvest%20and%20the%20Famine%20of%201933,%20SR%2091.pdf The 1932 Harvest and the Famine of 1933] ''Slavic Review'', Vol. 50, No. 1, Spring 1991, pp. | + | * Tauger, Mark B. [http://www.as.wvu.edu/history/Faculty/Tauger/Tauger,%20%27The%201932%20Harvest%20and%20the%20Famine%20of%201933,%20SR%2091.pdf The 1932 Harvest and the Famine of 1933] ''Slavic Review'', Vol. 50, No. 1, Spring 1991, pp. 70–89 (argues that the harvest was unusually poor). |
* Werth, Nicolas. [http://www.massviolence.org/Article?id_article=166 The Great Ukrainian Famine of 1932-33], ''Online Encyclopedia of Mass Violence'', April 2008. | * Werth, Nicolas. [http://www.massviolence.org/Article?id_article=166 The Great Ukrainian Famine of 1932-33], ''Online Encyclopedia of Mass Violence'', April 2008. | ||
| − | * Wheatcroft, Stephen G. "Towards Explaining Soviet Famine of 1931-3: Political and Natural Factors in Perspective," ''Food and Foodways'', Vol. 12, No. 2, April 2004, pp. | + | * Wheatcroft, Stephen G. "Towards Explaining Soviet Famine of 1931-3: Political and Natural Factors in Perspective," ''Food and Foodways'', Vol. 12, No. 2, April 2004, pp. 107–136. |
==References== | ==References== | ||
| − | + | {{reflist}} | |
== External links == | == External links == | ||
| − | * [ | + | * [https://www.archives.gov.ua/Sections/Famine/photos.php?2#photo Ukrainian Govornment photo archives] |
| − | * [http:// | + | * [http://www.ncas.rutgers.edu/center-study-genocide-conflict-resolution-and-human-rights/ukrainian-famine Rutgers Ukrainian famine, 1932-1933] |
* [http://www.ukrainianmuseum.org/0311ukrmus_UNFamineBrochure.pdf Brochure of Ukrainian Museum presentation to the UN] | * [http://www.ukrainianmuseum.org/0311ukrmus_UNFamineBrochure.pdf Brochure of Ukrainian Museum presentation to the UN] | ||
* [http://www.infoukes.com/history/famine/ Information and archive of links] | * [http://www.infoukes.com/history/famine/ Information and archive of links] | ||
| − | * [ | + | * [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=afVdnbMd6gA ''Harvest of Despair'' Documentary Film] |
* [http://www.encyclopedia{{of}}ukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=/pages/f/a/famine.htm Encyclopedia of Ukraine Entry ''"Famine"''] | * [http://www.encyclopedia{{of}}ukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=/pages/f/a/famine.htm Encyclopedia of Ukraine Entry ''"Famine"''] | ||
* [http://shevchenko.org/famine/index.htm Bibliography for Further Reading] | * [http://shevchenko.org/famine/index.htm Bibliography for Further Reading] | ||
* [http://www.artukraine.com/famineart/uscongr4.htm Statement of US House of Representatives] | * [http://www.artukraine.com/famineart/uscongr4.htm Statement of US House of Representatives] | ||
| − | + | {{communism}} | |
| − | [[Category: | + | [[Category:Ukrainian History]] |
| − | + | ||
[[Category:Genocide]] | [[Category:Genocide]] | ||
| + | [[Category:Socialism]][[Category:Man-Made Disasters]] | ||
[[Category:Soviet Union]] | [[Category:Soviet Union]] | ||
| + | [[Category:Violent Acts Perpetrated By Atheists]] | ||
Latest revision as of 19:54, November 26, 2021
The word Holodomor (Ukrainian: Голодомор) is the name given to the genocide of the people of the Ukraine in 1932–1933 to bring about the implementation of Socialism. The name literally means "murder by hunger." It is sometimes known as Ukraine's "forced famine" or called "Ukraine's Unknown Holocaust." The Holodomor was a man-made famine carried out by leftists under Stalin to intentionally destroy the nationalistic Ukrainian people who posed a threat to socialism. The Soviets forcibly collectivized almost all of the Ukrainian farms in the "breadbasket of the world" and stole the peasants' food, thereby creating a devastating famine. [1] Even though the man-made famine affected other areas, such as the Volga Basin, Kazakhstan, and the Northern Caucasus, the term Holodomor refers specifically to the genocide of the Ukrainians.
Contents
Causes
In 1930 collectivization began of the farms of Ukraine as part of Stalin's Five Year Plans. The Ukrainian peasants, who had a long tradition of private ownership of farmland, stubbornly resisted the Soviets efforts. The man-made famine was caused in part due to this resistance, and in part to destroy the Ukrainian people. The people were a danger to the Soviet Union due to their nationalistic aspirations, that is their desire for independence.[2] At the time of the famine 1932–34, Ukrainian intellectuals, writers, teachers, and political leaders were also harassed, persecuted, and executed.[3]
Results
The total number of deaths surpassed those of World War I. In the years 1930-1937, collectivization and famine killed up to 11 million people across the Soviet Union, including 6.5 million Ukrainians and about 3 million children. The 1932-1933 famine killed 5 million people in Ukraine, 18.8% of the population.[4] At the height of the famine, over 25,000 people died every day, 1,000 an hour, or 17 a minute. Cannibalism was reported across the country.[5]
| “ | Our neighbour killed his wife, dismembered her body and was seen to make soup of her.[6] | ” |
Famous Russian author Boris Pasternak, who visited the area, commented:
| “ | What I saw could not be expressed in words. There was such inhuman, unimaginable misery, such a terrible disaster, that it began to seem almost abstract, it would not fit within the bounds of consciousness. I fell ill. For an entire year I could not write.[7] | ” |
Cover-up and "Controversy"
Holodomor was forcefully covered up by both the Soviet authorities and by various Soviet sympathizers in the West.[8] At the time the genocide was committed, the Soviet authorities tried to keep any mention of it from coming out. Later, they kept any information from coming out from behind the Iron Curtain. Soviet historians tried to erase all evidence of this tragedy. They were aided by Western journalists like Walter Duranty of the New York Times, who not only helped conceal all evidence of Holodomor, but also called other journalists who reported on it liars.[5][8] Only a very few journalists were honest enough to tell the story of the famine, such as Gareth Jones.
The lack of knowledge of this genocide was observed by English writer George Orwell, who commented "huge events like the Ukraine famine of 1933, involving the deaths of millions of people, have actually escaped the attention of the majority of English Russophiles".[9] The Soviets managed to cover this up until Ukraine's independence in 1991. Official Soviet documents recently declassified revealed that the genocide was indeed intended to target the Ukrainian people.[10]
To this day there are still Stalinists and Russophiles who attempt to deny Holodomor was genocide, despite the fact that the governments of over 22 nations have officially recognized it as genocide. These countries are: Argentina, Australia, Azerbaijan, Belgium, Brazil, Canada, Colombia, Czech Republic, Ecuador, Estonia, Georgia, Italy, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Moldova, Paraguay, Poland, Peru, Spain, U.S.A. and Ukraine itself. Also included among those who recognized it as genocide is Pope John Paul II.[11] In 2003, the 70th anniversary of the famine, Soviet sympathizers in the UN said the famine "ranks with the worst atrocities of our time" but did not use the word genocide.[12] Russia still refuses to admit that it committed genocide. Douglas Tottle wrote a controversial book titled Fraud, Famine, and Fascism: The Ukrainian Genocide Myth from Hitler to Harvard, attempting to blame the "myth" on nationalist propagandists.
In 2003 the Russian ambassador to Ukraine, Viktor Chernomyrdin, said "We're not going to apologise... there is nobody to apologise to.[12]" The Russians were, however, well aware of what was really going on. One of Stalin's lieutenants claimed in 1933 that the genocide was working. He said it showed the peasants "who is the master here. It cost millions of lives, but the collective farm system is here to stay.[13]" In 1988, the U. S. Commission on the Ukraine Famine reported to Congress, confirming that genocide was committed.[14]
Memorials and Remembrances
The fourth Sunday of November is officially Holodomor Remembrance Day.[15] President Viktor Yushchenko has proposed a bill in Verkhovna Rada, Ukraine's parliament, to strengthen punishment for denial of Holodomor.[16] There are many memorials for Holodomor victims throughout North America and Ukraine, the most famous being in Kyiv (Kiev).
See also
Holodomor denial
Atheism and Mass Murder
Bibliography
- Conquest, Robert. The Harvest of Sorrow: Soviet Collectivization and the Terror-Famine (1986).
- Davies, R. W., M. B. Tauger, S. G. Wheatcroft, Stalin, Grain Stocks and the Famine of 1932-1933, Slavic Review, Vol. 54, No. 3, Autumn 1995, pp. 642–657.
- Ellman, Michael. Stalin and the Soviet famine of 1932-33 Revisited, Europe-Asia Studies. Vol. 59, No. 4, June 2007, pp. 663–93.
- Ellman, Michael. The Role of Leadership Perceptions and of Intent in the Soviet Famine of 1931-1934, Europe-Asia Studies, Vol. 57, No. 6, September 2005, pp. 823–841.
- Ellman, Michael. Bitter Harvest, Hoover Digest, No. 1, 2008.
- Kohut, Zenon E.; Nebesio, Bohdan Y.; and Yurkevich, Myroslav. Historical Dictionary of Ukraine. (2005). 854 pp.
- Tauger, Mark B. The 1932 Harvest and the Famine of 1933 Slavic Review, Vol. 50, No. 1, Spring 1991, pp. 70–89 (argues that the harvest was unusually poor).
- Werth, Nicolas. The Great Ukrainian Famine of 1932-33, Online Encyclopedia of Mass Violence, April 2008.
- Wheatcroft, Stephen G. "Towards Explaining Soviet Famine of 1931-3: Political and Natural Factors in Perspective," Food and Foodways, Vol. 12, No. 2, April 2004, pp. 107–136.
References
- ↑ Rep. Henry Hyde said, "In an attempt to break the spirit of an independent-minded Ukrainian peasantry, and ultimately to secure collectivization, Stalin ordered the expropriation of all foodstuffs in the hands of the rural population. The grain was shipped to other areas of the Soviet Union or sold on the international market. Peasants who refused to turn over grain to the state were deported or executed. Without food or grain, mass starvation ensued. This manmade famine was the consequence of deliberate policies which aimed to destroy the political, cultural and human rights of the Ukrainian people." [1]
- ↑ Голод На Україні 1932-1933. Selected articles. Compiled by Nadia Karatnycky. Suchasnist, 1985.
- ↑ http://ukrainians.rutgers.edu/holodomor.htm
- ↑ Robert Conquest, The Death Roll in The Harvest of Sorrow: Soviet Collectivization and the Terror-Famine. Oxford University Press, 1986. ISBN 0-19-505180-7.
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 Ukrainian Congress Committee of America
- ↑ BBC News Ukraine marks great famine anniversary
- ↑ TIME The War Against the Peasants
- ↑ 8.0 8.1 Robert Conquest, The Harvest of Sorrow: Soviet Collectivization and the Terror-Famine. Oxford University Press, 1986. ISBN 0-19-505180-7.
- ↑ "Notes on Nationalism" in "The Collected Essays, Journalism and Letters of George Orwell" (London, 1968), Vol. 3, p. 370.
- ↑ http://5tv.com.ua/eng/newsline/184/0/33564/
- ↑ Official statement of Pope John Paul II. (Archived link: https://web.archive.org/web/20070112200952/http://www.skrobach.com/ukrhol.htm)
- ↑ 12.0 12.1 BBC News Ukraine demands 'genocide' marked
- ↑ Library of Congress, Revelations from the Russian Archives, Ukrainian Famine
- ↑ U. S. Commission on the Ukraine Famine reported to Congress
- ↑ http://www.artukraine.com/famineart/forcedfam.htm
- ↑ President of Ukraine Official Website President proposes Holodomor bill
External links
- Ukrainian Govornment photo archives
- Rutgers Ukrainian famine, 1932-1933
- Brochure of Ukrainian Museum presentation to the UN
- Information and archive of links
- Harvest of Despair Documentary Film
- Encyclopedia of Ukraine Entry "Famine"
- Bibliography for Further Reading
- Statement of US House of Representatives
